418,503 results on '"Beth, A."'
Search Results
2. The Impact of Multi-Tiered Systems of Support (MTSS) on Student Attendance and Behavior
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WestEd, Nicholas Gage, Kim Salomonson, Tori Ballew, Beth Clavenna-Deane, and Nicolette Grasley-Boy
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The success of all students in schools, including students with learning differences, is contingent on how schools operationalize universally designed instruction, positive behavior support, and data-based decision-making for individualized and group-level interventions. When schools have fully functional multi-tiered systems of support (MTSS) that center equity and focus necessary attention on academic conditions, student behavior, and social-emotional learning conditions, students are more likely to receive the instruction and interventions they need. Further, there is evidence of improvements in student outcomes, particularly those related to behavior, when MTSS is implemented effectively. To address the need for effective MTSS implementation, WestEd engaged in a research and technical assistance partnership in which WestEd subject matter experts provided guidance on designing and implementing effective MTSS. WestEd researchers simultaneously studied the short-, mid-, and long-term effects of these efforts on student outcomes. This interim report provides initial analyses of student-level impacts in one of the two school districts involved in this project.
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- 2024
3. $k$-local Graphs
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Beth, Christian, Fleischmann, Pamela, Huch, Annika, Kazempour, Daniyal, Kröger, Peer, Kulow, Andrea, and Renz, Matthias
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Mathematics - Combinatorics ,Computer Science - Data Structures and Algorithms ,Computer Science - Social and Information Networks - Abstract
In 2017 Day et al. introduced the notion of locality as a structural complexity-measure for patterns in the field of pattern matching established by Angluin in 1980. In 2019 Casel et al. showed that determining the locality of an arbitrary pattern is NP-complete. Inspired by hierarchical clustering, we extend the notion to coloured graphs, i.e., given a coloured graph determine an enumeration of the colours such that colouring the graph stepwise according to the enumeration leads to as few clusters as possible. Next to first theoretical results on graph classes, we propose a priority search algorithm to compute the $k$-locality of a graph. The algorithm is optimal in the number of marking prefix expansions, and is faster by orders of magnitude than an exhaustive search. Finally, we perform a case study on a DBLP subgraph to demonstrate the potential of $k$-locality for knowledge discovery.
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- 2024
4. AI Policy Projector: Grounding LLM Policy Design in Iterative Mapmaking
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Lam, Michelle S., Hohman, Fred, Moritz, Dominik, Bigham, Jeffrey P., Holstein, Kenneth, and Kery, Mary Beth
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Computer Science - Human-Computer Interaction ,Computer Science - Artificial Intelligence ,Computer Science - Computation and Language ,Computer Science - Machine Learning - Abstract
Whether a large language model policy is an explicit constitution or an implicit reward model, it is challenging to assess coverage over the unbounded set of real-world situations that a policy must contend with. We introduce an AI policy design process inspired by mapmaking, which has developed tactics for visualizing and iterating on maps even when full coverage is not possible. With Policy Projector, policy designers can survey the landscape of model input-output pairs, define custom regions (e.g., "violence"), and navigate these regions with rules that can be applied to LLM outputs (e.g., if output contains "violence" and "graphic details," then rewrite without "graphic details"). Policy Projector supports interactive policy authoring using LLM classification and steering and a map visualization reflecting the policy designer's work. In an evaluation with 12 AI safety experts, our system helps policy designers to address problematic model behaviors extending beyond an existing, comprehensive harm taxonomy.
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- 2024
5. Cosmology on point: modelling spectroscopic tracer one-point statistics
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Gould, Beth McCarthy, Castiblanco, Lina, Uhlemann, Cora, and Friedrich, Oliver
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Astrophysics - Cosmology and Nongalactic Astrophysics - Abstract
The 1-point matter density probability distribution function (PDF) captures some of the non-Gaussian information lost in standard 2-point statistics. The matter PDF can be well predicted at mildly non-linear scales using large deviations theory. This work extends those predictions to biased tracers like dark matter halos and the galaxies they host. We model the conditional PDF of tracer counts given matter density using a tracer bias and stochasticity model previously used for photometric data. We find accurate parametrisations for tracer bias with a smoothing scale-independent 2-parameter Gaussian Lagrangian bias model and a quadratic shot noise. We relate those bias and stochasticity parameters to the one for the power spectrum and tracer-matter covariances. We validate the model against the Quijote suite of N-body simulations and find excellent agreement for both halo and galaxy density PDFs and their cosmology dependence. We demonstrate the constraining power of the tracer PDFs and their complementarity to power spectra through a Fisher forecast. We focus on the cosmological parameters $\sigma_8$ and $\Omega_m$ as well as linear bias parameters, finding that the strength of the tracer PDF lies in disentangling tracer bias from cosmology. Our results show promise for applications to spectroscopic clustering data when augmented with a redshift space distortion model, Comment: 25 pages, 26 figures
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- 2024
6. Incorporating sparse labels into hidden Markov models using weighted likelihoods improves accuracy and interpretability in biologging studies
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Sidrow, Evan, Heckman, Nancy, McRae, Tess M., Volpov, Beth L., Trites, Andrew W., Fortune, Sarah M. E., and Auger-Méthé, Marie
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Statistics - Methodology ,Statistics - Applications - Abstract
Ecologists often use a hidden Markov model to decode a latent process, such as a sequence of an animal's behaviours, from an observed biologging time series. Modern technological devices such as video recorders and drones now allow researchers to directly observe an animal's behaviour. Using these observations as labels of the latent process can improve a hidden Markov model's accuracy when decoding the latent process. However, many wild animals are observed infrequently. Including such rare labels often has a negligible influence on parameter estimates, which in turn does not meaningfully improve the accuracy of the decoded latent process. We introduce a weighted likelihood approach that increases the relative influence of labelled observations. We use this approach to develop two hidden Markov models to decode the foraging behaviour of killer whales (Orcinus orca) off the coast of British Columbia, Canada. Using cross-validated evaluation metrics, we show that our weighted likelihood approach produces more accurate and understandable decoded latent processes compared to existing methods. Thus, our method effectively leverages sparse labels to enhance researchers' ability to accurately decode hidden processes across various fields., Comment: 25 pages, 11 figures
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- 2024
7. A census of dwarf galaxy satellites around LMC-mass galaxy NGC 2403
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Carlin, Jeffrey L., Sand, David J., Mutlu-Pakdil, Burcin, Crnojevic, Denija, Doliva-Dolinsky, Amandine, Garling, Christopher T., Peter, Annika H. G., Brodie, Jean P., Forbes, Duncan A., Hargis, Jonathan R., Romanowsky, Aaron J., Spekkens, Kristine, Strader, Jay, and Willman, Beth
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Astrophysics - Astrophysics of Galaxies ,Astrophysics - Cosmology and Nongalactic Astrophysics - Abstract
We present the first comprehensive census of the satellite population around a Large Magellanic Cloud (LMC) stellar-mass galaxy, as part of the Magellanic Analog Dwarf Companions and Stellar Halos (MADCASH) survey. We have surveyed NGC 2403 (D=3.0 Mpc) with the Subaru/Hyper Suprime-Cam imager out to a projected radius of 90 kpc (with partial coverage extending out to ~110 kpc, or ~80% of the virial radius of NGC 2403), resolving stars in the uppermost ~2.5 mags of its red giant branch. By looking for stellar overdensities in the red giant branch spatial density map, we identify 149 satellite candidates, of which only the previously discovered MADCASH J074238+65201-dw is a bona fide dwarf, together with the more massive and disrupting satellite DDO 44. We carefully assess the completeness of our search via injection of artificial dwarf galaxies into the images, finding that we are reliably sensitive to candidates down to M_V ~ -7.5 mag (and somewhat sensitive to even fainter satellites). A comparison of the satellite luminosity function of NGC 2403 down to this magnitude limit to theoretical expectations shows overall good agreement. This is the first of a full sample of 11 Magellanic Cloud-mass host galaxies we will analyze, creating a statistical sample that will provide the first quantitative constraints on hierarchical models of galaxy formation around low-mass hosts., Comment: 13 pages, 10 figures; submitted to AAS journals
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- 2024
8. Spatial Signatures of Electron Correlation in Least-Squares Tensor Hyper-Contraction
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Yin, Chao, Becker, Sara Beth, Thorpe, James H., and Matthews, Devin A.
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Physics - Chemical Physics - Abstract
Least Squares Tensor Hypercontraction (LS-THC) has received some attention in recent years as an approach to reduce the significant computational costs of wavefunction based methods in quantum chemistry. However, previous work has demonstrated that the LS-THC factorization performs disproportionately worse in the description of wavefunction components (e.g. cluster amplitudes $\hat{T}_2$) than Hamiltonian components (e.g. electron repulsion integrals $(pq|rs)$). This work develops novel theoretical methods to study the source of these errors in the context of the real-space $\hat{T}_2$ kernel, and reports, for the first time, the existence of a "correlation feature" in the errors of the LS-THC representation of the "exchange-like" correlation energy $E_X$ and $\hat{T}_2$ that is remarkably consistent across ten molecular species, three correlated wavefunctions, and four basis sets. This correlation feature portends the existence of a "pair-point kernel" missing in the usual LS-THC representation of the wavefunction, which critically depends upon pairs of grid points situated close to atoms and with inter-pair distances between one and two Bohr radii. These findings point the way for future LS-THC developments to address these shortcomings.
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- 2024
9. Cross-Disciplinary Perspectives on Youth Digital Well-Being Research: Identifying Notable Developments, Persistent Gaps, and Future Directions
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Davis, Katie, Anderson, Morgan, Yang, Chia-chen, Choukas-Bradley, Sophia, Bell, Beth T., and Slovak, Petr
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Computer Science - Human-Computer Interaction - Abstract
This paper provides a broad, multi-disciplinary overview of key insights, persistent gaps, and future paths in youth digital well-being research from the perspectives of researchers who are conducting this work., Comment: Journal of Adolescent Research
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- 2024
10. Some statistical aspects of the Covid-19 response
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Wood, Simon N., Wit, Ernst C., McKeigue, Paul M., Hu, Danshu, Flood, Beth, Corcoran, Lauren, and Jawad, Thea Abou
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Statistics - Applications - Abstract
This paper discusses some statistical aspects of the U.K. Covid-19 pandemic response, focussing particularly on cases where we believe that a statistically questionable approach or presentation has had a substantial impact on public perception, or government policy, or both. We discuss the presentation of statistics relating to Covid risk, and the risk of the response measures, arguing that biases tended to operate in opposite directions, overplaying Covid risk and underplaying the response risks. We also discuss some issues around presentation of life loss data, excess deaths and the use of case data. The consequences of neglect of most individual variability from epidemic models, alongside the consequences of some other statistically important omissions are also covered. Finally the evidence for full stay at home lockdowns having been necessary to reverse waves of infection is examined, with new analyses provided for a number of European countries.
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- 2024
11. Global weather map reveals persistent top-of-atmosphere features on the nearest brown dwarfs
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Chen, Xueqing, Biller, Beth A., Vos, Johanna M., Crossfield, Ian J. M., Mace, Gregory N., Hood, Callie E., Tan, Xianyu, Allers, Katelyn N., Martin, Emily C., Bubb, Emma, Fortney, Jonathan J., Morley, Caroline V., and Hammond, Mark
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Astrophysics - Earth and Planetary Astrophysics ,Astrophysics - Solar and Stellar Astrophysics - Abstract
Brown dwarfs and planetary-mass companions display rotationally modulated photometric variability, especially those near the L/T transition. This variability is commonly attributed to top-of-atmosphere (TOA) inhomogeneities, with proposed models including patchy thick and thin clouds, planetary-scale jets, or chemical disequilibrium. Surface mapping techniques are powerful tools to probe their atmospheric structures and distinguish between models. One of the most successful methods for stellar surface mapping is Doppler imaging, where the existence of TOA inhomogeneities can be inferred from their varying Doppler shifts across the face of a rotating star. We applied Doppler imaging to the nearest brown dwarf binary WISE 1049AB (aka Luhman 16AB) using time-resolved, high-resolution spectroscopic observations from Gemini IGRINS, and obtained for the first time H and K band simultaneous global weather map for brown dwarfs. Compared to the only previous Doppler map for a brown dwarf in 2014 featuring a predominant mid-latitude cold spot on WISE 1049B and no feature on WISE 1049A, our observations detected persistent spot-like structures on WISE 1049B in the equatorial to mid-latitude regions on two nights, and revealed new polar spots on WISE 1049A. Our results suggest stability of atmospheric features over timescale of days and possible long-term stable or recurring structures. H and K band maps displayed similar structures in and out of CO bands, indicating the cold spots not solely due to chemical hotspots but must involve clouds. Upcoming 30-m extremely large telescopes (ELTs) will enable more sensitive Doppler imaging of dozens of brown dwarfs and even a small number of directly-imaged exoplanets., Comment: 32 pages, 14 figures, accepted for publication in MNRAS
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- 2024
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12. Autoregressive models for panel data causal inference with application to state-level opioid policies
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Antonelli, Joseph, Rubinstein, Max, Agniel, Denis, Smart, Rosanna, Stuart, Elizabeth, Cefalu, Matthew, Schell, Terry, Eagan, Joshua, Stone, Elizabeth, Griswold, Max, Sorbero, Mark, and Griffin, Beth Ann
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Statistics - Methodology ,Statistics - Applications - Abstract
Motivated by the study of state opioid policies, we propose a novel approach that uses autoregressive models for causal effect estimation in settings with panel data and staggered treatment adoption. Specifically, we seek to estimate of the impact of key opioid-related policies by quantifying the effects of must access prescription drug monitoring programs (PDMPs), naloxone access laws (NALs), and medical marijuana laws on opioid prescribing. Existing methods, such as differences-in-differences and synthetic controls, are challenging to apply in these types of dynamic policy landscapes where multiple policies are implemented over time and sample sizes are small. Autoregressive models are an alternative strategy that have been used to estimate policy effects in similar settings, but until this paper have lacked formal justification. We outline a set of assumptions that tie these models to causal effects, and we study biases of estimates based on this approach when key causal assumptions are violated. In a set of simulation studies that mirror the structure of our application, we also show that our proposed estimators frequently outperform existing estimators. In short, we justify the use of autoregressive models to provide robust evidence on the effectiveness of four state policies in combating the opioid crisis.
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- 2024
13. An LLL algorithm with symmetries
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Romano, Beth and Thorne, Jack A.
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Mathematics - Number Theory - Abstract
We give a generalisation of the Lenstra-Lenstra-Lov\'asz (LLL) lattice-reduction algorithm that is valid for an arbitrary (split, semisimple) reductive group $G$. This can be regarded as `lattice reduction with symmetries'. We make this algorithm explicit for the classical groups $G = \mathrm{Sp}_{2g}$, $\mathrm{SO}_{2g}$, and for the exceptional group $G = G_2$.
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- 2024
14. The complex of cuts in a Stone space
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Branman, Beth and Lyman, Rylee Alanza
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Mathematics - Geometric Topology ,Mathematics - Group Theory ,20F65, 57S05, 22F50 - Abstract
Stone's representation theorem asserts a duality between Boolean algebras on the one hand and Stone space, which are compact, Hausdorff, and totally disconnected, on the other. This duality implies a natural isomorphism between the homeomorphism group of the space and the automorphism group of the algebra. We introduce a complex of cuts on which these groups act, and prove that when the algebra is countable and the space has at least five points, that these groups are the full automorphism group of the complex.
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- 2024
15. Status epilepticus and thinning of the entorhinal cortex
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Horsley, Jonathan, Wang, Yujiang, Simpson, Callum, Janiukstyte, Vyte, Leiberg, Karoline, Little, Beth, de Tisi, Jane, Duncan, John, and Taylor, Peter N.
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Quantitative Biology - Neurons and Cognition - Abstract
Status epilepticus (SE) carries risks of morbidity and mortality. Experimental studies have implicated the entorhinal cortex in prolonged seizures; however, studies in large human cohorts are limited. We hypothesised that individuals with temporal lobe epilepsy (TLE) and a history of SE would have more severe entorhinal atrophy compared to others with TLE and no history of SE. 357 individuals with drug resistant temporal lobe epilepsy (TLE) and 100 healthy controls were scanned on a 3T MRI. For all subjects the cortex was segmented, parcellated, and the thickness calculated from the T1-weighted anatomical scan. Subcortical volumes were derived similarly. Cohen's d and Wilcoxon rank-sum tests respectively were used to capture effect sizes and significance. Individuals with TLE and SE had reduced entorhinal thickness compared to those with TLE and no history of SE. The entorhinal cortex was more atrophic ipsilaterally (d=0.51, p<0.001) than contralaterally (d=0.37, p=0.01). Reductions in ipsilateral entorhinal thickness were present in both left TLE (n=22:176, d=0.78, p<0.001), and right TLE (n=19:140, d=0.31, p=0.04), albeit with a smaller effect size in right TLE. Several other regions exhibited atrophy in individuals with TLE, but these did not relate to a history of SE. These findings suggest potential involvement or susceptibility of the entorhinal cortex in prolonged seizures.
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- 2024
16. TOI-2490b- The most eccentric brown dwarf transiting in the brown dwarf desert
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Henderson, Beth A., Casewell, Sarah L., Jordán, Andrés, Brahm, Rafael, Henning, Thomas, Gill, Samuel, Mayorga, L. C., Ziegler, Carl, Stassun, Keivan G., Goad, Michael R., Acton, Jack, Alves, Douglas R., Anderson, David R., Apergis, Ioannis, Armstrong, David J., Bayliss, Daniel, Burleigh, Matthew R., Dragomir, Diana, Gillen, Edward, Günther, Maximilian N., Hedges, Christina, Hesse, Katharine M., Hobson, Melissa J., Jenkins, James S., Jenkins, Jon M., Kendall, Alicia, Lendl, Monika, Lund, Michael B., McCormac, James, Moyano, Maximiliano, Osborn, Ares, Pinto, Marcelo Tala, Ramsay, Gavin, Rapetti, David, Saha, Suman, Seager, Sara, Trifonov, Trifon, Udry, Stéphane, Vines, Jose I., West, Richard G., Wheatley, Peter J., Winn, Joshua N., and Zivave, Tafadzwa
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Astrophysics - Earth and Planetary Astrophysics ,Astrophysics - Solar and Stellar Astrophysics - Abstract
We report the discovery of the most eccentric transiting brown dwarf in the brown dwarf desert, TOI02490b. The brown dwarf desert is the lack of brown dwarfs around main sequence stars within $\sim3$~AU and is thought to be caused by differences in formation mechanisms between a star and planet. To date, only $\sim40$ transiting brown dwarfs have been confirmed. \systemt is a $73.6\pm2.4$ \mjupnospace, $1.00\pm0.02$ \rjup brown dwarf orbiting a $1.004_{-0.022}^{+0.031}$ \msunnospace, $1.105_{-0.012}^{+0.012}$ \rsun sun-like star on a 60.33~d orbit with an eccentricity of $0.77989\pm0.00049$. The discovery was detected within \tess sectors 5 (30 minute cadence) and 32 (2 minute and 20 second cadence). It was then confirmed with 31 radial velocity measurements with \feros by the WINE collaboration and photometric observations with the Next Generation Transit Survey. Stellar modelling of the host star estimates an age of $\sim8$~Gyr, which is supported by estimations from kinematics likely placing the object within the thin disc. However, this is not consistent with model brown dwarf isochrones for the system age suggesting an inflated radius. Only one other transiting brown dwarf with an eccentricity higher than 0.6 is currently known in the brown dwarf desert. Demographic studies of brown dwarfs have suggested such high eccentricity is indicative of stellar formation mechanisms., Comment: Accepted for publication in MNRAS, 18 pages, 14 figures
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- 2024
17. Spontaneous and Induced Oscillations in Confined Epithelia
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Parmar, Toshi, Dow, Liam P., Pruitt, Beth L., and Marchetti, M. Cristina
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Physics - Biological Physics ,Condensed Matter - Soft Condensed Matter - Abstract
The feedback between mechanical and chemical signals plays a key role in controlling many biological processes and collective cell behavior. Here we focus on the emergence of spatiotemporal density waves in a one-dimensional "cell train." Combining a minimal theoretical model with observations in an in vitro experimental system of MDCK epithelial cells confined to a linear pattern, we examine the spontaneous oscillations driven by the feedback between myosin activation and mechanical deformations and their effect on the response of the tissue to externally applied deformations. We show that the nature and frequency of spontaneous oscillations is controlled by the size of the cell train, with a transition from size-dependent standing waves to intrinsic spontaneous waves at the natural frequency of the tissue. The response to external boundary perturbations exhibit a resonance at this natural frequency, providing a possible venue for inferring the mechanochemical couplings that control the tissue behavior from rheological experiments., Comment: 15 pages, 10 figures
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- 2024
18. 'To Make This Leap': Understanding Relationships That Support Community College Students' Transfer Journeys
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Beth E. W. Nahlik, Tara D. Hudson, and Lindsay Nelson
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For too many community college students, transferring to a four-year institution for a bachelor's degree (i.e., vertical transfer) remains an unrealized aspiration. Prior research suggests that forms of capital can assist students in realizing their goals. Therefore, we sought to explore how relationships both within and outside of their institutions serve as sources of capital to support students' vertical transfer journeys. Utilizing a qualitative research design, we applied Putnam's (2000) two forms of social capital (bridging and bonding) and eight social support-related constructs from Moser's (2013) expanded transfer student capital framework to data from focus groups and interviews with 33 pre- and post-transfer students. We found that participants actively constructed a patchwork of supportive relationships with both institutional agents and individuals external to the institution, which they utilized to search for, gather, and employ transfer capital. Our findings highlight that relationships outside of institutions are as crucial as relationships within the institution as sources of capital for vertical transfer students, suggesting a need to incorporate extra-institutional relationships into transfer capital frameworks and institutional initiatives to support transfer students. We also recommend institutions invest in programs designed to build students' social and transfer capital.
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- 2024
19. Error Analysis of English Narrative Essays of Secondary School Learners in Kirinyaga Central Sub-County, Kenya
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Beth Muthoni Kangangi, Catherine Waithera Ndung'U, and Peter Kinyanjui Mwangi
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The study examined the types of language errors made by learners in the English narrative essays. It also assessed the feedback techniques employed by teachers of English in the handling of language errors in the English narrative essays. A descriptive research design was employed to examine errors of English narrative essays of 181 form two learners obtained through stratified random sampling and simple random sampling techniques. The eight teachers of English selected through purposive and simple random sampling completed interview schedules. Qualitative data generated from the essays of the learners was analyzed using Error Analysis and Content Analysis. The findings reveal that a total of seven categories of language errors which include: word order, verb tense and form, subject -- verb agreement, spelling, plurality, word choice, and capital letter errors were made by the learners in their English narrative essays. The most preferred corrective technique was to involve the learners actively by encouraging them to read extensively and write severally on various narratives in the target language. The findings will provide reliable feedback to teachers of English because it will guide on the development of teaching methods and evaluative measures to narrative essays. The study will also be useful to curriculum developers in designing materials for teaching English language in secondary schools. It will also be of invaluable benefit to learners of English as it will guide on the way narrative essays need to be written.
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- 2024
20. A Process for Asset Mapping to Develop a Blue Economy Corridor
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Emily Yeager, Beth Bee, Anjalee Hou, Taylor Cash, Kelsi Dew, Daniel Dickerson, Kelly White-Singleton, Michael Schilling, and Sierra Jones
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Through a multistakeholder partnership, this research aims to catalyze the development of a blue economy corridor (BEC) through community-based asset mapping in the eastern portion of the Tar-Pamlico River Basin in North Carolina, a geographic area predominated by physically and culturally rural landscapes. Underpinned by appreciative inquiry, this project aims to counter a deficit model of community development in this portion of eastern North Carolina by increasing awareness of quality of life assets that communities currently possess and may leverage for sustainable economic, environmental, and social development through their inclusion in a digital interactive map freely available to the public.
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- 2024
21. Defining Immersive Learning
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Phillip Motley, Beth Archer-Kuhn, Catharine Dishke Hondzel, Jennifer Dobbs-Oates, Michelle Eady, Janel Seeley, and Rosemary Tyrrell
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Immersive learning practices (ILPs) in higher education are multidisciplinary in nature and varied in levels of integration into the student learning process. They appear in a variety of higher education programs such as teacher education, social work, law, and health sciences, and in practices such as service-learning, study away, internships, and foreign-language instruction. Based on observations of teaching and data from an open-ended survey and semi-structured interviews with post-secondary educators from three different countries, this study theorizes that immersive learning practices are composed of six distinct underlying theoretical components that work in combination. These six components can be used to describe, define, compare, and design different types of structured ILPs. This study suggests that ILPs are pedagogically distinct from other forms of engaged and experiential learning.
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- 2024
22. What Brought Us Together to Form a Community for Scholarship
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Carolyn J. Loveridge, Frances Docherty, Sarah Honeychurch, Nathalie Tasler, Linnea Soler, Lindsey Pope, Victoria E. Price, and Beth Dickson
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We are a group of teaching-focused academics who share a passion for learning, teaching and the Scholarship of Teaching and Learning (SoTL) in Higher Education (HE). In order to understand how practitioners from a diversity of backgrounds and disciplines came to be in their present LTS (Learning, Teaching & Scholarship) academic roles, we embarked on a Collaborative Autoethnography (CAE). This approach allowed us to use our personal narratives to explore what it means to be a SoTL practitioner in HE, and to analyse these narratives by using textual analysis. This paper unpacks these narratives, focusing on three themes: our rich and diverse backgrounds, influences on our routes to our current academic roles, and how we are loud and proud to be on a teaching-focused career path. It will be of interest to academics who are on, or contemplating, a teaching focused contract. It will also be of relevance to senior staff in HE who wish to understand the nature of these roles, and who wish to consider how to provide appropriate institutional structures to support and nurture these staff.
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- 2024
23. Improving Belonging and Connectedness in the Cybersecurity Workforce: From College to the Profession
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Mary Beth Klinger
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This article explores the results of a project aimed at supporting community college students in their academic pursuit of an Associate of Applied Science (AAS) degree in Cybersecurity through mentorship, collaboration, skill preparation, and other activities and touch points to increase students' sense of belonging and connectedness in the cybersecurity profession. The goal of the project was focused on developing diverse, educated, and skilled cybersecurity personnel for employment within local industry and government to help curtail the current regional cybersecurity workforce gap that is emblematic of the lack of qualified cybersecurity personnel that presently exists nationwide. Emphasis throughout the project was placed on community building so that students felt a part of the cybersecurity community. A project community survey was distributed to students as both a pre-test when they began the project in Year 1 at the start of their cybersecurity coursework, and again as a post-test at the conclusion of Year 2 when they finished their cybersecurity program. Two project cohorts were employed, and the survey questionnaire measured students' sense of connectedness and level of learning within the project environment. The results showed a marked increase in both constructs from the pre- to post-survey indicating that students felt a greater sense of community as they moved through the project and experienced increased learning through their cybersecurity program. The study concluded that increased feelings of connectedness to the project activities through authentic shared learning experiences promoted belonging and provided social and academic supports to help project students be successful in their cybersecurity academic program and going forward in the in-demand cybersecurity vocation throughout their professional careers.
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- 2024
24. Why surveys are 'very hard': Exploring challenges and insights for collection of authentic patient experience information with speakers of Australian First Nations languages
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Lowell, Anne, Jones, Yomei, Aitken, Robyn, Baker, Dikul R, Lovell, Judith, Togni, Samantha, Gondarra, Dianne, Sometimes, Beth, Smith, Margaret, Anderson, Julie, Sharp, Rachel, Karidakis, Maria, Quinlivan, Sarita, Truong, Mandy, and Lawton, Paul
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- 2024
25. A Social-Ecological Model Exploring Gestational Diabetes Mellitus Screening Practices among Antenatal Health Care Providers
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Emma Ruby, Sarah D. McDonald, Howard Berger, Nir Melam, Jenifer Li, Elizabeth K. Darling, Michael Geary, Jon Barrett, and Beth Murray-Davis
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Gestational diabetes mellitus (GDM) is associated with adverse health outcomes for the pregnant individual and their baby. Screening approaches for GDM have undergone several iterations, introducing variability in practice among healthcare providers. As such, our study aimed to explore the views of antenatal providers regarding their practices of, and counseling experiences on the topic of, GDM screening in Ontario. We conducted a qualitative, grounded theory study. The study population included antenatal providers (midwives, family physicians, and obstetricians) practicing in Hamilton, Ottawa, or Sudbury, Ontario. Semi-structured telephone interviews were conducted and transcribed verbatim. Transcripts were analyzed using inductive coding upon which codes, categories, and themes were developed to generate a theory grounded in the data. Twenty-two participants were interviewed. Using the social-ecological theory, we created a model outlining four contextual levels that shaped the experiences of GDM counseling and screening: Intrapersonal factors included beliefs, knowledge, and skills; interpersonal factors characterized the patient-provider interactions; organizational strengths and challenges shaped collaboration and health services infrastructure; and finally, guidelines and policies were identified as systemic barriers to health care access and delivery. A focus on patient-centered care was a guiding principle for all care providers and permeated all four levels of the model. Patient-centered care and close attention to barriers and facilitators across intrapersonal, interpersonal, organizational, and policy domains can minimize the impact of variations in GDM screening guidelines. Among care providers, there is a desire for additional skill development related to GDM counseling, and for national consensus on optimal screening guidelines.
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- 2024
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26. Public School Nurses in the United States: National School Nurse Workforce Study 2.0
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Mayumi A. Willgerodt, Andrea Tanner, Ellen McCabe, Beth Jameson, and Doug Brock
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The National School Nurse Workforce Study 2.0 describes the demographic characteristics and distribution patterns, school nursing models and activities, and practice environment among self-reported public school nurses in the United States. A random sample of U.S. public schools was surveyed, stratified by region, school level, and urban/rural locale. A total of 2,827 schools responded, yielding a 38.1% response rate. Using these data, we estimate 78,869 full-time equivalents of school nurses, with 65,052 registered nurses (RN) and 13,817 licensed practical/vocational nurses (LPN/LVN). Findings indicate school nurse distribution differences by region, locale, and income. The predominant model of school nursing practice was the RN only, followed by the RN and LPN model. In general, school nurse respondents felt supported by school staff and parents. Less than half of survey respondents stated they were supervised by an RN. Research, policy, and school nursing practice implications are discussed.
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- 2024
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27. A Systematic Review of CBM Content in Practitioner-Focused Journals: Do We Talk about Instructional Decision-Making?
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Erica C. Fry, Jessica R. Toste, Beth R. Feuer, and Christine A. Espin
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Data-based decision-making (DBDM) using curriculum-based measurement (CBM) data has demonstrated effectiveness in improving academic achievement for students with or at risk for learning disability. Despite substantial evidence supporting DBDM, its use is not common practice for many educators, even those who regularly collect CBM data. One explanation for its lack of widespread use is that educators may not receive adequate training in the DBDM aspects of CBM. Espin et al. examined the extent to which DBDM is represented in CBM professional development (PD) materials and found that the topic was significantly underrepresented (12% to 14% of CBM PD material content) compared with other CBM topics. The purpose of this study was to conduct a conceptual replication of the Espin et al. systematic review through an analysis of CBM content in practitioner journal articles. The present review includes 29 practitioner articles coded to the four CBM categories used in the Espin et al. study: (a) general CBM information, (b) conducting CBM, (c) data-based decision-making, and (d) other. Results revealed a pattern similar to the one found by Espin et al. with approximately 18% of the content of practitioner articles on CBM devoted to the topic of decision-making. These findings strengthen the recommendation from Espin et al. for increased attention to DBDM in CBM training materials.
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- 2024
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28. Cohort Scheduling of Freshman Exercise Physiology Majors Improves Social Integration and Perceptions of Faculty but Not Academic Performance
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Miriam Leary, Wei Fang, Andrew Layne, Beth Nardella, Lori Sherlock, Emily Ryan, Jim Thomas, Brian Leary, and Lena Maynor
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Cohort scheduling intentionally places students in the same sections of several classes (e.g., biology, algebra, and writing) with a consistent peer group and is typically done for small groups (<30 students) to enable better interaction among students. The goal of this study was to compare cohort scheduling to traditional scheduling methods among freshmen in a physiology-related program. Outcomes included retention to the university and major, semester grades, and institutional integration and perceived group cohesion. Incoming freshmen (n = 209) were randomized into control (n = 43; scheduled with traditional methods) and intervention (n = 166; coenrolled in first-year seminar course, biology, and medical terminology) groups. Outcomes were collected via surveys or requested from the university registrar. There was no significant difference in the likelihood of retention to the university or major and no differences between groups in pass/fail rates for the first-year seminar or biology courses. At the end of the semester, there were no differences between groups in Perceived Cohesion for Small Groups (P = 0.102) or the Institutional Integration Scale (P = 0.357). However, the intervention group scored higher on the Institutional Integration Scale's subscales related to social integration and faculty. Cohort scheduling did not impact retention to the university or major but improved secondary outcomes related to retention, specifically social integration and student perceptions of faculty.
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- 2024
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29. Cultivating Purpose and Internalized Motivation through Workplace Learning
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Maureen Emily Kenny, Mary Beth Medvide, and Pamela Gordon
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Building on prior research documenting associations between youth purpose and academic, psychological and physical well-being, this study examined the contributions of workplace learning (WPL) to youth purpose and internal motivation among 281 youth of diverse racial and ethnic identities and economic status enrolled in two high school networks offering innovatively designed WPL. Sequential regression analyses revealed that the quality of WPL, defined by mentor support for training, learning opportunities, and youth autonomy, contributed positively to youth purpose and internal motivation, beyond the negative effects of perceived social and economic barriers. Findings are discussed through the perspectives of psychology of working, decent education, self-determination theory and career construction and suggest that WPL is a promising intervention for overcoming inequities in fostering youth talent and purpose, including personal goals, meaning and intentions for social contribution.
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- 2024
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30. Creating a Space for Regulation and Reflection
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Maia Cucchiara and Mary Beth Hays
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In response to the growing awareness of trauma and its impact on student learning, schools across the country are implementing trauma-sensitive practices. Authors Maia Cucchiara and Mary Beth Hays describe an approach to trauma sensitivity in schools: the creation of restoration rooms, spaces designed to help students (and adults) return to a state of regulation. Restoration rooms are not for disciplining students. Instead, they are spaces equipped with fidget toys, soft carpets and cushions, flexible seating, and other materials to promote regulation. Schools can use these spaces as part of larger efforts to respond to student and staff trauma and promote overall wellness.
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- 2024
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31. The Contribution of Intrinsic Motivation and Home Literacy Environment to Singaporean Bilingual Children's Receptive Vocabulary
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Baoqi Sun, Beth Ann O'Brien, Nur Artika Binte Arshad, and He Sun
- Abstract
This study examined the within- and cross-language relationships between intrinsic language learning motivation, home literacy environment (shared book reading, parental literacy involvement, and parent perceived child literacy interest), and receptive vocabulary in 185 bilingual preschoolers and 233 primary school children in Singapore. Age differences were also examined. Unlike the motivation decline commonly observed in middle childhood, the primary school children demonstrated higher levels of intrinsic motivation than the preschoolers in both English and the second language (L2). Results showed a motivation gap between English and children's L2 in primary school children but not in preschoolers. The hierarchical regression results revealed that intrinsic motivation and the three facets of home literacy environment (HLE) were differentially involved in receptive vocabulary across languages and age groups. Within-language relations showed that intrinsic motivation only predicted receptive vocabulary in English among primary school children, but not among preschoolers. Among primary school children, parent perceived child literacy interest in L2 was the only significant predictor of L2 receptive vocabulary; among preschoolers, shared book reading was the only significant predictor. Cross-language relations revealed that parental literacy involvement in English negatively predicted L2 receptive vocabulary in primary school children, and there were no L2 effects on English receptive vocabulary.
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- 2024
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32. The Votes Are In! Candidate Debates as Large Policy Course Experiential Learning Method
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Melissa Redmond, Liz Woodside, and Beth Martin
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Background: Like other professional training programs, social work pedagogy has long recognized the value of experiential learning for professional development. Despite social work's rich experiential learning literature involving field education, direct practice courses, and program evaluation, there is a dearth of literature examining how to make learning in the policy classroom experiential, particularly for large class sizes. Purpose: We asked, "How might electoral candidate debates provide experiential learning opportunities for large classes?" Approach: The authors organized municipal and federal election candidate debates attended in-person and online by over 300 undergraduate students in a social work policy class at a Canadian university. Integrating our experiences as instructors/organizers and a teaching assistant, within a social constructivist framework, we used Kolb's experiential learning theory, and critiques thereof, to analyze reflective assignments from 73 students. Results and Conclusions: Candidate debates, when facilitated appropriately, can encourage students in large courses to work through the stages of experiential learning and consider related concepts and possible links among social justice course content and social policy, social work practice, and political engagement. Implications: The paper contributes to a broader understanding of the opportunities and constraints associated with employing experiential learning in the large social work classroom and beyond.
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- 2024
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33. Memory and Relationships: A Look into Teachers' Recollection of Supervisory Feedback
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Beth Clark-Gareca and Teresa Bruno Warkentin
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In public schools in the United States, the work of an ESOL student teacher is characterized by relationships with multiple mentors, including a university supervisor. Through retrospective narrative accounts, this study examines what currently practicing teachers of multilingual learners retained of their supervisors' feedback from their student teaching days, and what nuggets of supervisory wisdom continue to resonate with them throughout their teaching careers. The researchers developed this qualitative study using a social constructivist lens informed by Carless and Winstone's (2023) feedback literacy dimensions. Interviews were conducted with eight current teachers to probe their recollections of supervision and integration of supervisory feedback into their practice. Findings suggest that the participants recalled a sprinkling of memories and continued to draw on a few pieces of supervisory advice in their current practice. Supervisors and student teachers demonstrated design, relational, and pragmatic dimensions of feedback literacy, though the relational (i.e., the quality of the relationship between supervisor and student teacher) was the most enduring, even if the specifics of the supervisory feedback faded. Implications suggest that teacher education programs can hone the purpose, mission, and methods of supervision by targeting the dimensions of feedback literacy to make supervisory feedback more constructive and impactful.
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- 2024
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34. Closing Special Schools: Lessons from Canada
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Glenys Mann, Suzanne Carrington, Carly Lassig, Sofia Mavropoulou, Beth Saggers, Shiralee Po, and Callula Killingly
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Many countries grapple with the tension between commitment to inclusive education reform and the closure of special schools. This tension is particularly problematic for countries, like Australia, that have ratified the Convention on the Rights of Persons with Disabilities (CRPD). The CRPD is clear that closing special schools is pivotal to protecting the rights of students with disability to an inclusive education. Some provinces in Canada are considered to be leaders in the movement away from segregated education for students with disability. This paper reports on a critical review of the Canadian literature to develop a conceptual framework of drivers for, and barriers to special school closure. Drivers and barriers were identified at four levels: (1) societal level; (2) system level; (3) school level and (4) community level, with implications for each discussed. The findings will inform policy implementation in countries striving to meet their CRPD obligations.
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- 2024
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35. Accuracy of Automatic Processing of Speech-Language Pathologist and Child Talk during School-Based Therapy Sessions
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Leydi Johana Chaparro-Moreno, Hugo Gonzalez Villasanti, Laura M. Justice, Jing Sun, and Mary Beth Schmitt
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Purpose: This study examines the accuracy of Interaction Detection in Early Childhood Settings (IDEAS), a program that automatically transcribes audio files and estimates linguistic units relevant to speech-language therapy, including part-of-speech units that represent features of language complexity, such as adjectives and coordinating conjunctions. Method: Forty-five video-recorded speech-language therapy sessions involving 27 speech-language pathologists (SLPs) and 56 children were used. The F measure determines the accuracy of IDEAS diarization (i.e., speech segmentation and speaker classification). Two additional evaluation metrics, namely, median absolute relative error and correlation, indicate the accuracy of IDEAS for the estimation of linguistic units as compared with two conditions, namely, Oracle (manual diarization) and Voice Type Classifier (existing diarizer with acceptable accuracy). Results: The high F measure for SLP talk data suggests high accuracy of IDEAS diarization for SLP talk but less so for child talk. These differences are reflected in the accuracy of IDEAS linguistic unit estimates. IDEAS median absolute relative error and correlation values for nine of the 10 SLP linguistic unit estimates meet the accuracy criteria, but none of the child linguistic unit estimates meet these criteria. The type of linguistic units also affects IDEAS accuracy. Conclusions: IDEAS was tailored to educational settings to automatically convert audio recordings into text and to provide linguistic unit estimates in speech-language therapy sessions and classroom settings. Although not perfect, IDEAS is reliable in automatically capturing and returning linguistic units, especially in SLP talk, that are relevant in research and practice. The tool offers a way to automatically measure SLP talk in clinical settings, which will support research seeking to understand how SLP talk influences children's language growth.
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- 2024
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36. Inclusive Playground Design
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Holly Tate, Samantha Anstett, Beth Cooke, Merrie Joy Hrabak, and Jennifer Suh
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The mathematics of budgeting and space can lead to a justice-oriented experience for elementary students as they design a proposal for an inclusive playground. The authors' work focused on creating the space for elementary children to see the interconnectedness between mathematics and a community social injustice, lack of inclusive playground access, through community-based mathematical modeling (CBMM). This article highlights how third- and fourth-grade teachers, a math coach, and a university professor (also authors of this paper) collaboratively and thoughtfully engaged in the CBMM cycle.
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- 2024
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37. Increasing Student Retention Rates through Engagement in a Comprehensive Second-Year Program
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Anne McDaniel, Leah R. Halper, Matthew Van Jura, Beth Fines, and M. Susie Whittington
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The second year of college is a time when students remain at increased risk of departure. Compared to widely available first-year resources, institutional support for second-year students is more limited. The purpose of this study was to compare second-to-third year retention between students who participated in a comprehensive second-year experience program (SEP; n = 2,622) with students who did not participate (n = 4,823). Because students' participation in SEP was optional, we used propensity score matching to account for potential selection bias. Students who participated in SEP were retained at higher rates than students who did not participate, even when accounting for potential selection bias. Retention differences were especially notable among participants and nonparticipants from systemically minoritized backgrounds. These findings extend prior research that meaningful involvement in high-impact practices supports second-year students' retention. We conclude with implications for leaders responsible for second-year programing on their campus.
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- 2024
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38. Cultivating Not Weeding: STEM First Year Learning Community Fosters Student Persistence and Engagement
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Cory C. Cowan, Mara Brady, Jaime Arvizu, Amber Reece, Beth Weinman, and Matthew Zivot
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Regional comprehensive universities with access-oriented missions provide critical pathways for increasing the number and diversity of STEM graduates. The BOND program at California State University, Fresno supports the transition to college for first-time, full-time freshmen in selected STEM majors. BOND incorporates a learning community, active learning, and early course-based research experiences. Compared to comparison groups, students that participate in BOND are 1.93 times more likely to persist in STEM into their fourth year despite similar academic achievement in introductory STEM courses. A higher proportion of BOND students also engage with campus resources that support their first and second year on campus, which suggests that appropriate support builds persistence through the challenges of a STEM degree. This study highlights the importance of providing support strategies and resources in the first year for STEM retention, counter to the traditional narrative of "weeding out" students in their first year on campus.
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- 2024
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39. Impact of Supplemental Multicomponent Early Childhood Language Instruction
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Beth M. Phillips, Christopher J. Lonigan, Young-Suk G. Kim, Jeanine Clancy, and Carol M. Connor
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The strong association of early language skills to later reading ability suggests that supporting the development of these skills in children who enter preschool or kindergarten with below-average language abilities may lead to stronger reading skills. Despite this, few evidence-based supplemental language instructional programs exist for school-based implementation. The current study reports on two large-scale randomized trials of combinations of small-group, intensive language-focused instructional component lessons implemented in preschool and kindergarten settings. After screening on two listening comprehension measures, 740 preschool and 870 kindergarten children were randomized to business-as-usual general education or to 18 weeks of instruction that paired two of three possible 9-week component programs. Children were assessed pre- and postinstruction on a battery of proximal, instructionally aligned measures and on standardized language and early literacy measures. Results indicated significant and often sizeable impacts on measures aligned with the content of instruction received. Moderation by order of instructional components and child characteristics provides insight into the overall and specific benefits of early intensive support for language development.
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- 2024
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40. A Practice Pathway for the Treatment of Night Wakings in Children with Autism Spectrum Disorder
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Anjalee W. Galion, Justin G. Farmer, Heidi V. Connolly, Virginia D. Allhusen, Amanda Bennett, Daniel L. Coury, Janet Lam, Ann M. Neumeyer, Kristin Sohl, Manisha Witmans, Beth A. Malow, and Autism Treatment Network/Autism Intervention Research Network on Physical Health (ATN/AIR-P) Sleep Committee, Contributor
- Abstract
Children with autism spectrum disorder (ASD) report high rates of sleep problems. In 2012, the Autism Treatment Network/Autism Intervention Research Network on Physical Health (ATN/AIR-P) Sleep Committee developed a pathway to address these concerns. Since its publication, ATN/AIR-P clinicians and parents have identified night wakings as a refractory problem unaddressed by the pathway. We reviewed the existing literature and identified 76 scholarly articles that provided data on night waking in children with ASD. Based on the available literature, we propose an updated practice pathway to identify and treat night wakings in children with ASD.
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- 2024
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41. Paraprofessional to Teacher: Attracting and Preparing Special Educators for a Critical Shortage
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Keri C. Fogle, Daisy Pua, and Beth Wilt
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As the teacher shortage continues to sweep the country, Grow Your Own (GYO) programs designed to attract and prepare more individuals into the teaching ranks are gaining national attention, particularly those targeting special education. Assisting paraprofessionals who work with students with disabilities has long been considered as one strategy among the array of ideas to grow more teachers and retain them. The solution includes GYOs that provide paraprofessionals with tuition support to earn their degrees and teaching certificates. Yet, little is known about outcomes of programs that fund paraprofessionals to become teachers. The state of Florida funded GYO program has compiled outcome data on more than 200 paraprofessionals who received tuition support to obtain their degrees. Data support the notion that when provided with financial assistance, paraprofessionals do earn their degrees and apply for teaching certification. Retention data also indicate that they remain certified at commendable levels.
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- 2024
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42. A Framework for Reforming Federal Graduate Student Aid Policy
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American Enterprise Institute (AEI), EducationCounsel LLC, The Century Foundation, Beth Akers, Nathan Arnold, Zakiya Smith Ellis, Jasmine Jett, Bethany Little, Tiara Moultrie, and Robert Shireman
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The American Enterprise Institute, EducationCounsel, and The Century Foundation undertook a joint process to examine--across ideological lines--the nature of the existing system that finances graduate education, including its benefits and downsides, and to design a framework that should guide the improvement of federal policy regarding graduate student financing. This report aims to outline policy options that address the burden on students, particularly the disproportionate burden facing students of color, and the growing cost of the graduate loan programs for taxpayers. The shared goal of this process was improved outcomes for students and better value for taxpayers. Analysis and discussion of different policy options led to the conclusion that any politically viable and effective approach must address five different dimensions of the problem through the following set of policy levers: (1) set reasonable loan limits; (2) award grant aid to students and institutions to address equity and social good considerations; (3) ensure sufficient value and return on investment for students and taxpayers; (4) enhance the regulatory structure and consumer protections for private lending; and (5) improve data disclosure and transparency.
- Published
- 2023
43. 2016/20 Baccalaureate and Beyond Longitudinal Study (B&B:16/20). Data File Documentation. NCES 2024-341
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National Center for Education Statistics (NCES) (ED/IES), RTI International, Jennifer Wine, Beth Hustedt, Jennifer Cooney, and Erin Thomsen
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This report describes the design, methods, and results of the 2016/20 Baccalaureate and Beyond Longitudinal Study (B&B:16/20) conducted by the U.S. Department of Education's National Center for Education Statistics (NCES). It is the second follow-up with a cohort of bachelor's degree recipients originally identified during the 2015-16 National Postsecondary Student Aid Study (NPSAS:16). The data collected in B&B:16/20 are intended to provide researchers and policymakers with key information on student debt and repayment as well as postbaccalaureate enrollment and employment outcomes 4 years after completion of a bachelor's degree with a special focus on the experiences of elementary and secondary teachers. This data file documentation details the methods used to collect, process, and analyze these data, and it also provides users with guidance on how to analyze these nationally representative data.
- Published
- 2023
44. Can States Sustain and Replicate School District Improvement? Evidence from Massachusetts. EdWorkingPaper No. 23-882
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Annenberg Institute for School Reform at Brown University, Beth E. Schueler, Liz Nigro, and John Wang
- Abstract
The improvement of low-performing school systems is one potential strategy for mitigating educational inequality. Some evidence suggests districtwide reform may be more effective than school-level change, but limited research examines district-level turnaround. There is also little scholarship examining the effects of turnaround reforms on outcomes beyond the first few years of implementation, on outcomes beyond test scores, or on the effectiveness of efforts to replicate district improvement successes beyond an initial reform context. We study these topics in Massachusetts, home to the Lawrence district representing a rare case of demonstrated improvements in the early years of state takeover and turnaround and where state leaders have since intervened in three other contexts as a result. We use statewide student-level administrative data (2006-07 to 2018-19) and event study methods to estimate medium-term reform impacts on test and non-test outcomes across four Massachusetts-based contexts: Lawrence, Holyoke, Springfield, and Southbridge. We find substantial district improvement was possible although sustaining the rate of gains was more complicated. Replicating gains in new contexts was also possible but not guaranteed.
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- 2023
45. Hazardous wildfire smoke events can alter dawn soundscapes in dry forests of central and eastern Washington, United States
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Sanderfoot, Olivia V, Tingley, Morgan W, Bassing, Sarah B, Vaughan, Joseph K, June, Nicole A, and Gardner, Beth
- Subjects
Ecological Applications ,Environmental Sciences ,Climate-Related Exposures and Conditions ,Prevention ,Biophony ,Ecoacoustics ,Passive acoustic monitoring ,Air pollution ,AIRPACT ,Environmental Science and Management ,Ecology ,Environmental management - Published
- 2024
46. Wernicke Encephalopathy Associated with Hyperemesis Gravidarum: A Case Report
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Kreutzer, Beth, Buehrer, Blake, Rohde, Phillip, and Pelikan, Andrew
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Wernicke ,hyperemesis ,pregnancy ,Thiamine ,case report - Abstract
Introduction: Wernicke encephalopathy is a clinical diagnosis that requires a high degree of clinical suspicion to recognize. We report a case of a pregnant patient developing Wernicke encephalopathy in the setting of severe hyperemesis gravidarum. Case Report: The patient was a 22-year-old female 13 weeks pregnant presenting to the emergency department (ED) with neurological deficits after several weeks of hyperemesis gravidarum requiring hospitalization. Exam and workup ultimately revealed the diagnosis of Wernicke encephalopathy. Her symptoms improved after administration of thiamine. Conclusion: Wernicke encephalopathy is a consequence of thiamine deficiency, commonly seen in patients with alcohol use disorder but also with other causes of nutritional deficiency, such as hyperemesis gravidarum. Wernicke encephalopathy is a clinical diagnosis that requires a high degree of suspicion and is, therefore, often missed in the ED setting. Treatment is supplemental thiamine and management of the root cause for nutritional deficiency.
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- 2024
47. A genome assembly of the American black bear, Ursus americanus, from California
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Supple, Megan A, Escalona, Merly, Adkins, Jillian, Buchalski, Michael R, Alexandre, Nicolas, Sahasrabudhe, Ruta M, Nguyen, Oanh, Sacco, Samuel, Fairbairn, Colin, Beraut, Eric, Seligmann, William, Green, Richard E, Meredith, Erin, and Shapiro, Beth
- Subjects
Biological Sciences ,Ecology ,Genetics ,Biotechnology ,Human Genome ,Ursidae ,Animals ,California ,Genome ,Genomics ,California Conservation Genomics Project ,CCGP ,Conservation Genomics ,wildlife management ,Evolutionary Biology ,Evolutionary biology - Abstract
The American black bear, Ursus americanus, is a widespread and ecologically important species in North America. In California, the black bear plays an important role in a variety of ecosystems and serves as an important species for recreational hunting. While research suggests that the populations in California are currently healthy, continued monitoring is critical, with genomic analyses providing an important surveillance tool. Here we report a high-quality, near chromosome-level genome assembly from a U. americanus sample from California. The primary assembly has a total length of 2.5 Gb contained in 316 scaffolds, a contig N50 of 58.9 Mb, a scaffold N50 of 67.6 Mb, and a BUSCO completeness score of 96%. This U. americanus genome assembly will provide an important resource for the targeted management of black bear populations in California, with the goal of achieving an appropriate balance between the recreational value of black bears and the maintenance of viable populations. The high quality of this genome assembly will also make it a valuable resource for comparative genomic analyses among black bear populations and among bear species.
- Published
- 2024
48. Concurrent RB1 Loss and BRCA Deficiency Predicts Enhanced Immunologic Response and Long-term Survival in Tubo-ovarian High-grade Serous Carcinoma
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Saner, Flurina AM, Takahashi, Kazuaki, Budden, Timothy, Pandey, Ahwan, Ariyaratne, Dinuka, Zwimpfer, Tibor A, Meagher, Nicola S, Fereday, Sian, Twomey, Laura, Pishas, Kathleen I, Hoang, Therese, Bolithon, Adelyn, Traficante, Nadia, Group, for the Australian Ovarian Cancer Study, Alsop, Kathryn, Christie, Elizabeth L, Kang, Eun-Young, Nelson, Gregg S, Ghatage, Prafull, Lee, Cheng-Han, Riggan, Marjorie J, Alsop, Jennifer, Beckmann, Matthias W, Boros, Jessica, Brand, Alison H, Brooks-Wilson, Angela, Carney, Michael E, Coulson, Penny, Courtney-Brooks, Madeleine, Cushing-Haugen, Kara L, Cybulski, Cezary, El-Bahrawy, Mona A, Elishaev, Esther, Erber, Ramona, Gayther, Simon A, Gentry-Maharaj, Aleksandra, Gilks, C Blake, Harnett, Paul R, Harris, Holly R, Hartmann, Arndt, Hein, Alexander, Hendley, Joy, Hernandez, Brenda Y, Jakubowska, Anna, Jimenez-Linan, Mercedes, Jones, Michael E, Kaufmann, Scott H, Kennedy, Catherine J, Kluz, Tomasz, Koziak, Jennifer M, Kristjansdottir, Björg, Le, Nhu D, Lener, Marcin, Lester, Jenny, Lubiński, Jan, Mateoiu, Constantina, Orsulic, Sandra, Ruebner, Matthias, Schoemaker, Minouk J, Shah, Mitul, Sharma, Raghwa, Sherman, Mark E, Shvetsov, Yurii B, Soong, T Rinda, Steed, Helen, Sukumvanich, Paniti, Talhouk, Aline, Taylor, Sarah E, Vierkant, Robert A, Wang, Chen, Widschwendter, Martin, Wilkens, Lynne R, Winham, Stacey J, Anglesio, Michael S, Berchuck, Andrew, Brenton, James D, Campbell, Ian, Cook, Linda S, Doherty, Jennifer A, Fasching, Peter A, Fortner, Renée T, Goodman, Marc T, Gronwald, Jacek, Huntsman, David G, Karlan, Beth Y, Kelemen, Linda E, Menon, Usha, Modugno, Francesmary, Pharoah, Paul DP, Schildkraut, Joellen M, Sundfeldt, Karin, Swerdlow, Anthony J, Goode, Ellen L, DeFazio, Anna, Köbel, Martin, Ramus, Susan J, Bowtell, David DL, and Garsed, Dale W
- Subjects
Biomedical and Clinical Sciences ,Oncology and Carcinogenesis ,Immunology ,Genetics ,Women's Health ,Rare Diseases ,Orphan Drug ,Cancer Genomics ,Ovarian Cancer ,Precision Medicine ,Human Genome ,Cancer ,2.1 Biological and endogenous factors ,Humans ,Female ,Ovarian Neoplasms ,BRCA2 Protein ,BRCA1 Protein ,Cystadenocarcinoma ,Serous ,Retinoblastoma Binding Proteins ,Prognosis ,Ubiquitin-Protein Ligases ,Neoplasm Grading ,Lymphocytes ,Tumor-Infiltrating ,Middle Aged ,Germ-Line Mutation ,Gene Expression Regulation ,Neoplastic ,Aged ,Biomarkers ,Tumor ,CD8-Positive T-Lymphocytes ,Australian Ovarian Cancer Study Group ,Oncology & Carcinogenesis ,Clinical sciences ,Oncology and carcinogenesis - Abstract
PurposeThe purpose of this study was to evaluate RB1 expression and survival across ovarian carcinoma histotypes and how co-occurrence of BRCA1 or BRCA2 (BRCA) alterations and RB1 loss influences survival in tubo-ovarian high-grade serous carcinoma (HGSC).Experimental designRB1 protein expression was classified by immunohistochemistry in ovarian carcinomas of 7,436 patients from the Ovarian Tumor Tissue Analysis consortium. We examined RB1 expression and germline BRCA status in a subset of 1,134 HGSC, and related genotype to overall survival (OS), tumor-infiltrating CD8+ lymphocytes, and transcriptomic subtypes. Using CRISPR-Cas9, we deleted RB1 in HGSC cells with and without BRCA1 alterations to model co-loss with treatment response. We performed whole-genome and transcriptome data analyses on 126 patients with primary HGSC to characterize tumors with concurrent BRCA deficiency and RB1 loss.ResultsRB1 loss was associated with longer OS in HGSC but with poorer prognosis in endometrioid ovarian carcinoma. Patients with HGSC harboring both RB1 loss and pathogenic germline BRCA variants had superior OS compared with patients with either alteration alone, and their median OS was three times longer than those without pathogenic BRCA variants and retained RB1 expression (9.3 vs. 3.1 years). Enhanced sensitivity to cisplatin and paclitaxel was seen in BRCA1-altered cells with RB1 knockout. Combined RB1 loss and BRCA deficiency correlated with transcriptional markers of enhanced IFN response, cell-cycle deregulation, and reduced epithelial-mesenchymal transition. CD8+ lymphocytes were most prevalent in BRCA-deficient HGSC with co-loss of RB1.ConclusionsCo-occurrence of RB1 loss and BRCA deficiency was associated with exceptionally long survival in patients with HGSC, potentially due to better treatment response and immune stimulation.
- Published
- 2024
49. Barriers and proposed solutions to at-home colorectal cancer screening tests in medically underserved health centers across three US regions to inform a randomized trial.
- Author
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Brodney, Suzanne, Bhat, Roopa, Tuan, Jessica, Johnson, Gina, May, Folasade, Glenn, Beth, Schoolcraft, Kimberly, Warner, Erica, and Haas, Jennifer
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FIT ,FIT‐DNA ,colorectal cancer screening ,community health centers ,disparities ,qualitative ,tribal health facility ,Humans ,Colorectal Neoplasms ,Early Detection of Cancer ,Community Health Centers ,Medically Underserved Area ,Female ,Male ,Colonoscopy ,Massachusetts ,Occult Blood ,Middle Aged ,California ,South Dakota ,Qualitative Research ,Aged ,Mass Screening ,Patient Navigation - Abstract
INTRODUCTION: At-home colorectal cancer (CRC) screening is an effective way to reduce CRC mortality, but screening rates in medically underserved groups are low. To plan the implementation of a pragmatic randomized trial comparing two population-based outreach approaches, we conducted qualitative research on current processes and barriers to at-home CRC screening in 10 community health centers (CHCs) that serve medically underserved groups, four each in Massachusetts and California, and two tribal facilities in South Dakota. METHODS: We conducted 53 semi-structured interviews with clinical and administrative staff at the participating CHCs. Participants were asked about CRC screening processes, categorized into eight domains: patient identification, outreach, risk assessment, fecal immunochemical test (FIT) workflows, FIT-DNA (i.e., Cologuard) workflows, referral for a follow-up colonoscopy, patient navigation, and educational materials. Transcripts were analyzed using a Rapid Qualitative Analysis approach. A matrix was used to organize and summarize the data into four sub-themes: current process, barriers, facilitators, and solutions to adapt materials for the intervention. RESULTS: Each sites process for stool-based CRC screening varied slightly. Interviewees identified the importance of offering educational materials in English and Spanish, using text messages to remind patients to return kits, adapting materials to address health literacy needs so patients can access instructions in writing, pictures, or video, creating mailed workflows integrated with a tracking system, and offering patient navigation to colonoscopy for patients with an abnormal result. CONCLUSION: Proposed solutions across the three regions will inform a multilevel intervention in a pragmatic trial to increase CRC screening uptake in CHCs.
- Published
- 2024
50. Trust in health workers and patient-centeredness of care were strongest factors associated with vaccination for Kenyan children born between 2017-2022.
- Author
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Moucheraud, Corrina, Ochieng, Eric, Ogutu, Vitalis, Sudhinaraset, May, Szilagyi, Peter, Hoffman, Risa, Glenn, Beth, Golub, Ginger, and Njomo, Doris
- Subjects
Immunization ,Kenya ,Preventive health services ,Primary prevention ,Public health ,Vaccination - Abstract
OBJECTIVE: Although vaccination confidence is declining globally, there is little detailed information from low- and middle-income countries about factors influencing routine vaccination behavior in these contexts. METHODS: In mid-2022, we surveyed people who gave birth in Kenya between 2017-2022, and asked them about their childrens vaccination history and about hypothesized correlates of vaccination per the Behavioural and Social Drivers of Vaccination model. RESULTS: Of 873 children in this sample, 117 (13%) were under-vaccinated (i.e., delayed or missing vaccine dose(s)) - and under-vaccination was more common among births during the COVID-19 pandemic (2020-2022) versus pre-pandemic (2017-2019). In multi-level multivariable models, children of respondents who expressed concerns about serious side effects from vaccines had significantly higher odds of missed vaccine dose(s) (aOR 2.06, 95 % CI 1.14-3.72), and there was a strong association between having more safety concerns now versus before the COVID-19 pandemic (aOR missed dose(s) 4.44, 95 % CI 1.71-11.51; aOR under-vaccination 3.03, 95 % CI 1.28-7.19). People with greater trust in health workers had lower odds of having a child with missed vaccine dose(s) (aOR 0.85, 95 % CI 0.75-0.97). People who reported higher patient-centered quality of vaccination care had much lower odds of having children with delayed or missed vaccine dose(s) (aOR missed dose(s) 0.14, 95 % CI 0.04-0.58; aOR under-vaccination 0.27, 95 % CI 0.10-0.79). CONCLUSIONS: These findings highlight potential strategies to improve vaccine coverage: greater focus on patient-centered quality of care, training healthcare workers on how to address safety concerns about vaccines, and building trust in the health care system and in health workers.
- Published
- 2024
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