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Changes in climate and biodiversity are widely recognized as primary global change drivers of ecosystem structure and functioning, also affecting ecosystem services provided to human populations. Increasing plant diversity not only enhances ecosystem functioning and stability but also mitigates climate change effects and buffers extreme weather conditions, yet the underlying mechanisms remain largely unclear. Recent studies have shown that plant diversity can mitigate climate change (e.g. reduce temperature fluctuations or drought through microclimatic effects) in different compartments of the focal ecosystem, which as such may contribute to the effect of plant diversity on ecosystem properties and functioning. However, these potential plant diversity‐induced microclimate effects are not sufficiently understood. Here, we explored the consequences of climate modulation through microclimate modification by plant diversity for ecosystem functioning as a potential mechanism contributing to the widely documented biodiversity–ecosystem functioning (BEF) relationships, using a combination of theoretical and simulation approaches. We focused on a diverse set of response variables at various levels of integration ranging from ecosystem‐level carbon exchange to soil enzyme activity, including population dynamics and the activity of specific organisms. Here, we demonstrated that a vegetation layer composed of many plant species has the potential to influence ecosystem functioning and stability through the modification of microclimatic conditions, thus mitigating the negative impacts of climate extremes on ecosystem functioning. Integrating microclimatic processes (e.g. temperature, humidity and light modulation) as a mechanism contributing to the BEF relationships is a promising avenue to improve our understanding of the effects of climate change on ecosystem functioning and to better predict future ecosystem structure, functioning and services. In addition, microclimate management and monitoring should be seen as a potential tool by practitioners to adapt ecosystems to climate change. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Forest ecosystems are critical for their carbon sequestration potential. Increasing tree diversity has been shown to enhance both forest productivity and litter decomposition. Litter diversity increases litter decomposability by increasing the diversity of substrates offered to decomposers. However, the relative importance of litter decomposability and decomposer community in mediating tree diversity effects on decomposition remains unknown. Moreover, tree diversity modulation of litterfall spatial distribution, and consequently litter decomposition, has rarely been tested. We studied tree diversity effects on leaf litter decomposition and its mediation by the amount of litterfall, litter species richness and decomposability, and soil microorganisms in a large‐scale tree diversity experiment in subtropical China. Furthermore, we examined how litter functional identity and diversity affect leaf litter decomposability. Finally, we tested how leaf functional traits, tree biomass, and forest spatial structure drive the litterfall spatial distribution. We found evidence that tree species richness increased litter decomposition by increasing litter species richness and the amount of litterfall. We showed that soil microorganisms in this subtropical forest perform 84–87% of litter decomposition. Moreover, changes in the amount of litterfall and microbial decomposition explained 19–37% of the decomposition variance. Additionally, up to 20% of the microbial decomposition variance was explained by litter decomposability, while litter decomposability itself was determined by litter functional identity, diversity, and species richness. Tree species richness increased litter species richness and the amount of litterfall (+200% from monoculture to eight‐species neighborhood). We further demonstrated that the amount of species‐specific litterfall increased with increasing tree proximity and biomass, and was modulated by leaf functional traits. These litterfall drivers increased the spatial heterogeneity of litter distribution, and thus litter decomposition. We highlighted multiple biomass‐ and diversity‐mediated effects of tree diversity on ecosystem properties driving forest nutrient cycling. We conclude that considering spatial variability in biotic properties will improve our mechanistic understanding of ecosystem functioning. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Forests are ecosystems critical to understanding the global carbon budget, due to their carbon sequestration potential in both aboveground and belowground compartments, especially in species‐rich forests. Soil carbon sequestration is strongly linked to soil microbial communities, and this link is mediated by the tree community, likely due to modifications of microenvironmental conditions (i.e., biotic conditions, soil properties, and microclimate). We studied soil carbon concentration and the soil microbial biomass of 180 local neighborhoods along a gradient of tree species richness ranging from 1 to 16 tree species per plot in a Chinese subtropical forest experiment (BEF‐China). Tree productivity and different tree functional traits were measured at the neighborhood level. We tested the effects of tree productivity, functional trait identity, and dissimilarity on soil carbon concentrations, and their mediation by the soil microbial biomass and microenvironmental conditions. Our analyses showed a strong positive correlation between soil microbial biomass and soil carbon concentrations. In addition, soil carbon concentration increased with tree productivity and tree root diameter, while it decreased with litterfall C:N content. Moreover, tree productivity and tree functional traits (e.g., fungal root association and litterfall C:N ratio) modulated microenvironmental conditions with substantial consequences for soil microbial biomass. We also showed that soil history and topography should be considered in future experiments and tree plantations, as soil carbon concentrations were higher at sites where historical (i.e., at the beginning of the experiment) carbon concentrations were high, themselves being strongly affected by the topography. Altogether, these results implied that the quantification of the different soil carbon pools is critical for understanding microbial community–soil carbon stock relationships and their dependence on tree diversity and microenvironmental conditions. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Summary: There is limited knowledge on how the association of trees with different mycorrhizal types shapes soil microbial communities in the context of changing tree diversity levels. We used arbuscular (AM) and ectomycorrhizal (EcM) tree species as con‐ and heterospecific tree species pairs (TSPs), which were established in plots of three tree diversity levels including monocultures, two‐species mixtures and multi‐tree species mixtures in a tree diversity experiment in subtropical China. We found that the tree mycorrhizal type had a significant effect on fungal but not bacterial alpha diversity. Furthermore, only EcM but not AM TSPs fungal alpha diversity increased with tree diversity, and the differences between AM and EcM TSPs disappeared in multi‐species mixtures. Tree mycorrhizal type, tree diversity and their interaction had significant effects on fungal community composition. Neither fungi nor bacteria showed any significant compositional variation in TSPs located in multi‐species mixtures. Accordingly, the most influential taxa driving the tree mycorrhizal differences at low tree diversity were not significant in multi‐tree species mixtures. Collectively, our results indicate that tree mycorrhizal type is an important factor determining the diversity and community composition of soil microbes, and higher tree diversity levels promote convergence of the soil microbial communities. Significance statement: More than 90% of terrestrial plants have symbiotic associations with mycorrhizal fungi which could influence the coexisting microbiota. Systematic understanding of the individual and interactive effects of tree mycorrhizal type and tree species diversity on the soil microbiota is crucial for the mechanistic comprehension of the role of microbes in forest soil ecological processes. Our tree species pair (TSP) concept coupled with random sampling within and across the plots, allowed us the unbiased assessment of tree mycorrhizal type and tree diversity effects on the tree‐tree interaction zone soil microbiota. Unlike in monocultures and two‐species mixtures, we identified species‐rich and converging fungal and bacterial communities in multi‐tree species mixtures. Consequently, we recommend planting species‐rich mixtures of EcM and AM trees, for afforestation and reforestation regimes. Specifically, our findings highlight the significance of tree mycorrhizal type in studying 'tree diversity – microbial diversity – ecosystem function' relationships. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Understanding aboveground-belowground linkages and their consequences for ecosystem functioning is a major challenge in soil ecology. It is already well established that soil communities drive essential ecosystem processes, such as nutrient cycling, decomposition, or carbon storage. However, knowledge of how plant diversity affects belowground community structure is limited. Such knowledge can be gained from studying the main plant functional traits that modulate plant community effects on soil fauna. Here, we used a grassland experiment manipulating plant species richness and plant functional diversity to explore the effects of community-level plant traits on soil meso- and macrofauna and the trophic structure of soil fauna by differentiating predators and prey. The functional composition of plant communities was described by six plant traits related to spatial and temporal resource use: plant height, leaf area, rooting depth, root length density, growth start, and flowering start. Community-Weighted Means (CWMs), Functional Dissimilarity (FDis), and Functional Richness (FRic) were calculated for each trait. Community-level plant traits better explained variability in soil fauna than did plant species richness. Notably, each soil fauna group was affected by a unique set of plant traits. Moreover, the identity of plant traits (CWM) explained more variance of soil fauna groups than trait diversity. The abundances of soil fauna at the lower trophic levels were better explained by community-level plant traits than higher trophic levels soil fauna groups. Taken together, our results highlight the importance of the identity of different plant functional traits in driving the diversity and trophic structure of soil food communities. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The capacity of forests to sequester carbon in both above‐ and belowground compartments is a crucial tool to mitigate rising atmospheric carbon concentrations. Belowground carbon storage in forests is strongly linked to soil microbial communities that are the key drivers of soil heterotrophic respiration, organic matter decomposition and thus nutrient cycling. However, the relationships between tree diversity and soil microbial properties such as biomass and respiration remain unclear with inconsistent findings among studies. It is unknown so far how the spatial configuration and soil depth affect the relationship between tree richness and microbial properties. Here, we studied the spatial distribution of soil microbial properties in the context of a tree diversity experiment by measuring soil microbial biomass and respiration in subtropical forests (BEF‐China experiment). We sampled soil cores at two depths at five locations along a spatial transect between the trees in mono‐ and hetero‐specific tree pairs of the native deciduous species Liquidambar formosana and Sapindus saponaria. Our analyses showed decreasing soil microbial biomass and respiration with increasing soil depth and distance from the tree in mono‐specific tree pairs. We calculated belowground overyielding of soil microbial biomass and respiration – which is higher microbial biomass or respiration than expected from the monocultures – and analysed the distribution patterns along the transect. We found no general overyielding across all sampling positions and depths. Yet, we encountered a spatial pattern of microbial overyielding with a significant microbial overyielding close to L. formosana trees and microbial underyielding close to S. saponaria trees. We found similar spatial patterns across microbial properties and depths that only differed in the strength of their effects. Our results highlight the importance of small‐scale variations of tree–tree interaction effects on soil microbial communities and functions and are calling for better integration of within‐plot variability to understand biodiversity–ecosystem functioning relationships. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Summary: Understanding the complex interactions between trees and fungi is crucial for forest ecosystem management, yet the influence of tree mycorrhizal types, species identity, and diversity on tree‐tree interactions and their root‐associated fungal communities remains poorly understood.Our study addresses this gap by investigating root‐associated fungal communities of different arbuscular mycorrhizal (AM) and ectomycorrhizal (EcM) tree species pairs (TSPs) in a subtropical tree diversity experiment, spanning monospecific, two‐species, and multi‐species mixtures, utilizing Illumina sequencing of the ITS2 region.The study reveals that tree mycorrhizal type significantly impacts the alpha diversity of root‐associated fungi in monospecific stands. Meanwhile, tree species identity's influence is modulated by overall tree diversity. Tree‐related variables and spatial distance emerged as major drivers of variations in fungal community composition. Notably, in multi‐species mixtures, compositional differences between root fungal communities of AM and EcM trees diminish, indicating a convergence of fungal communities irrespective of mycorrhizal type. Interestingly, dual mycorrhizal fungal communities were observed in these multi‐species mixtures.This research underscores the pivotal role of mycorrhizal partnerships and the interplay of biotic and abiotic factors in shaping root fungal communities, particularly in varied tree diversity settings, and its implications for effective forest management and biodiversity conservation. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Ever-growing human population and nutritional demands, supply chain disruptions, and advancing climate change have led to the realization that changes in diversity and system performance are intimately linked. Moreover, diversity and system performance depend on heterogeneity. Mitigating changes in system performance and promoting sustainable living conditions requires transformative decisions. Here, we introduce the heterogeneity–diversity–system performance (HDP) nexus as the conceptual basis upon which to formulate transformative decisions. We suggest that managing the heterogeneity of systems will best allow diversity to provide multiple benefits to people. Based on ecological theory, we pose that the HDP nexus is broadly applicable across systems, disciplines, and sectors, and should thus be considered in future decision making as a way to have a more sustainable global future. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Chemical control of disease vectoring mosquitoes Aedes albopictus and Aedes aegypti is costly, unsustainable, and increasingly ineffective due to the spread of insecticide resistance. The Sterile Insect Technique is a valuable alternative but is limited by slow, error-prone, and wasteful sex-separation methods. Here, we present four Genetic Sexing Strains (two for each Aedes species) based on fluorescence markers linked to the m and M sex loci, allowing for the isolation of transgenic males. Furthermore, we demonstrate how combining these sexing strains enables the production of non-transgenic males. In a mass-rearing facility, 100,000 first instar male larvae could be sorted in under 1.5 h with an estimated 0.01–0.1% female contamination on a single machine. Cost-efficiency analyses revealed that using these strains could result in important savings while setting up and running a mass-rearing facility. Altogether, these Genetic Sexing Strains should enable a major upscaling in control programmes against these important vectors. Identification and automated sorting of male and female Aedes mosquitoes is made possible using four new transgenic sexing strains, linking fluorecence transgenes to the sex-determining ('M' and 'm') loci. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background and Aims: Litter decomposition is a major determinant of carbon (C) and nutrient cycling in ecosystems, and contributes to soil organic carbon (SOC) formation. Ongoing global changes are exacerbating biodiversity loss, potentially elevating foliar fungal pathogen infections and consequently impacting litter quality and quantity. However, the potential interplay between biodiversity loss and fungal pathogen infection on litter decomposition and SOC formation remains largely unknown.We collected leaf litter with different fungal pathogen infection levels across various tree species richness (TSR) stands within a subtropical forest biodiversity-ecosystem functioning experiment in China. We conducted a 383-day incubation experiment using these litter samples and measured initial litter quality, litter mass loss, and incubation-induced changes in mineral-associated soil C and nitrogen (N).We found that litter from higher richness plots exhibited lower N concentration and higher carbon to nitrogen ratio (C:N). Moreover, TSR exerted control over the effects of fungal pathogen infection on litter quality, decomposition, and N turnover. Under higher richness, litter with higher fungal infection levels tended to have higher N concentration and lower C:N, thus leading to faster decomposition rates and more soil N loss. Meanwhile, litter with elevated fungal infection levels contributed more to litter C retained in soil.Our findings indicate that changes in litter chemistry and fungal pathogen infection rates induced by biodiversity loss could affect decomposition and the extent of C stabilized in soil, highlighting the significance of considering fungal pathogen infection in studies related to biodiversity and biogeochemical cycles.Methods: Litter decomposition is a major determinant of carbon (C) and nutrient cycling in ecosystems, and contributes to soil organic carbon (SOC) formation. Ongoing global changes are exacerbating biodiversity loss, potentially elevating foliar fungal pathogen infections and consequently impacting litter quality and quantity. However, the potential interplay between biodiversity loss and fungal pathogen infection on litter decomposition and SOC formation remains largely unknown.We collected leaf litter with different fungal pathogen infection levels across various tree species richness (TSR) stands within a subtropical forest biodiversity-ecosystem functioning experiment in China. We conducted a 383-day incubation experiment using these litter samples and measured initial litter quality, litter mass loss, and incubation-induced changes in mineral-associated soil C and nitrogen (N).We found that litter from higher richness plots exhibited lower N concentration and higher carbon to nitrogen ratio (C:N). Moreover, TSR exerted control over the effects of fungal pathogen infection on litter quality, decomposition, and N turnover. Under higher richness, litter with higher fungal infection levels tended to have higher N concentration and lower C:N, thus leading to faster decomposition rates and more soil N loss. Meanwhile, litter with elevated fungal infection levels contributed more to litter C retained in soil.Our findings indicate that changes in litter chemistry and fungal pathogen infection rates induced by biodiversity loss could affect decomposition and the extent of C stabilized in soil, highlighting the significance of considering fungal pathogen infection in studies related to biodiversity and biogeochemical cycles.Results: Litter decomposition is a major determinant of carbon (C) and nutrient cycling in ecosystems, and contributes to soil organic carbon (SOC) formation. Ongoing global changes are exacerbating biodiversity loss, potentially elevating foliar fungal pathogen infections and consequently impacting litter quality and quantity. However, the potential interplay between biodiversity loss and fungal pathogen infection on litter decomposition and SOC formation remains largely unknown.We collected leaf litter with different fungal pathogen infection levels across various tree species richness (TSR) stands within a subtropical forest biodiversity-ecosystem functioning experiment in China. We conducted a 383-day incubation experiment using these litter samples and measured initial litter quality, litter mass loss, and incubation-induced changes in mineral-associated soil C and nitrogen (N).We found that litter from higher richness plots exhibited lower N concentration and higher carbon to nitrogen ratio (C:N). Moreover, TSR exerted control over the effects of fungal pathogen infection on litter quality, decomposition, and N turnover. Under higher richness, litter with higher fungal infection levels tended to have higher N concentration and lower C:N, thus leading to faster decomposition rates and more soil N loss. Meanwhile, litter with elevated fungal infection levels contributed more to litter C retained in soil.Our findings indicate that changes in litter chemistry and fungal pathogen infection rates induced by biodiversity loss could affect decomposition and the extent of C stabilized in soil, highlighting the significance of considering fungal pathogen infection in studies related to biodiversity and biogeochemical cycles.Conclusions: Litter decomposition is a major determinant of carbon (C) and nutrient cycling in ecosystems, and contributes to soil organic carbon (SOC) formation. Ongoing global changes are exacerbating biodiversity loss, potentially elevating foliar fungal pathogen infections and consequently impacting litter quality and quantity. However, the potential interplay between biodiversity loss and fungal pathogen infection on litter decomposition and SOC formation remains largely unknown.We collected leaf litter with different fungal pathogen infection levels across various tree species richness (TSR) stands within a subtropical forest biodiversity-ecosystem functioning experiment in China. We conducted a 383-day incubation experiment using these litter samples and measured initial litter quality, litter mass loss, and incubation-induced changes in mineral-associated soil C and nitrogen (N).We found that litter from higher richness plots exhibited lower N concentration and higher carbon to nitrogen ratio (C:N). Moreover, TSR exerted control over the effects of fungal pathogen infection on litter quality, decomposition, and N turnover. Under higher richness, litter with higher fungal infection levels tended to have higher N concentration and lower C:N, thus leading to faster decomposition rates and more soil N loss. Meanwhile, litter with elevated fungal infection levels contributed more to litter C retained in soil.Our findings indicate that changes in litter chemistry and fungal pathogen infection rates induced by biodiversity loss could affect decomposition and the extent of C stabilized in soil, highlighting the significance of considering fungal pathogen infection in studies related to biodiversity and biogeochemical cycles. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]