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Preeclampsia is a multi-system disorder manifested primarily by hypertension and proteinuria during second half of pregnancy. It is a major cause of maternal morbidity and mortality worldwide. Despite decades of research into the condition, the ability of clinicians to predict preeclampsia prior to the onset of symptoms has not improved significantly. In this review we will look at potential biomarkers for early prediction and diagnosis of preeclampsia. To evaluate the efficacy of different biochemical and biophysical markers in the early weeks of gestation as screening tools for early prediction of preeclampsia. This hospital-based prospective observational study conducted on 52 pregnant women, at less than 13 weeks of gestation were recruited. Maternal urine microalbumin, urinary albumin to creatinine ratio, and USG uterine artery PI levels were analyzed among the pregnant women who subsequently developed PE and compare with those who did not develop PE. Methods used for the detection of markers are: immunoturbidimetric method for urine albumin, modified kinetic Jaffe reaction without deproteinization for Urine creatinine and Uterine artery Doppler velocimetry was done by PHILIPS HD11XE transabdominal ultrasound machine using a 4-6 MHz probe with the same sonographer. In the present study, spot urine microalbumin and spot urine albumin to creatinine ratio (UACR) at 11-13 were significantly higher in women who developed PE subsequently when compared to nonpreeclamptic women.(P Study concluded that the women who are prone to develop PE subsequently, had high levels of MAP, UAPI, microalbuminuria and urine albumin to creatinine ratio than the normotensive women. In our setting, MAP, UAPI, microalbuminuria, and UACR markers appeared to be better screening modalities. The combination of biochemical markers with the biophysical markers, demographic characteristics, and other novel markers will establish the effective screening models for early prediction of PE. Early identification of high-risk cases will offer an opportunity for prophylactic therapy, such as Low- dose Aspirin in selected groups of high-risk women screened in the first trimester, thus improving the maternal and perinatal outcome.

Background: Osteoporosis is a metabolic bone disorder characterised by a low bone mass and microarchitectural deterioration of bone tissue followed by enhanced bone fragility and a consequent rise in fracture risk. Aim of the study is to correlate the biomarkers and bone mineral density in postmenopausal osteoporosis.Methods: This is a prospective study done in the department of obstetrics and gynaecology, Narayana medical College and Hospital, Nellore for a period of 2 years (October 2016-October 2018). This study was designed to assess the correlation between bone mineral density (BMD) and various biochemical markers.Results: The mean age of the present study is 60.51±9.35 years. There is a significant correlation found between age, serum phosphorus, urinary OHPr and bone mineral density. The mean BMI of the present study is 24.75±4.25 kg/m2. There is a significant correlation observed between BMI, serum ionized calcium, urinary OHPr and bone mineral density. There exists a significant correlation between BMD and urinary OHPr. It is found that in menopausal women spine and hip are the major sites affected by osteoporosis. The early changes are found in lumbar spine compared to hip. In the present study with increase in BMI there is increase in BMD signifying obesity is a protective factor for osteoporosis leaving aside all it’s ill effects. Urinary hydroxyproline a marker of resorption is found to have a negative correlation with BMD.Conclusions: BMD measurements using DEXA are not readily available in India. Biochemical markers of bone remodelling are useful tools in assessment of osteoporosis and are safe, inexpensive, easily performed. In the present study an attempt is made to correlate biochemical markers and BMD so as to detect osteoporosis even before the changes being evident on imaging studies.