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Background: In the constantly changing field of medical education, it is imperative for educators to adopt newer methods of teaching-learning. Flipped classroom [FC] is a student-centric method where the students gain knowledge outside the classroom with class time being used for application of knowledge. There is paucity of data about the use of FC’s for teaching pathology. Materials and Methods: Two batches of MBBS Phase II students were enrolled. The first batch underwent a flipped classroom. Students were given pre-class material followed by in-class activities like case scenarios to prompt in-depth discussion. Feedback was collected about the flipped class. Another batch of MBBS students was subjected to conventional classroom teaching. Both batches were administered pre- and post-tests. Results: In the flipped class, the mean post-test score was higher by 2.26 ± 3.11 and this value was statistically significant. There was a statistically significant increase in number of students acquiring A or B grade. A greater number of students got upgraded to A grade in post-test after attending flipped class as compared to conventional class. 50.6% students felt that flipped class helped in understanding key concepts. Conclusion: Flipped classrooms are a unique and student-centric method of teaching where the role of a teacher shifts from being a “Sage on the stage” to a “Guide on the Side.” Strategic planning on the part of the instructors and adequate preparation on the part of the students is vital. Flipped classroom had a more positive influence on high achievers.

Background The umbilical cord forms the connection between the fetus and the placenta at the feto-maternal interface and normally comprises two umbilical arteries and one umbilical vein. In some cases, only a single umbilical artery (SUA) is present. This study was conducted to evaluate associations between SUA and other congenital malformations discovered in perinatal autopsies and to ascertain the existence of preferential associations between SUA and certain anomalies. Methods We evaluated records of all fetuses sent for autopsy to the Department of Pathology during the 10-year period from 2013 through 2022 (n = 1,277). The data were obtained from the hospital’s pathology laboratory records. The congenital anomalies were grouped by organ or system for analysis and included cardiovascular, urinary tract, nervous system, gastrointestinal tract, musculoskeletal, and lung anomalies. Results A SUA was present in 8.61% of the autopsies. The gestational age of the affected fetuses ranged between 13 to 40 weeks. An SUA presented as an isolated single anomaly in 44 cases (3.4%). Of the 110 SUA cases, 60% had other congenital anomalies. There was a significant association between birth defects and SUAs (p < .001). Strong associations between SUA and urinary tract, lung, and musculoskeletal anomalies were observed. Conclusions A SUA is usually seen in association with other congenital malformations rather than as an isolated defect. Therefore, examination for associated anomalies when an SUA is detected either antenatally or postnatally is imperative. The findings of this study should be helpful in counseling expectant mothers and their families in cases of SUA.

Fryns syndrome is a rare multiple congenital anomaly syndrome with incidence of 0.7-1 in 10,000 births. Characteristic features of this syndrome are congenital diaphragmatic hernia, lung hypoplasia, unusual facial features, limb defects and parental consanguinity. Here we report a case of Fryns syndrome of consanguineous parents at the gestation age of 27 week old. Mother presented to department of obstetrics and gynaecology with inability to perceive fetal movements. Ultasonography revealed polyhydramnios, intrauterine growth retardation, and congenital anomaly of diaphragm and absence of fetal heart sound. Based on ultrasound findings, clinical diagnosis of congenital diaphragmatic hernia was made for which therapeutic abortion was performed and a still born fetus was delivered which was sent for post mortem study. On autopsy, diagnosis of Fryns syndrome was made.

Cryptogenic Multifocal Ulcerous Stenosing Enteritis (CMUSE) is a rare idiopathic disease of the small bowel. Its origin and pathophysiology has not been well described. Clinicopathologic features include unexplained ileal strictures with supercial ulceration. We present a case of a 31-year-old HIV positive lady who was admitted with complaints of recurrent abdominal pain and constipation. Laboratory investigations revealed iron deciency anemia. Ultrasonography of the abdomen showed dilated bowel loops and a subsequent barium follow through showed ve strictures in the ileum. Segmental small bowel resection with end-to-end anastomosis was performed. Grossly ileum showed ve ileal strictures. The diagnosis of CMUSE was made on histopathology after ruling out other causes of strictures. The present case highlights the importance of considering CMUSE in patients with chronic or recurrent episodes of intestinal obstruction with multiple small intestinal ulcers and strictures after other common causes have been ruled out.