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Background: Endometrial carcinoma which has various histological types is the commonest invasive cancer of female genital tract. Two general groups of endometrial cancer include Type 1 and Type 2. Type 1 tumors are related to prolonged estrogenic stimulation and include endometrioid type and type 2 includes serous carcinoma, clear cell carcinoma and carcinosarcoma. Materials and methods: The present study is a retrospective study conducted in the department of pathology at BGS GIMS from January 2018- January 2021. All the endometrial carcinoma specimens obtained from D&C and hysterectomy specimens were assessed on paraffin embedded sections stained with H&E stain and immunohistochemical study was done wherever required. Results : In the present study 33 cases of endometrial carcinoma cases were analyzed. Majority of them were >60years (36.5%) and most were post-menopausal females .Most common clinical presentation was abnormal uterine / post-menopausal bleeding seen in 100% of cases . The most common histological type observed was endometrioid type (81.8% )of endometrial carcinoma followed by serous carcinoma(6.4%)and carcinosarcoma(6.4%). One case of endometrioid carcinoma with secretory differentiation was reported. Most of endoemetrioid carcinomas belonged to FIGO histological grade 1(71.4%) and the most common TNM stage was Stage 1A (60%) with majority of them showing less than half of myometrial invasion(60%). Importance of IHC in differentiating variants of endometrial carcinoma found to be very significant. Conclusion: Endoemetrioid type of endometrial carcinoma was the most common histological type seen and generally present in early stage and carry good prognosis when compared to other variants like serous carcinoma, adenosarcoma which present in late stages and carry bad prognosis. Detailed study of histological appearance of endometrial carcinoma provides insight into prognosis and plays a role in determining therapy., {"references":["Brigitte M. Ronnett R. Blaustein's Pathology Of Female Genital Tract. 6th ed. Springer New York: Springer; 2022.","Stacey E Mills. Uterine corpus in Sternberg's diagnostic surgical pathology. 5th ed. Philadelphia: Wolters Kluwer; 2010: 2207-2248","Hussun saeed Jezan et.al. Histopathological variations of endometrial carcinomas. International Journal of science and healthcare Research. 2019;4(4):207-211.","Stacey E Mills Uterine corpus in Sternberg's diagnostic surgical pathology. 5th ed. Philadelphia: Wolters Kluwer; 2014: 2461-2496","WHO classification of tumors female genital system. 5th ed. France: LYON; 2020.","Alsharani S, Soliman AS,Hablas A, et al. \"Changes in Uterine cancer incidencerates in Egypt\" Obstetric and Gynaecology International , 2018, vol 18","Mitul modi, et al . Detailed Histopathological Study of Endometrial Carcinoma, and Importance of Immunohistochemistry . American Pathology Of Clinical Pathology. 2016,;146( Issue suppl_1): 74.","Deodhar KK, Rekhi B, Menon S, Ganesh B. An audit of histopathology reports of carcinoma endometrium: experience from a tertiary referral center. J Postgrad Med. 2015;61(2):84-87. doi:10.4103/0022-3859.150444","Florescu, M M et al. \"Histopathological Prognostic Factors for Endometrial Carcinoma.\" Current health sciences journal vol. 42,2 (2016): 139-144. doi:10.12865/CHSJ.42.02.04","Muhammad AA, Adekunle OO, Modupeola SO et al,… A diary of endometrial malignancies in zaria, Northern Nigeris.SubSaharan Afr J Med2017;4:43-46","Lee EJ1, Kim TJ, Choi CH,et al,. Uterine endometrial carcinoma: 10year's experience with long term follow up at a single Korean Institution. Gyecol Obstet Invest 2010;74(4)"]}

Introduction: The term Corneal Dystrophy refers to a rare heterogeneous group of genetically determined, bilateral, symmetric, primary diseases, restricted to cornea and not associated with previous ocular inflammation. The dystrophies are classified based on the layer of cornea involved, into superficial, stromal and posterior dystrophies, each of which is genetically determined. Though the clinical features are often characteristic, definitive diagnosis is possible only after histological examination. The management protocols and visual prognosis vary with the underlying conditions. The incidence of the subtypes varies with the geographic locations. Objective: To study the prevalence of various subtypes of Corneal Dystrophies in corneal button specimens obtained after penetrating keratoplasty in a referral ophthalmic institute and to correlate with the patient’s age and sex. Materials and Methods: Corneal button specimens received in the ocular pathology laboratory over a period of five years were reviewed. Histopathological features of Corneal Dystrophies were studied and subcategorised. Cliniopathological analysis was made. Results: Out of 660 corneal biopsies reviewed, 42 cases were of corneal dystrophy. The patients were between 2 and 71 years of age, with 14 males and 28 females. Macular dystrophy was the most common with 20 cases, followed by Congenital Hereditary Endothelial Dystrophy (CHED) and Fuch’s endothelial dystrophy (FECD), with 7 cases each. Epithelial basement membrane dystrophy, Reis Buckler Dystrophy (RBCD), Granular dystrophy were the other types. Conclusion: Histopathological sub categorisation of various types of Corneal Dystrophies not only helps in understanding the prevalence, but also in predicting the genetic link and prognosis of the disease category. Keywords: Cornea, CHED, Dystrophy, Fuch, Macular.

BACKGROUND: Secretory carcinoma of the endometrium, a rare subtype of endometrioid carcinoma morphologically resembles the early secretory phase of endometrium and is almost always well differentiated and carries excellent prognosis. Very few cases of secretory carcinoma have been reported in the literature till date. Case presentation:A 58 yr old obese female presented with post-menopausal bleeding. Ultrasound revealed increased endometrial thickness and endometrial biopsy showed hyperplasia without atypia in secretory transformation. Pathological examination of the hysterectomy specimen revealed features of secretory carcinoma of the endometrium as an incidental nding. CONCLUSION: Secretory carcinoma, a rare subtype of well differentiated endometrial carcinoma carries very good prognosis and morphologically mimics various pathological conditions of endometrium. Hence, this needs to be carefully evaluated morphologically in addition with immunohistochemical markers to arrive at an accurate diagnosis.

Introduction: A variety of disorders affect the upper gastrointestinal tract. Study of endoscopic biopsies is imperative to make an accurate diagnosis, which will aid in early diagnosis and appropriate management of the patient. Aim: To determine the histomorphological spectrum and the occurrence of upper gastrointestinal lesions; and also to associate endoscopic diagnosis with histopathology. Materials and Methods: This was a retrospective, descriptive study conducted from May 2017 to April 2019 on 106 cases, done at BGS Global Institute of Medical Sciences, Bengaluru, Karnataka, India. Microscopic findings were studied by two pathologists. Results: A total of 106 cases were studied. Majority of the patients (56%) presented with abdominal pain followed by dyspepsia and dysphagia. Stomach was the most common site of biopsy followed by oesophagus and duodenum. Majority of oesophageal and gastric biopsies were found to be neoplastic i.e., 70.8% and 56.3% respectively; however, non-neoplastic lesions formed the majority in duodenal biopsies (88.9%). The most common malignancy was squamous cell carcinoma, which occurred predominantly in the middle third of the oesophagus. The most common malignancy in the stomach was adenocarcinoma. Correlation between endoscopic diagnosis and histopathology was done in 70 cases; and there was consensus in 78.5% of the cases (55/70 cases). Conclusion: Endoscopy with assisted biopsy is the gold standard for diagnosis of upper gastrointestinal disorders. An interdisciplinary approach towards diagnosis and treatment involving the pathologist and clinician is important.