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The key aim of the proposed research was to investigate a sustainable method for synthesizing zinc oxide nanoparticles, iron oxide nanoparticles, and a zinc-iron nanoparticle composite from the urine of Bos taurus cattle, with a focus on evaluating their medicinal properties. The synthesis of these nanoparticles was achieved through environmentally friendly processes. The synthesized nanoparticles underwent comprehensive characterization employing UV/VIS spectroscopy, particle size distribution analysis, FTIR, XRD spectra, SEM, and zeta potential analysis. The FTIR spectra validated the bioreduction of the nanoparticles and composite by revealing distinctive peaks corresponding to Fe2+ and Zn3+ ions, present in both the individual nanoparticles and the composite. Investigative results indicated that the zinc oxide nanoparticles, iron oxide nanoparticles, and the zinc-iron nanoparticle composite derived from cow urine exhibited irregular morphology, with average sizes measured at approximately 420.7 ± 99.9, 200.7 ± 60.0, and 247.7 ± 27.9 nm, respectively. The cytotoxicity assay results demonstrated that the ZnO-Fe3O4NPs composite exhibited a cell inhibition rate of 56.51 ± 1.0452% at a concentration of 100 µg mL−1, with an IC50 value of 30.69. Notably, the ZnO-Fe3O4NPs composite demonstrated substantial anti-inflammatory activity with a percentage inhibition of 85.52%. The biologically synthesized zinc oxide nanoparticles, iron oxide nanoparticles, and the zinc-iron nanoparticle composite displayed promising anticancer and anti-inflammatory effects without showing any indications of toxicity. The heightened biological activity observed can be attributed to their unique nanoscale characteristics, including reduced polydispersity and smaller average particle size, which improve responsiveness and interactions with biological entities. Consequently, the nanoparticle composite synthesized via this biogenic technique utilizing cow urine holds considerable potential for various pharmaceutical applications. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background: The pivotal intent of this study was to investigate the medicinal potential of synthesized nanotransferosomes utilizing Clerodendrum serratum L. hydroalcoholic extract (CS-NTs). Three batches, CS-NTs 25, CS-NTs 50, and CS-NTs 100, were formulated using the thin-film hydration approach with varying concentrations of phospholipids (soya phosphatidylcholine) at 25, 50, and 100 mg, respectively, to evaluate their efficacy against skin cancer cell lines. Several analytical approaches, such as UV/Vis spectroscopy, XRD spectra, FTIR, TEM, SEM, particle size distribution, and zeta potential analysis, were employed to assess the synthesized CS-NTs. Results: Experimental results revealed that CS-NTs exhibited a circular shape, with average vesicle sizes approximately measured at 463.6 ± 100.5 nm, 265.5 ± 61.6 nm, and 409.6 ± 106.2 nm for CS-NTs 25, CS-NTs 50, and CS-NTs 100, respectively. Notably, biologically synthesized CS-NTs 25 offer potential anticancer benefits against B10F16 (skin cancer cell line) cells, exhibiting no signs of adverse effects. The heightened biological potential of CS-NTs can be ascribed to their unique characteristics at the nanoscale, characterized by an average vesicle size and lower polydispersity value, which facilitate augmented responsiveness and interactions with biological systems. Conclusion: CS-NTs 25 formulated through the biogenic process using C. serratum hydroalcoholic plant root extract hold significant potential for anticancer activity. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background: Shortcomings in current analytical methods characterized by time-consuming procedures, limited sensitivity, and high costs associated with reagents and instruments, influence the research background. Objectives: The goal of this research was to find a simple, fast, and accurate way to discern and quantify substances in bulk drugs and finished products at the utmost minimal levels of detection and quantification. Materials and Methods: The methodology involved using a C18 column then a solvent mixture comprising 0.1% orthophosphoric acid and acetonitrile in an 80:20 proportion delivered at 1 mL/min-1 and observed at 247 nm with a UV detector. Results: Following rigorous verification in line with ICH guidelines, the technique revealed several notable features. It revealed rapidity with a retention time of 2.53 min, accurate with average recoveries ranging from 99.20% to 100.43%, precision as demonstrated by a relative standard deviation below 2%, specificity, and a highly linear correlation coefficient of 0.999 between 0.0025 to 6 µg mL-1. Additionally, the method displayed remarkable sensitivity, detecting concentrations as low as 56.91 ng mL-1 and a quantification limit of 172.44 ng mL-1. Conclusion: This tested RP-HPLC method has a unique mix of speed, accuracy, and high sensitivity that makes it possible to accurately measure Vardenafil hydrochloride trihydrate, even at nanogram levels. This surpasses established techniques and offers a cost-effective solution for pharmaceutical quality control and analysis. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Objective: The study aimed to verify the hypoglycemic effect of Murraya koenigii (M. koenigii) and Catharanthus roseus (C. roseus) by using various in-vitro techniques. Method: The extracts were studied for their effects on glucose adsorptioncapacity, in-vitro glucose diffusion, in-vitro amylolysis kinetics and glucose transport across the yeast cells. Results: It was observed that the extracts of M. koenigii and C. roseus adsorbed glucose and the adsorption of glucose increased remarkably with an increase in glucose concentration. There were no significant (p≤0.05) differences between their adsorption capacities. In the amylolysiskinetic experimental model the rate of glucose diffusion was found to be increased with time from 30 to 180 min and both the plant extracts exhibited significant inhibitory effects on the movement of glucose intoexternal solution across the dialysis membrane as compared to control. The extracts also promoted glucose uptake by the yeast cells and the enhancement of glucose uptake was dependent on both the sample and glucose concentration. The extract of M. koenigii exhibited significantly higher (p≤0.05) activity than the extract of C. roseus at all concentrations used in the study. Our report suggests the mechanism(s) for the hypoglycemic effect of M. koenigii and C. roseus. Conclusion: The said effect was observed to be mediated by inhibiting alpha amylase, inhibiting glucose diffusion by adsorbing glucose and by increasing glucose transport across the cell membranes as revealed by in-vitro model of yeast cells. However, these effects need to be affirmed by using different in vivo models and clinical trials. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Objective: To verify the utility of isolated fermentative microbes from Woodfordia fruticosa flowers for preparation of Arjunārișța formulation and its comparative evaluation with the same formulation prepared by traditional method. Methodology: In the present technique, isolated colonies of microorganisms from Woodfordia fruticosa (Dhātakī) flowers on Saubroad dextrose media were separated and suspended in sterile water. This suspension was aseptically added in previously sterilized mixtures containing all intended ingredients for Arjunārișța which was thereafter incubated for 20 days at 37°C to achieve optimal fermentation. The formulation thus obtained was further subjected to various evaluation tests. Result: Arjunārișța was prepared using a new approach, and in that, isolated microorganisms from the flowers of Woodfordia fruticosa (Dhātakī) were used. It was found that the new approach was successful in generating approximately same quantities of alcohol content in comparison with traditional methods which have shown varying concentration of alcoholic content. Moreover, the new process prevents the growth of unwanted microbes thus, optimizing standards for purity and safety of the formulation. Conclusion: The formulation prepared by a new procedure showed marked uniformity for different parameters such as alcohol production, total phenol content, total solid content as compared to that prepared by the traditional method. Similarly, the results of thin layer chromatography, high performance thin layer chromatography showed marked uniformity related to quality, safety, efficacy, and reproducibility of the new method as compared to the traditional one. Thus, the modern technique was found to show reproducibility and facilitate easier quality assessment. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]