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Introduction: Pulmonary lobectomy can result in intercostal nerve injury, leading to denervation of the rectus abdominis (RA) resulting in asymmetric muscle atrophy or an abdominal bulge. While there is a high rate of intercostal nerve injury during thoracic surgery, there are no studies that evaluate the magnitude and predisposing factors for RA atrophy in a large cohort., Methods: A retrospective chart review was conducted of 357 patients who underwent open, thoracoscopic or robotic pulmonary lobectomy at a single academic center. RA volumes were measured on computed tomography scans preoperatively and postoperatively on both the operated and nonoperated sides from the level of the xiphoid process to the thoracolumbar junction. RA volume change and association of surgical/demographic characteristics was assessed., Results: Median RA volume decreased bilaterally after operation, decreasing significantly more on the operated side (-19.5%) versus the nonoperated side (-6.6%) (P < 0.0001). 80.4% of the analyzed cohort experienced a 10% or greater decrease from preoperative RA volume on the operated side. Overweight individuals (body mass index 25.5-29.9) experienced a 1.7-fold greater volume loss on the operated side compared to normal weight individuals (body mass index 18.5-24.9) (P = 0.00016). In all right-sided lobectomies, lower lobe resection had the highest postoperative volume loss (Median (interquartile range): -28 (-35, -15)) (P = 0.082)., Conclusions: This study of postlobectomy RA asymmetry includes the largest cohort to date; previous literature only includes case reports. Lobectomy operations result in asymmetric RA atrophy and predisposing factors include demographics and surgical approach. Clinical and quality of life outcomes of RA atrophy, along with mitigation strategies, must be assessed., (Copyright © 2024 Elsevier Inc. All rights reserved.)

Objectives: Fewer than one-fifth of all studies on gender-affirming care originate from low- and middle-income countries (LMICs). This is the first systematic review to examine surgical demographics and outcomes following gender-affirming surgery (GAS) in LMICs. Methods: Following the Preferred Reporting Items for Systematic Reviews and Meta-Analyses guidelines, five databases were systematically searched for original studies and case series on GAS within LMIC settings. Excluded reports included animal studies, non-English language studies, secondary studies including reviews, individual case reports and conference abstracts. Results: This review includes 34 studies involving n = 5064 TGNB individuals. Most studies (22, 64.7%) were from upper-middle-income countries, followed by lower-middle-income countries (12, 35.3%). A total of 31 studies (91.2%) reported on post-operative outcomes. Of n = 5013 patients who underwent GAS, 71.5% (n = 3584) underwent masculinizing and 29.5% (n = 1480) underwent feminizing procedures. The predominant procedures were metoidioplasty (n = 2270/3584, 63.3%) and vaginoplasty (n = 1103/1480, 74.5%). Mean follow-up was 47.7 months. In patients who underwent metoidioplasty, 6.8% (n = 155) of patients experienced a complication and 6.3% (n = 144) underwent revision surgery. In patients who underwent vaginoplasty, 11.5% (n = 127) of patients experienced a complication and 8.5% (n = 94) underwent revision surgery. Of the studies (25/34, 73.5%) that reported on quality of life and post-operative satisfaction, the majority showed marked improvements in psychosocial and functional outcomes. Notably, no post-surgical regret was reported among the surveyed patients. Conclusions: Existing literature on GAS in LMICs remains scarce and is concentrated in select institutions that drive specific procedures. Our review highlights the low reported volumes of GAS, variability in surgical outcomes and quality of life.

Background: Autologous fat grafting is a widely adopted approach to optimize outcomes in breast reconstruction and augmentation. Although fat necrosis is a well-known consequence of autologous fat grafting, it remains inconsistently defined in the literature. In late 2014, the Food and Drug Administration released a draft guidance to restrict future autologous fat grafting-a statement that was permissively modified in late 2017. In the context of evolving guidelines and autologous fat grafting outcome data, the language and descriptions of fat necrosis are inconsistent in the literature., Methods: Five databases were queried for studies reporting fat necrosis following autologous fat grafting for breast reconstruction or augmentation from inception to August 11, 2022. Studies were temporally stratified according to released FDA guidelines: pre-2015, 2015-2017, and 2018-2022., Results: Sixty-one articles met inclusion criteria. Prior to 2015, 6 of 21 studies (28.6%) offered clear definitions of fat necrosis. In contrast, the 2015-2017 period demonstrated an absence of clear fat necrosis definitions (0/13 studies, p = 0.03). Though the 2018-2022 period exhibited a rise in annual publications compared with the pre-2015 period (5.4 vs. 1.9, respectively, p = 0.04), this was not matched by a rise in clear fat necrosis reporting (14.8% studies, p = 0.45). Across all periods, only 16.4% of articles offered clear definitions, which exhibited wide heterogeneity., Conclusion: Despite the increasing popularity of autologous fat grafting, fat necrosis remains inconsistently defined and described, especially in the context of changing FDA guidelines. This limits the reliable interpretation and application of the current literature reporting fat necrosis outcomes., Level of Evidence Iv: This journal requires that authors assign a level of evidence to each article. For a full description of these Evidence-Based Medicine ratings, please refer to the Table of Contents or the online Instructions to Authors www.springer.com/00266 ., (© 2023. Springer Science+Business Media, LLC, part of Springer Nature and International Society of Aesthetic Plastic Surgery.)

Patients with substantial trauma to their occipital nerves and those with recurrent or persistent chronic headaches after occipital nerve decompression surgery require transection of their greater occipital and/or lesser occipital nerves to control debilitating pain. Current techniques, such as burying the transected nerve stump in nearby muscle, do not prevent neuroma formation, and more advanced techniques, such as targeted muscle reinnervation and regenerative peripheral nerve interface, have demonstrated only short-term anecdotal success in the context of headache surgery. Vascularized denervated muscle targets (VDMTs) are a novel technique to address the proximal nerve stump after nerve transection that has shown promise to improve chronic nerve pain and prevent neuroma formation. However, VDMTs have not been described in the context of headache surgery. Here authors describe the etiology, workup, and surgical management of 2 patients with recurrent occipital neuralgia who developed vexing neuromas after previous surgery and were successfully treated with VDMTs, remaining pain-free at 3-year follow-up., Competing Interests: The authors report no conflicts of interest., (Copyright © 2023 by Mutaz B. Habal, MD.)

Study Design: Retrospective chart review of revisional orbital surgery outcomes in patients with diplopia from prior operative treatment of orbital trauma., Objective: Our study seeks to review our experience with management of persistent post-traumatic diplopia in patients with previous orbital reconstruction and present a novel patient stratification algorithm predictive of improved outcomes., Methods: A retrospective chart review was performed on adult patients at Wilmer Eye Institute at Johns Hopkins Hospital and at the University of Maryland Medical Center who underwent revisional orbital surgery for correction of diplopia for the years 2005-2020. Restrictive strabismus was determined by Lancaster red-green testing coupled with computed tomography and/or forced duction. Globe position was assessed by computed tomography. Seventeen patients requiring operative intervention according to study criteria were identified., Results: Globe malposition affected fourteen patients and restrictive strabismus affected eleven patients. In this select group, improvement in diplopia occurred in 85.7% of cases with globe malposition and in 90.1% of cases with restrictive strabismus. One patient underwent additional strabismus surgery subsequent to orbital repair., Conclusions: Post-traumatic diplopia in patients with prior orbital reconstruction can be successfully managed in appropriate patients with a high degree of success. Indications for surgical management include (1) globe malposition and (2) restrictive strabismus. High resolution computer tomography and Lancaster red-green testing discriminate these from other causes that are unlikely to benefit from orbital surgery., Competing Interests: The author(s) declared no potential conflicts of interest with respect to the research, authorship, and/or publication of this article., (© The Author(s) 2022.)

Background:  High-quality evidence on perforator selection in deep inferior epigastric perforator (DIEP) flap harvesting is lacking, making preoperative planning and choice of perforators "surgeon-specific." This lack of consensus is a subject of continuous debate among microsurgeons. We aimed to systematically review perforator characteristics and their impact on DIEP flap breast reconstruction outcomes., Methods:  We conducted a systematic review and meta-analysis across six databases: ClinicalTrials.gov, Cochrane Library, Medline, Ovid Embase, PubMed, and Web of Science for all studies on DIEP flap breast reconstruction focused on perforator characteristics-caliber, number, and location. The primary goal was to analyze the impact of perforator characteristics on partial and/or total flap failure and fat necrosis. Data was analyzed using RevMan V5.3., Results:  Initial search gave us 2,768 articles of which 17 were included in our review. Pooled analysis did not show any statistically significant correlations between partial and/or total flap failure and perforator number, or perforator location. Sensitivity analysis accounting for heterogeneity across studies showed that, the risk for fat necrosis was significantly higher if single perforators (relative risk [RR] = 2.0, 95% confidence interval [CI] = 1.5-2.6, I 2  = 39%) and medial row perforators (RR = 2.7, 95% CI = 1.8-3.9, I 2  = 0%) were used., Conclusion:  Our findings suggest that a single dominant perforator and medial row perforators may be associated with higher risk of fat necrosis after DIEP flap breast reconstruction. Adopting a standardized perforator selection algorithm may facilitate operative decision making, shorten the learning curve for novice surgeons, and optimize postoperative outcomes by minimizing the burden of major complications. This in turn would help improve patient satisfaction and quality of life., Competing Interests: None declared., (Thieme. All rights reserved.)

Background: In 2014, the Plastic Surgery Residency Review Committee of the Accreditation Council for Graduate Medical Education (ACGME) increased minimum aesthetic surgery requirements. Consequently, the resident aesthetic clinic (RAC) has become an ever more important modality for training plastic surgery residents., Objectives: To analyze demographics and long-term surgical outcomes of aesthetic procedures performed at the Johns Hopkins and University of Maryland (JH/UM) RAC. A secondary objective was to evaluate the JH/UM RAC outcomes against those of peer RACs as well as board-certified plastic surgeons., Methods: We performed a retrospective chart review of all patients who underwent aesthetic procedures at the JH/UM RAC between 2011 and 2020. Clinical characteristics, minor complication rates, major complication rates, and revision rates from the JH/UM RAC were compared against 2 peer RACs. We compared the incidence of major complications between the JH/UM RAC and a cohort of patients from the CosmetAssure (Birmingham, AL) database. Pearson's chi-square test was used to compare complication rates between patient populations, with a significance set at 0.05., Results: Four hundred ninety-five procedures were performed on 285 patients. The major complications rate was 1.0% (n = 5). Peer RACs had total major complication rates of 0.2% and 1.7% ( P = .07 and P = .47, respectively). CosmetAssure patients matched to JH/UM RAC patients were found to have comparable total major complications rates of 1.8% vs 0.6% ( P = .06), respectively. At JH/UM, the minor complication rate was 13.9%, while the revision rate was 5.9%., Conclusions: The JH/UM RAC provides residents the education and training necessary to produce surgical outcomes comparable to peer RACs as well as board-certified plastic surgeons., (© The Author(s) 2022. Published by Oxford University Press on behalf of The Aesthetic Society. All rights reserved. For permissions, please e-mail: journals.permissions@oup.com.)

Background: Within the literature, there has been limited research tracking the career trajectories of international medical graduates (IMGs) following residency training., Objective: To compare the characteristics of IMG and US medical school graduate (USMG) neurosurgeons holding academic positions in the United States and also analyze factors that influence IMG career trajectories following US-based residency training., Methods: We collected data on 243 IMGs and 2506 USMGs who graduated from Accreditation Council for Graduate Medical Education (ACGME)-accredited neurosurgery residency programs. We assessed for significant differences between cohorts, and a logistic regression model was used for the outcome of academic career trajectory., Results: Among the 2749 neurosurgeons in our study, IMGs were more likely to pursue academic neurosurgery careers relative to USMGs (59.7% vs 51.1%; P = .011) and were also more likely to complete a research fellowship before beginning residency (odds ratio [OR] = 9.19; P < .0001). Among current US academic neurosurgeons, USMGs had significantly higher pre-residency h-indices relative to IMGs (1.23 vs 1.01; P < .0001) with no significant differences between cohorts when comparing h-indices during (USMG = 5.02, IMG = 4.80; P = .67) or after (USMG = 14.05, IMG = 13.90; P = .72) residency. Completion of a post-residency clinical fellowship was the only factor independently associated with an academic career trajectory among IMGs (OR = 1.73, P = .046)., Conclusion: Our study suggests that while IMGs begin their US residency training with different research backgrounds and achievements relative to USMG counterparts, they attain similar levels of academic productivity following residency. Furthermore, IMGs are more likely to pursue academic careers relative to USMGs. Our work may be useful for better understanding IMG career trajectories following US-based neurosurgery residency training., (© Congress of Neurological Surgeons 2021.)

Abstract: Localized pain or headache from neuroma formation is a rare and challenging complication of forehead flap surgery. Here the authors present a patient who developed local pain and dysesthesia following iatrogenic injury to the left supraorbital nerve during forehead flap elevation. Following a diagnostic nerve block in clinic, surgical excision of the neuroma was performed through an upper blepharoplasty approach. The patient had immediate postoperative pain relief and remains pain free at fifteen-month follow-up. The authors describe etiology, workup, and surgical management of sensory nerve injury during forehead flap reconstruction., Competing Interests: The authors report no conflicts of interest., (Copyright © 2021 by Mutaz B. Habal, MD.)

Hair follicles are the signature dermal appendage of mammals. They can be thought of as mini-organs with defined polarity, distinct constituent cell types, dedicated neurovascular supply, and specific stem cell compartments. Strikingly, some mammals show a capacity for adult hair follicle regeneration in a phenomenon known as wound-induced hair neogenesis (WIHN). In WIHN functional hair follicles reemerge during healing of large cutaneous wounds, and they can be counted to provide an index of regeneration. While age-related decline in hair follicle number and cycling are widely appreciated in normal physiology, it is less clear whether hair follicle regeneration also diminishes with age. WIHN provides an extraordinary quantitative system to address questions of mammalian regeneration and aging. Here we review cellular and molecular underpinnings of WIHN, explore known age-related changes to these elements, and present unanswered questions for future exploration., (Copyright © 2020 Bhoopalam, Garza and Reddy.)

New directions in material applications have allowed for the fresh insight into the coordination of biophysical cues and regulators. Although the role of the mechanical microenvironment on cell responses and mechanics is often studied, most analyses only consider static environments and behavior, however, cells and tissues are themselves dynamic materials that adapt in myriad ways to alterations in their environment. Here, we introduce an approach, through the addition of magnetic inclusions into a soft poly(dimethylsiloxane) elastomer, to fabricate a substrate that can be stiffened nearly instantaneously in the presence of cells through the use of a magnetic gradient to investigate short-term cellular responses to dynamic stiffening or softening. This substrate allows us to observe time-dependent changes, such as spreading, stress fiber formation, Yes-associated protein translocation, and sarcomere organization. The identification of temporal dynamic changes on a short time scale suggests that this technology can be more broadly applied to study targeted mechanisms of diverse biologic processes, including cell division, differentiation, tissue repair, pathological adaptations, and cell-death pathways. Our method provides a unique in vitro platform for studying the dynamic cell behavior by better mimicking more complex and realistic microenvironments. This platform will be amenable to future studies aimed at elucidating the mechanisms underlying mechanical sensing and signaling that influence cellular behaviors and interactions.