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Reema Narayan,1 Abhyuday Pednekar,1 Dipshikha Bhuyan,1,2 Chaitra Gowda,1,3 KB Koteshwara,1 Usha Yogendra Nayak1 1Department of Pharmaceutics, Manipal College of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Manipal University, Manipal, India; 2Lupin Ltd. (Research Park), Pune, Maharashtra, India; 3Micro Labs Ltd., Bengaluru, Karnataka, India Abstract: The aim of the present work was to tackle the solubility issue of a biopharmaceutics classification system (BCS)-II drug, aceclofenac. Although a number of attempts to increase the aqueous solubility have been made, none of the methods were taken up for scale-up. Hence size reduction technique by a top-down approach using wet milling process was utilized to improve the solubility and, consequently, the dissolution velocity of aceclofenac. The quality of the final product was ensured by Quality by Design approach wherein the effects of critical material attributes and critical process parameters were assessed on the critical quality attributes (CQAs) of nanocrystals. Box–Behnken design was applied to evaluate these effects on critical quality attributes. The optimized nanocrystals had a particle size of 484.7±54.12 nm with a polydispersity index (PDI) of 0.108±0.009. The solid state characterization of the formulation revealed that the crystalline nature of the drug was slightly reduced after the milling process. With the reduced particle size, the solubility of the nanocrystals was found to increase in both water and 0.1 N HCl when compared with that of unmilled pure aceclofenac. These results were further supported by in vitro release studies of nanocrystals where an appreciable dissolution velocity with 100.07%±2.38% release was observed for aceclofenac nanocrystals compared with 47.66%±4.53% release for pure unmilled aceclofenac at the end of 2 h. The in vivo pharmacokinetic data generated showed a statistically significant increase in the Cmax for aceclofenac nanocrystals of 3.75±0.28 µg/mL (for pure unmilled aceclofenac Cmax was 1.96±0.17 µg/mL). The results obtained indicated that the developed nanocrystals of aceclofenac were successful in improving the solubility, thus the absorption and bioavailability of the drug. Hence, it may be a viable and cost-effective alternative to the current therapy. Keywords: aceclofenac, nanocrystals, ball milling, QbD, DoE, box-behnken design

A new approach for the synthesis of Prussian blue nanoparticles using the cationic surfactant Cetyl Pyridinium Chloride (CPC) as capping agent has been developed in the present work. Powder X-ray diffraction, transmission electron microscopy, UV-vis absorption spectra, and IR spectroscopy were employed to characterize the product. The TEM image showed that the Prussian blue nanoparticles with diameters of 8-22 nm were obtained. A particle size effect on optical and conductivity properties of the Prussian blue particles was observed. The higher value of activation energy for the nano compound compared to bulk Prussian blue indicates that the ionic conductions are predominant in the nano compound. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The article presents a study that evaluated the comparative efficacy of extenders such as lactose egg yolk glycerol and Belstvilli thawing solution lactose egg yolk glycerol (BTSLEYG) for cryopreservation of boar semen. The study aimed to find out suitable extender for cryopreservation of board semen with optimum motility and membrane integrity. It revealed BTSLEYG as an extender for cryopreservation of board spermatozoa using three percent glycerol concentration.

The article presents a study which evaluates the characteristics of the semen of Hampshire Boar semen during preservation in different extenders. Methods and materials used in the study, which involved three Hampshire boars aged 1-3 years, are offered. Results citing the superiority of Beltsville Thawing Solution (BTS) to Keiv and Lactose Egg Yolk (LEY) extenders are also discussed.

A total of 24 ejaculates obtained from 7 Large White Yorkshire (LWY) boars were used by split sample technique for studying the effect of four extenders on the extracellular activity of transaminases in boar semen during preservation at 18°C for 72 hours using Beltsville Thaw Solution (BTS), Androhep, Fructose Egg Yolk (FEY) and Glucose Potassium Sodium tartrate Sodium citrate edate extender (GPSE) extenders. The mean extracellular activity of aspartate aminotransferase (AST) in BTS, Androhep, GPSE and FEY extenders at 18°C. were 15.51 ± 1.42, 14.60 ± 1.38, 14.56 ± 0.99 and 15.73 ± 1.51 unit/ml, respectively at 0 hour and 29.16 ± 2.39, 28.75 ± 1.97, 31.40 ± 1.62 and 33.11 ± 2.37 unit/ml respectively at 72 hours. The mean extracellular Alanine aminotransferase (ALT) activity were 3.64 ± 0.70, 3.60 ± 0.67, 4.31 ± 0.81 and 4.09 ± 0.59 unit/ml respectively at 0 hour and 13.24 ± 1.61, 12.25 ± 1.22, 14.61 ± 1.77 and 16.03 ± 1.95 unit/ml respectively at 72 hours. The AST and ALT activity did not vary significantly between extenders. However, the AST and ALT activity varied significantly (P<0.01) between preservation periods but not due to interaction between extender and preservation period. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The article presents a study on the physical characteristics of the semen of crossbred and Hampshire boars. The researchers performed the study in six healthy boars, three of which are from the crossbred boars and the other three from the Hampshire boars. They also collected 72 ejaculates to evaluate the total sperms per ejaculate, the concentration of spermatozoa and the volume. They found that the concentration of spermatozoa was higher in Hampshire boars than in crossbred boars although the total spermatozoa per ejaculate did not significantly differ.