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Combining round four data from the European Social Survey (ESS) with indicators of Active Ageing, Dykstra and Fleischmann examine conditions conducive to age integration. It uses both a behavioural and an attitudinal measure of age integration: the prevalence of cross-age friendships and low levels of ageism. The analyses focus on both “young” (ages 18–30) and “old” (ages 70–90). Interestingly, high levels of independence, health and security in late life, and greater capacity to actively age rather than high levels of working, volunteering, caring and political engagement among the old create the greatest opportunities for meaningful cross-age interactions. Contrary to public belief, “productive ageing” will, in and of itself, not lead to greater age integration.

26 pages, 10 figures, 2 tables, The Galápagos volcanic province (GVP) includes several aseismic ridges resulting from the interaction between the Galápagos hotspot (GHS) and the Cocos-Nazca spreading centre (CNSC). The most prominent are the Cocos, Carnegie and Malpelo ridges. In this work, we investigate the seismic structure of the Carnegie ridge along two profiles acquired during the South American Lithospheric Transects Across Volcanic Ridges (SALIERI) 2001 experiment. Maximum crustal thickness is ∼19 km in the central Carnegie profile, located at ∼85°W over a 19-20 Myr old oceanic crust, and only ∼13 km in the eastern Carnegie profile, located at ∼82°W over a 11-12 Myr old oceanic crust. The crustal velocity models are subsequently compared with those obtained in a previous work along three other profiles over the Cocos and Malpelo ridges, two of which are located at the conjugate positions of the Carnegie ones. Oceanic layer 2 thickness is quite uniform along the five profiles regardless of the total crustal thickness variations, hence crustal thickening is mainly accommodated by layer 3. Lower crustal velocities are systematically lower where the crust is thicker, thus contrary to what would be expected from melting of a hotter than normal mantle. The velocity-derived crustal density models account for the gravity and depth anomalies considering uniform and normal mantle densities (3300 kg m-3), which confirms that velocity models are consistent with gravity and topography data, and indicates that the ridges are isostatically compensated at the base of the crust. Finally, a two-dimensional (2-D) steady-state mantle melting model is developed and used to illustrate that the crust of the ridges does not seem to be the product of anomalous mantle temperatures, even if hydrous melting coupled with vigorous subsolidus upwelling is considered in the model. In contrast, we show that upwelling of a normal temperature but fertile mantle source that may result from recycling of oceanic crust prior to melting, accounts more easily for the estimated seismic structure as well as for isotopic, trace element and major element patterns of the GVP basalts, The SALIERI-2001 experiment was funded by the German Ministry of Education, Research, Science and Technology (BMBF) under project no. 03G0159A. The French scientific party was supported by IRD, Institut National des Sciences de l’Univers (INSU) and French Research Institute for Exploitation of the Sea (IFREMER) through ship time exchange. VS was financially supported by a grant from the Marie Curie Fellowship EU programme, contract no. HPRI–CT–1999–00037, during the time the work was conducted

Cruise MSM34 of R/V MARIA S. MERIAN aimed to investigate a possible test site location for the German SUGAR project. The well sealed gas hydrate deposit should be accessible by the mobile drilling device MeBo 200. During the two legs of cruise MSM34 of R/V MARIA S. MERIAN regional 2D seismic surveying, high resolution 2D and 3D seismic imaging, geo-chemical sampling, heatflow measurements and long-term piezometer installations were undertaken. A grid of 28 2D seismic profiles was collected across the palaeo Danube delta. A number of inactive and partly buried channel systems could be mapped. Most of them were underlain by one or more bottom simulation reflectors (BSR) indicating the existence of gas hydrates. Based on the seismic brute stack images and the limits of the MeBo drilling device a prospective channel system with indications for possible gas hydrate formation at shallow depth (BSR, inverted strong amplitudes) could be identified in about 1500 m water depth. High resolution 2D seismic and 3D P-Cable seismic were used together with OBS deployments in order to allow structural mapping and physical description of the channel infill. Heatflow measurements and geochemical analyses of gravity and multi corer samples accompany these investigations. Neither the multibeam water column images nor Parasound records show any evidence of flares (gas bubbles in the water column) in this working area suggesting a well sealed hydrate reservoir. Active gas expulsion from the seafloor was observed at about 200 m water depth circling around a slump area. The base plane of the failed sediment volume builds the current seafloor at about 600 m to 700 m water depth. On regional 2D seismic profiles a BSR has been mapped underneath the slope failure with unexpectedly strong upward bending. High resolution 2D and 3D P-Cable seismic investigations with complementary OBS deployment will allow imaging the BSR outline. Moreover velocity analyses, heatflow measurements and geo-chemical samples will be available for a detailed description of hydrate distribution and sediment parameters. In a third working area high resolution 2D seismic reflection profiles were acquired across a fully buried channel system. Together with the regional seismic lines slope failure of the channel fill material can be studied across the slope extension of the system. In summary cruise MSM34 achieved all proposed aims. Based on new regional seismic acquisition two working areas were selected for 3D high resolution studies. Investigations of a promising location for a SUGAR pilot site will be supported by a test location for slope stability and analyses of fluid migration pathways in a buried canyon site., MARIA S. MERIAN-Berichte

The continental margins of southern Italy are located along converging plate boundaries, which are affected by intense seismicity and volcanic activity. Most of the coastal areas experienced severe earthquakes, landslides, and tsunamis in historical and/or modern times. The most prominent example is the Messina earthquake of Dec. 28, 1908 (Ms=7.3; 80,000 casualties), which was characterized by the worst tsunami Italy experienced in the historical time (~2000 casualties). It is, however, still unclear, whether this tsunami was triggered by a sudden vertical movement along a major fault during the earthquake or as a result of a giant marine slide initiated by the earthquake. The recurrence rates of major landslides and therefore the risk associated with landslides is also unknown. Based on detailed bathymetric data sets collected by Italian colleagues in the frame of the MaGIC Project (Marine Geohazards along the Italian Coast), we collected seismic data (2D and 3D) and gravity cores in three working areas (The Messina Straits, off Eastern Sicily, the Gioia Basin). A dense grid of new 2D-seismic data in the Messina Straits will allow to map fault patterns in great detail. One interesting outcome in this context is the identification of a set of normal faults striking in an EW-direction, which is almost perpendicular to the previously postulated faults. This EW-striking faults seem to be active. The area off eastern Sicily is characterized by numerous landslides and a complex deformation pattern. A 3D-seismic data set has been collected during the cruise using the so called P-cable in order to investigate these deformation patterns in detail. The new data will be the basis for a risk assessment in the working areas., peer-reviewed

Publication in the conference proceedings of EUSIPCO, Marrakech, Morocco, 2013

This chapter discusses older people’s roles in the economy. It considers them in their role as workers who sell their manpower in the labour market, and as consumers who purchase goods and services. In Europe, the situation of older workers is currently strongly debated, and several governments have implemented reforms trying to encourage people to work until a later age. Older Europeans’ consumption patterns differ markedly from the ones of younger individuals, e.g. in that older people spend less money. Finally, this chapter discusses how the economic crisis might affect older Europeans.

Наведено основні результати експериментально-методичних геофізичних досліджень у 405-му рейсі НДС “Посейдон” з 8 по 22 грудня 2010 р. у північно-західній частині Чорного моря. Мета круїзу POS-405 — дослідження нового геофізичного обладнання, розробленного в межах цільового проекту “SUGAR”. Нову систему багатопроменевого ехолоту SBE 3050 Multibeam компанії ELAC Nautik було встановлено на НДС “Посейдон” під час останньої стоянки корабля в сухому доці. Ехолот здатний записувати водну товщу та відображувати газові бульбашки на екрані дисплея за допомогою переглядача зображень (WCI). У ході зіставлення з батиметричною картою каньйону Дунаю тестування дало позитивний результат. Вперше було розгорнуто новий глибинний буксируваний багатоканальний стример. За допомогою глибоководної лебідки були завершені і записані перші сейсмічні сигнали. Після заміни членів наукового екіпажу було випробувано нову електромагнітну систему з контрольованим джерелом (CSEM). Вперше буксировано приймач завдовжки 1000 м. У зв’язку з погодними умовами (вітер силою понад 25 м/с) НДС “Посейдон” 3,5 дні з 15 робочих перебував у штормовому положенні. Ці обмеження не дали змоги провести інтенсивні випробування буксированих приладів. За домовленістю з Інститутом геофізики НАН України протягом 15 днів було проведено електромагнітні дослідження за інноваційним методом аналізу спонтанного електромагнітного випромінювання (АСЕМВ). Представлены основные результаты экспериментально-методических геофизических исследований в 405-м рейсе НИС "Посейдон" с 8 по 22 декабря 2010 г. в северо-западной части Черного моря. Цель круиза POS-405 - испытание новой геофизической аппаратуры, разработанной в рамках целевого проекта "SUGAR". Новая система многолучевого эхолота SBE 3050 Multibeam компании ELAC Nautik была установлена на НИС "Посейдон" во время последней стоянки корабля в сухом доке. Эхолот способен записывать водную толщу и отображать газовые пузырьки на экране дисплея с помощью программы просмотра изображений (WCI). В ходе сопоставления с батиметрической картой каньона Дуная тестирование дало положительный результат. Впервые был развернут новый глубинный буксированный многоканальный стример. С помощью глубоководной лебедки были завершены и записаны первые сейсмические сигналы. После замены членов научного экипажа была испытана новая электромагнитная система с контролируемым источником (CSEM). Впервые буксировался приемник длиной 1000 м. В связи с погодными условиями (ветер силой свыше 25 м/с) НДС "Посейдон" 3,5 дня из 15 рабочих находился в штормовом положении. Эти ограничения не дали возможности провести интенсивные испытания буксированных приборов. По договоренности с Институтом геофизики НАН Украины на протяжении 15 дней проводились электромагнитные исследования с помощью инновационного метода анализа спонтанного электромагнитного излучения (АСЭМИ).

METEOR-Berichte

Petroleum systems located at passive continental margins received increasing attention in the last decade mainly because of deep- and ultra‐deep-water hydrocarbon exploration and production. The high risks associated with these settings originate mainly from the poor understanding of inherent geodynamic processes. The new priority program SAMPLE (South Atlantic Margin Processes and Links with onshore Evolution), established by the German Science Foundation in 2009 for a total duration of 6 years, addresses a number of open questions related to continental breakup and post‐breakup evolution of passive continental margins. 27 sub‐projects take advantage of the exceptional conditions of the South Atlantic as a prime “Geo‐archive.” The regional focus is set on the conjugate margins located east of Brazil and Argentina on one side and west of Angola, Namibia and South Africa on the other (Figure 1) as well as on the Walvis Ridge and the present‐day hotspot of Tristan da Cunha. The economic relevance of the program is demonstrated by support from several petroleum companies, but the main goal is research on fundamental processes behind the evolution of passive continental margins.

The imbricated frontal wedge of the central Hikurangi subduction margin is characteristic of wide (ca. 150 km), poorly drained and over pressured, low taper (~4°) thrust systems associated with a relatively smooth subducting plate, a thick trench sedimentary sequence (~3–4 km), weak basal décollement, and moderate convergence rate (~40 mm/yr). New seismic reflection and multibeam bathymetric data are used to interpret the regional tectonic structures, and to establish the geological framework for gas hydrates and fluid seeps. We discuss the stratigraphy of the subducting and accreting sequences, characterize stratigraphically the location of the interplate décollement, and describe the deformation of the upper plate thrust wedge together with its cover sequence of Miocene to Recent shelf and slope basin sediments. We identify approximately the contact between an inner foundation of deforming Late Cretaceous and Paleogene rocks, in which widespread out-of-sequence thrusting occurs, and a 65–70 km-wide outer wedge of late Cenozoic accreted turbidites. Although part of a seamount ridge is presently subducting beneath the deformation front at the widest part of the margin, the morphology of the accretionary wedge indicates that frontal accretion there has been largely uninhibited for at least 1–2 Myr. This differs from the offshore Hawkes Bay sector of the margin to the north where a substantial seamount with up to 3 km of relief has been subducted beneath the lower margin, resulting in uplift and complex deformation of the lower slope, and a narrow (10–20 km) active frontal wedge. Five areas with multiple fluid seep sites, referred to informally as Wairarapa, Uruti Ridge, Omakere Ridge, Rock Garden, and Builders Pencil, typically lie in 700–1200 m water depth on the crests of thrust-faulted, anticlinal ridges along the mid-slope. Uruti Ridge sites also lie in close proximity to the eastern end of a major strike-slip fault. Rock Garden sites lie directly above a subducting seamount. Structural permeability is inferred to be important at all levels of the thrust system. There is a clear relationship between the seeps and major seaward-vergent thrust faults, near the outer edge of the deforming Cretaceous and Paleogene inner foundation rocks. This indicates that thrust faults are primary fluid conduits and that poor permeability of the Cretaceous and Paleogene inner foundation focuses fluid flow to its outer edge. The sources of fluids expelling at active seep sites along the middle slope may include the inner parts of the thrust wedge and subducting sediments below the décollement. Within anticlinal ridges beneath the active seep sites there is a conspicuous break in the bottom simulating reflector (BSR), and commonly a seismically-resolvable shallow fault network through which fluids and gas percolate to the seafloor. No active fluid venting has yet been recognized over the frontal accretionary wedge, but the presence of a widespread BSR, an extensive protothrust zone (> 200 km by 20 km) in the Hikurangi Trough, and two unconfirmed sites of possible previous fluid expulsion, suggest that the frontal wedge could be actively dewatering. There are presently no constraints on the relative fluid flux between the frontal wedge and the active mid-slope fluid seeps.

Prior to 2006, the knowledge about cold seeps around New Zealand was based mainly on accidental recovery of seep fauna or methane-derived carbonates by fishermen and the detection of flares in fish-finding sonars. Lewis and Marshall (1996; NZJGG) compiled these findings, providing the first details on 13 seep sites. Four of those are located at the Hikurangi Margin along the east coast of New Zealand’s North Island.Since then, three international cruises in 2006 and 2007 enhanced our knowledge considerably about methane seepage along the Hikurangi Margin, an area which has widely distributed and in places very strong BSR. Two cruises on the RV TANGAROA (led by GNS Science and NIWA, NZ) in 2006 focused on extensive reconnaissance work (multibeam mapping, seismic surveys, flare imaging, visual observations) as well as fauna sampling, geochemical pore water analyses and CTD casts including water sampling for methane analyses. Several new seep sites were discovered during these cruises. Using these data, very detailed investigations in four main working areas could be performed during a 10-week expedition with RV SONNE (SO191, led by IFM-GEOMAR, Germany). All research topics currently discussed in the scientific community were addressed using state-of-the-art equipment (e.g. deep-tow side-scan, TV-guided sampling, lander and ROV-deployments). Fourteen institutes from seven countries were involved (Australia, Belgium, Germany, New Zealand, United Kingdom, United States, Switzerland).Echosounder and sidescan surveys unmistakably revealed active seep sites by detecting bubbles in the water column and carbonate precipitation at the seafloor forming massive chemoherm complexes. These complexes are associated with typical seep fauna like tube worms, bivalve mollusk species (Calyptogena, Bathymodiolus),and bacterial mats. At the fringe of these chemoherms dark sediment patches were observed which exihibit a novel seep habitat dominated by dense beds of two new species of heterotrophic ampharetid polychaetes. Bubble release was visually observed at several sites and recorded in the backscatter of various acoustic devices. At one site (680m water depth) very strong, pulsing outbursts could be observed repeatedly with methane fluxes of 20 to 25l/min (60 to 74 mol/min). Intense CTD sampling and onboard methane analyses revealed that at least three of the areas are actively venting methane with an upper boundary at about 500 m, due to a density barrier. ADCP data indicate tide-dependent changes in current speed and direction. Delta 13C values of dissolved methane range from -71 to -19 permil, reflecting bacterial oxidation of methane in the water column, with a removal rate of 38 nM/day (or 11 to 19Extensive pore-water measurements, including in situ measurements during lander deployments, were aimed at evaluating flux rates of dissolved geochemical species and free gas. These measurements revealed that the dark sediment patches represent a remarkable seep habitat because of its very high methane fluxes and total oxygen consumption rates. Detailed seismic and controlled-source electromagnetic surveys allowed quantification of gas hydrates and regional estimates of fluid-flow focusing and the impact on the gas hydrate stability and BSR occurrence. Furthermore, the geophysical data imaged fluid pathways under seeps and indicated that more seep sites could be found at the seafloor. In 2006 and 2007, 23 new seep sites have been identified and visually observed, which resulted in a total of 31 seeps sites for the Hikurangi Margin. With more cruises proposed, this number is likely to increase.

METEOR-Berichte

Gas hydrates constitute a large reservoir for hydrocarbon gases, forming at continental slopes at high pressures and low temperatures. They may play a role in slope stability although the influence of changes in the hydrate stability conditions on slope failures are not yet fully explored. During the cruise SO 191-1 on RV Sonne, a number of multichannel seismic profiles have been recorded together with wide-angle observations to analyze gas and gas hydrate deposits in the area of Wairarapa, south-east of the Northern Island of New Zealand.This area is dominated by a compressional/transpressional tectonic setting related to the subduction of the Pacific Plate under the Australian Plate. Bottom simulating reflections (BSR) have been observed along the entire margin and also on our profiles. Where the base of gas hydrate stability (BGHSZ) follows the stratigraphy, a bundle of high-amplitude reflections appears instead of the BSR. Considerable signal attenuation beneath the BGHSZ reduces the signal penetration from up to 1.5 s TWT beneath the seafloor to 0.5s TWT. Several slumps and apparent sediment wave formations are found where the slope steepens.While the present seafloor bathymetry shows an elongated high, the seismic sections reveal a second anticlinal structure in the subsurface and a depression in between indicating a change of tectonic regime presumably in the past 1 or 2 million years. This corresponds to a rotation of the Hikurangi forearc of 50° fromWNW in early Miocene to ENE today. The stratigraphy above the BSR seems to be dominated by relatively rapid deposition from mass wasting processes such as turbidites and channelized sediment transport deposits. Other than some minor fault displacements and fractures the structural deformation imprints appear to have ceased in the upper stratigraphic record. The position of a paleo-canyon can be clearly traced in deeper strata in between the structural highs.Heat flow values estimated from the depth of the BSR are very constant in the working area except beneath the slumps. This indicates that the BSR has not yet adapted to the new seafloor level, which shows i.e. the slumping has happened within the last few thousand years

Prior to 2006 the knowledge about cold seeps around New Zealand was mainly based on the accidental recovery of seep fauna or methane-derived carbonates by fishermen and the detection of flares in fish-finding sonars. Lewis and Marshall (1996; NZJGG) compiled these findings, which resulted in 13 seep sites. Four of those are located along the Hikurangi Margin at the east coast of New Zealand’s North Island. Geophysical investigations in this area show a widely distributed and in places very strong BSR, often underneath seep sites (e.g. Henrys et al., 1993; GRL). Between June 2006 and March 2007, three research cruises solely devoted to detailed seep studies took place at the Hikurangi Margin. The first two cruises with RV TANGAROA (led by GNS Science and NIWA) focused on extensive reconnaissance work (multibeam mapping, seismic surveys, flare imaging, visual observations) as well as fauna sampling, geochemical pore water analyses and CTD casts including water sampling for methane analyses. Several new seep sites were discovered during these cruises. Based on these findings, the German BMBF provided funds for a 10-week expedition between January and March 2007 divided into 3 legs aboard the RV SONNE (SO191) conducted by IFM-GEOMAR. All research topics currently discussed by the scientific community were addressed using state-of-the-art equipment (e.g. deep-tow side-scan, TV-guided sampling, ROV-deployments). Twelve institutes from six countries were involved (Germany, New Zealand, Belgium, Switzerland, United Kingdom, Australia). All in all, 24 seep sites were identified in six key areas. Seeps sometimes occur in clusters of 5 to 6 separated sites, each few hundred meters wide with up to a mile’s distance between them. Seismic images show a large variety in the shape and width of the related feeder channels. At the seafloor they are in general characterized by aragonite-rich carbonates building irregularly shaped chemoherms several meters high. They are associated with fauna assemblage of tube worms, clams (Calyptogena, Bathymodiolus), a new species of ampharetid polychaetes, and bacteria mats. Bubble release is a common process that in some occasions was observed to occur in strong outbursts lasting several minutes. Water casts by CTD and onboard methane analyses investigated the fate of methane in the water column, using also ADCP measurements and thermistor-moorings to study the influence on currents on the methane distribution and a possible bubble-induced ’up-welling’ above seep sites. High resolution deep-tow side scan with sub-bottom profiling and multi channel seismic were linked with visual observations for ecological studies and seep mapping down to a sub-meter scale. Extensive pore water work including insitu measurements during lander deployments aimed at the evaluation of flux rates of dissolved geochemical species and free gas. These fluxes will be linked to geophysical results from multi channel seismic, controlled source electro magnetic and OBS/H deployments to verify the control mechanisms for the widespread methane seepage at the Hikurangi Margin.

In the CRIMEA project submarine gas emitting sites in the Black Sea are investigated in order to quantify methane transfer through the water column into the atmosphere. One target area is the Dvurechenskii mud volcano (DMV) in the Sorokin Trough south-east of the Crimea peninsula. The occurrence of gas hydrates and high methane concentrations in the sediment of this mud volcano are known. A seismic wide-angle experiment was performed at the DMV with twelve Ocean Bottom Hydrophones and Seismometers and a GI gun source with frequencies around 100 Hz. By using Kirchhoff depth migration the seismogram sections are transformed to images, which extent to 4 km laterally and 600 metres in depth. The images show the conduit of the DMVand the nearby sediment layers. The DMV has a diameter of 800-1000 m at the sea floor and its conduit has the same form and diameter up to 600 m depth. Several plane sediment layers are disrupted by the conduit, and strong reflectors are identified in 100 m and 400 m depth in the conduit. The lower bowl shaped reflectors are interpreted as collapsed parts of the disrupted sediment layers, which sunk in the lighter material of the conduit. This is also a possible explanation for the upper reflections. Compressional wave velocities are obtained from Kirchhoff migration, and the model is refined by using seismic ray tracing. Bulk density and shear wave velocity can also be obtained by analyzing the data. With the help of these elastic parameters and by using the Frenkel-Gassmann theory, the free gas saturation of the sediment pore space and the gas hydrate saturation can be quantified.