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Background: Within the US Department of Veterans Affairs (VA), breast cancer prevalence has more than tripled from 1995 to 2012. Women veterans may be at an increased breast cancer risk based on service-related exposures and posttraumatic stress disorder (PTSD)., Methods: Women veterans aged ≥ 35 years with no personal history of breast cancer were enrolled at 2 urban VA medical centers. We surveyed women veterans for 5-year and lifetime risks of invasive breast cancer using the Gail Breast Cancer Risk Assessment Tool (BCRAT). Data regarding demographics, PTSD status, eligibility for chemoprevention, and genetic counseling were also collected. Descriptive statistics were used to determine results., Results: A total of 99 women veterans participated, of which 60% were Black. In total, 35% were high risk with a 5-year BCRAT > 1.66%. Breast biopsies had been performed in 22% of our entire population; 57% had a family history positive for breast cancer. Comparatively, in our high-risk Black population, 33% had breast biopsies and 94% had a family history. High-risk patients were referred for chemoprevention; 5 accepted and 13 were referred for genetic counseling. PTSD was present in 31% of the high-risk subgroup., Conclusions: A high percentage of Black patients participated in this pilot study, which also showed an above average rate of PTSD among women veterans who are at high risk for developing breast cancer. Historically, breast cancer rates among Black women are lower than those found in the general population. High participation among Black women veterans in this pilot study uncovered the potential for further study of this population, which is otherwise underrepresented in research. Limitations included a small sample size, exclusively urban population, and self-selection for screening. Future directions include the evaluation of genetic and molecular mutations in high risk Black women veterans, possibly even a role for PTSD epigenetic changes., Competing Interests: Author disclosures The authors report no actual or potential conflicts of interest with regard to this article., (Copyright © 2021 Frontline Medical Communications Inc., Parsippany, NJ, USA.)

Introduction: Breast cancer is the most common cancer diagnosed among women and the second most common cause of cancer death among women. There are ways to reduce a woman's risk of breast cancer; however, most eligible women in the United States are neither offered personalized screening nor chemoprevention. Surveys have found that primary care providers are largely unaware of breast cancer risk assessment models or chemoprevention. This survey aims to investigate Veterans Health Administration primary care providers' comfort level, practice patterns, and knowledge of breast cancer risk assessment and chemoprevention., Materials and Methods: An online, Research Electronic Data Capture-generated survey was distributed to VHA providers in internal medicine, family medicine, and obstetrics/gynecology. Survey domains were provider demographics, women's health experience, comfort level, practice patterns, barriers to using risk models and chemoprevention, and knowledge of chemoprevention., Results: Of the 167 respondents, 33.1% used the Gail model monthly or more often and only 2.4% prescribed chemoprevention in the past 2 years. Most VHA primary care providers did not answer chemoprevention knowledge questions correctly. Designated women's health providers were more comfortable with risk assessment (P < 0.018) and chemoprevention (P < 0.011) and used both breast cancer risk models (P < 0.0045) and chemoprevention more often (P < 0.153). Reported barriers to chemoprevention were lack of education and provider time., Conclusions: VHA providers and women Veterans would benefit from a system to ensure that women at increased risk of breast cancer are identified with risk modeling and that risk reduction options, such as chemoprevention, are offered when appropriate. VHA providers requested risk reduction education, which could improve primary care provider comfort level with chemoprevention., (© Association of Military Surgeons of the United States 2019. All rights reserved. For permissions, please e-mail: journals.permissions@oup.com.)

Purpose: Guided by an ecological perspective, the purpose of this study was to identify multilevel factors that influenced the implementation of environmental control units (ECUs) in Veterans Health Administration (VHA) Spinal Cord Injury/Disorders (SCI/D) Centres. Materials and methods: Mixed methods including an online survey and qualitative interviews of VHA healthcare employees. Results: VHA healthcare employees participated in the online survey ( n  = 153, 21% participation rate) and semi-structured interview ( n  = 28; 54% participation rate). About 58.2% of survey respondents indicated that patients admitted to a VHA SCI/D Centre received ECU training. Interview participants reported that patients might benefit from educational materials on using ECUs. About 53.7% of survey respondents indicated that they did not receive ECU training. Interview participants emphasized that more healthcare employees needed to be trained to distribute ECU-related tasks including patient training and troubleshooting problems. The most common challenge was the coordination involved in moving patients out of rooms that were being outfitted with an ECU. Conclusions: Application of an ecological framework highlighted a range of factors at multiple levels that dynamically influence ECU implementation while accounting for the SCI/D care context. Integrating this technology with the care experiences of patients, the workflow of healthcare employees, and the structure of the organization may improve the implementation of ECUs.IMPLICATIONS FOR REHABILITATIONAn environmental control unit (ECU) is an assistive technology device that provides persons with a physical disability (e.g., spinal cord injuries and disorders) increased independence in a home, hospital, or rehabilitation facility setting.An ECU allows a person to access and control appliances like their hospital bed, lights, television, doors, nurse call button, telephone, and computer, thus, decreasing workload on attendants and family members while increasing independence for the user.Application of an ecological framework in this study highlighted a range of factors at multiple levels that dynamically influence ECU implementation while accounting for the SCI/D care context.Integrating this technology with the care experiences of patients, the workflow of healthcare employees, and the structure of the organization may improve the implementation of ECUs in an inpatient setting.

Purpose During years 2014-2016, Veterans Health Administration National Surgery Office conducted a surgical flow improvement initiative (SFII) to assist low-performing surgery programs to improve their operating room efficiency (ORE). The initiative was co-sponsored by VHA National Surgery Office and VHA Office of Systems Redesign and Improvement. The paper aims to discuss this issue. Design/methodology/approach An SFII algorithm, based on first-time-start (FTS), cancellation rate (CR), lag time (LT) and OR utilization, assigned an ORE performance Level (1-low to 4-high) to each VA Medical Center (VAMC). In total, 15 VAMCs with low-performance surgery programs participated in SFII to assess the current state of their surgical flow processes and used redesign methods to focus on improvement objectives. Findings At the end of the project, 14 VSAs, 40 RPIWs, 45 "90-day projects" and 73 Just-Do-It's were completed with 65 percent (158/243) improvement actions and 86 percent sites improving/sustaining all four ORE metrics. There was a statistically significant difference in improvement across the three stages (baseline, improvement, sustain) for FTS (45.6-68.7 percent; F=44.74; p<0.000); CR (16.1-9.5 percent; F=34.46; p<0.000); LT (63.1-36.3 percent; F=92.00; p<0.000); OR utilization (43.4-57.7 percent; F=6.92; p<0.001) and VAMC level (1.7-3.65; F=80.11; p<0.000). The majority developed "fair to excellent" sustainment (91 percent) and spread (82 percent) plans. The projected annual estimated return-on-investment was $27,949,966. Originality/value The SFII successfully leveraged a small number of faculty, coaches, and industrial engineers to produce significant improvement in ORE across a large national integrated health care network. This strategy can serve healthcare leaders in managing complex healthcare issues in their facilities.

Purpose: To assess patients' perceptions of environmental control units (ECUs) at Veterans Affairs Spinal Cord Injury Centers., Materials and Methods: A brief questionnaire was conducted with patients in real-time while they were hospitalised ("on-the-spot questionnaire"); a survey was mailed to patients who had recently been discharged from a hospital stay ("discharge survey"). Data were analysed using descriptive statistics., Results: Seventy on-the-spot questionnaires and 80 discharge surveys were collected. ECU features used most frequently were comparable in responses from both surveys: watching TV/movies (81%, 85%), calling the nurse (68%, 61%), turning lights on/off (63%, 52%), adjusting the bed (53%, 33%), and playing games (39%, 24%). Many on-the-spot questionnaire respondents felt the ECU met their need for independence a great deal (42%). Most respondents to both surveys were satisfied with the ECU (71%, 57%). Areas for improvement included user training, improved functionality of the device and its features, and device design., Conclusions: ECUs were well-accepted by persons with spinal cord injuries/disorders (SCI/D) in the inpatient setting, and increased patients' perceptions of independence. To maximise usability and satisfaction, facilities should ensure that comprehensive training on ECU use and features available is offered to all patients, and resources are available for timely troubleshooting and maintenance. Implications for rehabilitation An environmental control unit (ECU) is a form of assistive technology that allows individuals with disabilities (such as spinal cord injuries and disorders [SCI/D]) to control functional and entertainment-related aspects of their environment. ECU use can increase functioning, independence and psychosocial well-being among individuals with SCI/D, by allowing users to reclaim control over day-to-day activities that are otherwise limited by their disability. Our study results indicate that, among persons with SCI/D, ECUs are well-accepted and increase perceptions of independence. To maximise usability and patient satisfaction, facilities should ensure that comprehensive training on how to use ECUs and what features are available is offered to all patients, and resources are available for timely troubleshooting and maintenance.

This column describes the development, implementation, and outcomes of a quality improvement learning collaborative that aimed to better integrate chaplaincy with mental health care services at 14 participating health care facilities evenly distributed across the U.S. Department of Veterans Affairs and Department of Defense. Teams of health care chaplains and mental health professionals from participating sites sought to improve cross-disciplinary service integration in six key domains: screening, referrals, assessment, communication and documentation, cross-disciplinary training, and role clarification. Chaplains and mental health providers across all facilities at participating sites were significantly more likely post-collaboration to report having a clear understanding of how to collaborate and to report using a routine process for screening patients who could benefit from seeing a professional from the other discipline. Foundational efforts to enhance cross-disciplinary awareness and screening practices between chaplains and mental health professionals appear particularly promising.

A collaboration between clinicians and industrial engineers resulted in significant improvements in cancer screening, the development of toolkits, and more efficient care for hepatocellular carcinoma and breast, colorectal, lung, head and neck, and prostate cancers., Competing Interests: AUTHOR DISCLOSURES The authors report no actual or potential conflicts of interest with regard to this article.

Background: Facilitation is a key component for successful implementation in several implementation frameworks; however, there is a paucity of research specifying this component. As part of a stroke quality improvement intervention in the Veterans Health Administration (VHA), facilitation plus data feedback was compared to data feedback alone in 11 VA medical facilities. The objective of this study was to elucidate upon the facilitation components of the stroke quality improvement., Methods: We conducted a secondary evaluation of external facilitation using semi-structured interviews. Five facilitators and two program directors were interviewed. Qualitative analysis was performed on transcribed interviews to gain an understanding of the role and activities of external facilitators during the on-site and telephone facilitation. Quantitative frequencies were calculated from the self-reported time spent in facilitation tasks by facilitators., Results: The external facilitators saw their role as empowering the clinical teams to take ownership of the process changes at the clinical sites to improve their performance quality. To fulfill this role, they reported engaging in a number of core tasks during telephone and on-site visits including: assessing the context in which the teams were currently operating, guiding the clinical teams through their planned changes and use of process improvement tools, identifying resources and making referrals, holding teams accountable for plan implementation with on-site visits, and providing support and encouragement to the teams. Time spent in facilitation activities changed across time from guiding change (early) to supporting efforts made by the clinical teams (later). Facilitation activity transitioned to more monitoring, problem solving, and intentional work to hand over the clinical improvement process to the site teams with the coach's role being increasingly that of a more distant consultant. Overall, this study demonstrated that external facilitation is not an event but rather a process where relationships and responsibilities evolve over time., Conclusions: This study shows that external facilitation involves core elements related to communication, relationship building, methods training, monitoring performance over time, and facilitating team-based problem solving. Importantly, this work demonstrates the fluid nature of external facilitation over time, as teams learn, grow, change, and experience changing contexts.

Background: Veterans Health Administration (VHA) seeks to improve the delivery of patient-centered care. A Patient-Centered Medical Home (PCMH) Model, named Patient Aligned Care Team (PACT), was implemented to transform the VHA primary care delivery process. VHA used a collaborative learning model as a key approach to disseminate PACT concepts and changes., Objective: To describe and examine VHA's experience disseminating PACT transformation using a Breakthrough Series Collaborative method., Design: Observational study., Participants: Approximately 250-350 individuals from 141 teams participated in six face-to-face learning sessions across 21 months., Main Measures: 1) PACT Collaborative participant surveys; 2) Coach Assessment Scores and Plan-Do-Study-Act (PDSA) data; and 3) PACT Compass (national measures to assess PACT implementation within VA healthcare system)., Key Results: A majority of the participants indicated that the PACT Collaborative was necessary to implement PACT. The number of PDSAs increased steadily during the Collaborative period; 93 % (n = 1,547) of PDSAs were successfully implemented. Teams successfully achieved over 80 % of their aims, which were highly correlated with PDSAs implemented (R(2) = 0.88). The most successful aims achieved were offering same-day appointments, increasing non-face-to-face care, and improving team communication. PACT Compass indicated an improvement after the Collaborative (p-value < .000), and providers observed differences in their care practice (p-value < 0.002). This positive impact may be due to the spread of the PACT Model through the PACT Collaborative, among other learning initiatives., Conclusions: For complex collaborative models such as PACT, more than three learning sessions may be required. As VHA continues to disseminate the PACT Model through primary care, into specialty/surgical care and beyond, the Collaborative Learning Model may continue to be an effective way to leverage a small number of faculty, coaches, and industrial engineers across an extremely large population.

The objective of this research was to evaluate the effectiveness and provide a limited economic evaluation of an office ergonomics program at a major university from 1995 to 2007. The relationship between office-related recordable injuries, reported lost time, severity of these injuries, and the Workers' Compensation (WC) paid was analyzed and the corresponding incident cost was calculated. Two major datasets analyzed were OSHA 200/300 logs (1991-2007) and WC claims paid (1999-2007). Since the beginning of the office ergonomics program in 1995 and through 2007 (13-year period), the number of office cumulative trauma disorder (CTD) cases decreased by 53%. Since the official start (in 1999) of a 50-50 cost share agreement for office equipment purchases between the university's Safety and Health Department (SHD) and the university departments evaluated, it was observed that the incident rate decreased by 63%, Total Days Away/restrict or Transfer (DART) rate decreased by 41%, Lost Time Case (LTC) rate decreased by 71% and office-related carpal tunnel syndrome decreased by almost 50%. The long-term goal of this research is to demonstrate the self-sustainability of an office ergonomics program by showing that equipment costs are eventually offset by a decrease in WC claims paid and lost time from office-related injuries and illnesses. While limited, this research helps in cost-justifying the implementation of future office ergonomics programs for large organizations., (Copyright (c) 2009 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.)

For decades the literature has shown an association between work-related risk factors and back injuries among employees. However, only recently, there is a growing body of literature that suggests lifestyle risk factors may also be associated with back injuries. The purpose of this research was to determine if selected lifestyle risk factors are associated with a greater risk of back injuries. Further, there may be an association between job status and incident reporting, lost workdays cases and workers' compensation (WC) paid for back injuries among university employees. Aggregate data from a Health Risk Assessment (HRA) questionnaire were used to analyze 6053 university employees for lifestyle risk factors associated with back injuries. Of the total sample, 57% (n=3471) were female; 46% (n=2778) worked as clerical or service staff; and the mean age was 45years. Pearson chi-square (chi(2)) analyses indicate that job status (chi(2)=307.07, df=4, p<.001) and gender (chi(2)=40.14, df=2, p<.001) were associated with high risk back score. An ordinal regression analysis predicted that participants who exercised vigorously for at least 20min, 3 or more days per week, or 3 or more days per week of combined vigorous exercise and moderate-intensity physical activity are almost 30 times less likely to have a high back risk score compared to participants who do not exercise vigorously or participate in less than 3days per week of moderate-intensity physical activity (OR=29.68, 95% CI=25-35.25, p<.001). Participants who have a low risk score for BMI are three times less likely (OR=3.20, 95% CI=2.74-3.75, p<.001) to have a high back risk score when compared to participants who have a high risk score for BMI. A regression tree predicted high back risk scores were participants who: (1) receive an adequate amount of physical activity or vigorous exercise and is a male service or clerical staff; (2) do not receive an adequate amount of physical activity or vigorous exercise, and is not overweight; or (3) who do not receive an adequate amount of physical activity or vigorous exercise, and is overweight. Six years of Occupational Safety and Health Administration (OSHA) 300 logs and WC claims data paid for back injuries supported the finding that clerical or service staff had the greatest risk of back injuries. Based on the results of this study, there appears to be an association between lifestyle risk factors, job status and back injuries among university employees. We believe our evaluation approach may be used to study other work populations to verify the outcomes observed in this study.

Urine screening is a potentially useful tool for detecting drugs of abuse in treatment, criminal justice, and other human service settings. This article examines the relative accuracy and other features of three drug screening assays sold by commercial laboratories: (1) Abbott Diagnostics ADx machine and reagents; (2) ONTRAK, manufactured by Roche Diagnostics; and (3) EZ-SCREEN, manufactured by Environmental Diagnostics. Urine samples (n=345) were collected from indigent men and women in a work and life skills program, and tested for cocaine and opiates with each of the kits. The ADx fluorescent immunoassay was presumed to be the most sensitive and specific screening method, and comparisons with the two visually-determined test kits supported this assumption. Of the two visual test kits, ONTRAK was the more specific assay, and was lower in cost and simplest to perform. Decision makers could employ similar evaluative methods in selecting drug testing materials.