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Additional file 1: Additional Figure 1. Theoretical framework for the effect of inter-pregnancy intervals on preterm birth, term low birth weight and perinatal deaths, and potential confounding variables.

Additional file 1: Figure S1. Theoretical frame work for the effect of inter-pregnancy interval on stillbirth, and potential confounding variables.

Additional file 2: Figure S2. Kaplan���Meier survival curve showing differences in the cumulative incidences of stillbirth for the categories of inter-pregnancy interval (Log-rank P

Birhanu Ashagrie,1 Gashaw Andargie Biks,1 Aysheshim Kassahun Belew2 1Department of Health System and Policy, Institute of Public Health, University of Gondar, Gondar, Ethiopia; 2Department of Human Nutrition, Institute of Public Health, University of Gondar, Gondar, EthiopiaCorrespondence: Aysheshim Kassahun Belew Email aysheshim121@gmail.comBackground: Community-based health insurance is an emerging strategy for providing financial protection against health-related poverty. They have developed into alternative health financing mechanisms for out-of-pocket expenses in low- and middle-income countries. Hence, the aim of this study was to assess the drop-out rate of community-based health insurance membership and associated factors in Dera district, Northwest Ethiopia, 2020.Methods: Through systematic random sampling techniques, a community-based cross-sectional study was conducted on 584 participants. A structured interviewer-based administered questionnaire was used for data collection. EpI data is used for data entry, while SPSS 20 version is used for analysis. P-value < 0.2 binary logistic regression was entered into multivariable logistic regression. Variables with a P-value of < 0.05 and a 95% confidence level were considered to be significantly associated with the outcome variable.Results: The CBHI dropout rate in the district is calculated to be 37.3% (95% CI: 34, 41%) in the district. Length of enrollment, ≥ 4 years in the CBHI program (AOR=0.39, 95% CI: 0.26, 0.59), households visit the health facilities 4– 6 times a year (AOR=1.92, 95% CI: 1.10, 3.32), have no access to the hospital (AOR=1.68, 95% CI: 1.02, 2.77), knowledge of CBHI (AOR=1.93, 95% CI: 1.32, 2.82) and official position holder for decision-making in the households (AOR=2.07, 95% CI: 1.33, 3.23) were factors associated with CBHI dropout rate in the scheme.Conclusion: This finding confirmed that the CBHI dropout rate in the district was high. Length of enrollment, health facility visit, hospital accessibility, knowledge of CBHI, and official position holders used for decision-making are significantly associated with the CBHI dropout rate. Therefore, emphasis should be given on improving members’ understanding of the CBHI package of benefits; increasing access to hospitals and empowering women will increase the utilization of CBHI. In addition, the quality of care for CBHI patients can be improved when they had access to health services.Keywords: community-based health insurance, dropout rate, Dera district, Northwest, Ethiopia

AIM: Ethiopia has implemented the integrated community case management to reduce mortality in childhood diseases. We analysed prevention, care seeking and treatment of suspected pneumonia from household to health facility in Ethiopia. METHODS: Analyses were based on a survey in four regions that included modules covering 5714 households, 169 health posts with 276 health extension workers and 155 health centres with 175 staff. Caregivers of children aged 2-59 months responded to questions on awareness of services and care seeking for suspected pneumonia. Pneumonia-related knowledge of health workers was assessed. RESULTS: When a child had suspected pneumonia, 46% (95% CI: 25,68) sought care at health facilities, and 27% (95% CI: 12,51) received antibiotics. Forty-one per cent had received full immunisation. One-fifth (21%, 95%: 19,22) of the caregivers were aware of pneumonia treatment. Sixty-four per cent of the health extension workers correctly mentioned fast or difficult breathing as signs of suspected pneumonia, and 88% suggested antibiotics treatment. CONCLUSION: The caregivers' awareness of suspected pneumonia treatment and the utilisation of these services were low. Some of the health extension workers were not knowledgeable about suspected pneumonia. Strengthening primary health care, including immunisation, and enhancing the utilisation of services are critical for further reduction of pneumonia mortality.