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Bilia burma Yasunaga & Yamada, 2016 Bilia burma Yasunaga & Yamada, 2016 in YASUNAGA et al. (2016b: 546). HOLOTYPE:, Myanmar, Yangon, Pyay Road, National Museum Garden (TKPM). Material examined. INDIA: HIMACHAL PRADESH : Shimla, Tara Devi, 3 4 ♀♀, 11.ix.2015. KARNATAKA : Kanakapura, 2 4 ♀♀, 19.vi.2016, C. R. Ballal (NBAIR). Distribution in India. Himachal Pradesh: Shimla; Karnataka: Kanakapura. New record from India. General distribution. Myanmar (YASUNAGA et al. 2016b). Biology. The specimens were collected on egg plants (Solanum melongena) and weed Rubus ellipticus (this paper).

Bilia fracta Distant, 1904 Bilia fracta Distant, 1904b: 480. SYNTYPE (S): Sri Lanka, Peradeniya (BMNH). Type material examined. SYNTYPE: ♀, ‘Type / H. T.’ [printed circle with red border], ‘Peradeniya, / Ceylon, 9.03’ [printed + handwritten], ‘Distant Coll. / 1911-383’ [printed], ‘ Bilia / fracta Dist’ [handwritten] (BMNH). Distribution in India. No Indian state given (MURALEEDHARAN & ANANTHAKRISHNAN 1978b). General distribution. Sri Lanka (DISTANT 1904b, MURALEEDHARAN & ANANTHAKRISHNAN 1978b)., Published as part of Ballal, Chandish R., Akbar, Shahid Ali, Yamada, Kazutaka, Wachkoo, Aijaz Ahmad & Varshney, Richa, 2018, Annotated catalogue of the flower bugs from India (Heteroptera: Anthocoridae, Lasiochilidae), pp. 207-226 in Acta Entomologica Musei Nationalis Pragae 58 (1) on page 216, DOI: 10.2478/aemnp-2018-0018, http://zenodo.org/record/3699210, {"references":["DISTANT W. L. 1904 a: Rhynchotal Notes, XXI. Annals and Magazine of Natural History, Series 7 14: 219 - 222.","DISTANT W. L. 1904 b: Rhynchota. - Vol. II. (Heteroptera). In: BLAN- FORD W. T. (ed.): The fauna of British India including Ceylon and Burma. Taylor and Francis, London, xvii + 503 pp. [Published in two parts: pp. 1 - 242 (December 1903, incl. Pyrrhocoroidea), pp. 243 - 503 (April 1904) - see the Preface, p. iii]."]}

Bilia castanea (Carvalho, 1951) Biliola castanea Carvalho, 1951: 388. HOLOTYPE: ♀, India, Karnataka, Nandidrug Hill [= Nandi Hills] (BMNH). Type material examined. HOLOTYPE:, ‘Type’ [printed circle with red border], ‘n.s.’ [handwritten], ‘S. India: / Nandidrug Hill. / 4,500 feet’ [printed], ‘Pres. by / Dr. T. V. Campbell. / B.M.1928-189’ [printed], ‘Biliola / castanea n. sp. / J.C.M. Carvalho det. 1951’ [handwritten + printed] (BMNH). Additional material examined. INDIA: KARNATAKA : Bangalore, 11.vii.2011, 1 1 ♀ (TKPM). TAMIL NADU : Hosur, Salem, iv.2015, 4 ♀♀ (TKPM, NBAIR). Distribution in India. Karnataka: Bangalore, Nandi Hills (CARVALHO 1951, YASUNAGA et al. 2016b); Tamil Nadu: Hosur, Salem (this paper); West Bengal (GHOSH et al. 1981). General distribution. China (Hainan), Taiwan (PÉRICART 1996, BU & ZHENG 2001). Biology. The species inhabits plantations of Brassica nigra, grape (Vitis sp.), Nyctanthes arbor-tristis, Zizyphus, mulberry (Morus sp.), brinjal (Solanum melongena) and is reported to feed on thrips, the aphid Lipaphis erysimi (Kaltenbach, 1843) and the two spotted spider mite Tetranychus urticae (GHOSH et al. 1981, BALLAL & YAMADA 2016). This species has also been observed feeding on aphids and the eggs and nymphs of cicadellids (CARAYON & MIYAMOTO 1960)., Published as part of Ballal, Chandish R., Akbar, Shahid Ali, Yamada, Kazutaka, Wachkoo, Aijaz Ahmad & Varshney, Richa, 2018, Annotated catalogue of the flower bugs from India (Heteroptera: Anthocoridae, Lasiochilidae), pp. 207-226 in Acta Entomologica Musei Nationalis Pragae 58 (1) on pages 215-216, DOI: 10.2478/aemnp-2018-0018, http://zenodo.org/record/3699210, {"references":["CARVALHO J. C. M. 1951: New genera and species of Isometopidae in the collection of the British Museum of Natural History (Hemiptera). Anais de Academia Brasileira de Ciencias 23: 381 - 391.","YASUNAGA T., YAMADA K., SOE Z. & NAING S. S. 2016 b: First records of two flower bug genera from Myanmar (Hemiptera: Heteroptera: Anthocoridae: Anthocorinae: Oriini), with description of a new species of Bilia Distant. Zootaxa 4158: 544 - 556.","GHOSH D., PODDAR S. & RAYCHAUDHURI D. N. 1981: Natural enemy complex of Aphis craccivora Koch. and Lipaphis erysimi (Kalt.) in and around Calcutta, West Bengal. Science and Culture 47: 58 - 60.","PERICART J. 1996: Family Anthocoridae Fieber, 1836 - flower bugs, minute pirate bugs. Pp. 108 - 140. In: AUKEMA B. & RIEGER CH. (eds.): Catalogue of the Heteroptera of the Palaearctic Region. Vol. 2. Cimicomorpha I. The Netherlands Entomological Society, Amsterdam, xiv + 361 pp.","BU W. - J. & ZHENG L. - Y. 2001: Hemiptera. Lasiochilidae. Lyctocoridae. Anthocoridae. Fauna Sinica, Insecta. Vol. 24. Science Press, Beijing, vii + 267 pp (in Chinese, with English summary).","BALLAL C. R. & YAMADA K. 2016: Anthocorid predators. Pp. 329 - 366. In: OMKAR (eds): Ecofriendly pest management for food security. Elsevier, London, 727 pp.","CARAYON J. & MIYAMOTO S. 1960: Especes nouvelles ou peu connues du genre Bilia Distant trouvees au Japon et a Formose (Heteroptera, Anthocoridae). Mushi 33: 19 - 35."]}

Bilia burma Yasunaga & Yamada, sp. nov. (Figs. 1−6, 8−11, 25−26, 32) Type material. Holotype Ƌ, Myanmar: Yangon: Pyay Road, National Museum Garden, 16°47'17.20" N 96°08'33.66" E, 180 m, with a coccid on leaf of Ziziphus mauritiana Lam., 17 Oct 2015, T. Yasunaga et al. (AMNH _PBI 00380431) (TKPM). Paratypes: 1 Ƌ 1 ♀, same data as for holotype (AMNH _PBI 00380432−00380433) (TYCN); 12 ♀♀, same data, without USI labels (AMNH, TKPM, TYCN). Diagnosis. Recognized by its small size; shiny, coffee-brown dorsum with paler lateral margins; enlarged compound eyes in males; comparatively wide pronotum with callus interrupted at midline; J-shaped paramere, medially with a slender, apically hooked dorsal process (flagellum). Very similar in the external morphology to B. castanea; distinguished by above-mentioned diagnostic characters (in castanea, the body is larger and almost entirely pale yellowish brown, and the hooked process on the paramere more elongate). Fifth instar nymph (Fig. 6): Recognized by its tortoise-shaped, rounded body, with narrowly lamellate lateral margin; shiny chocolate-brown basic coloration; well-polished, sub-glabrous dorsum; creamy yellow antennae and legs; and yellow lateral margins of pronotum and wing-pads. Description. Male: Body generally coffee-brown, rounded, tortoise-shaped; dorsal surface shining, with uniformly distributed, simple, sericeous setae. Head shiny dark brown, with sparsely distributed, silky, erect setae; compound eye relatively developed; ocellus rather large, with diameter a little greater than thickness of antennal segment I. Antennae yellowish brown, generally short; segment II slightly clavate; segment III and IV tinged with red or brown. Labium yellow; first visible segment I darkened. Pronotum shining, finely punctate, with a pale reddish-brown, lamellate lateral margin rather rounded at humeri; callus somewhat concave (depressed?) medially; pleura reddish dark brown; scent efferent system fuscous; scutellum shiny fuscous, narrowly and transversely rugose, slightly arched. Hemelytron weakly roughened, shallowly punctate; anterior 2/3 of exocorium reddish or yellowish brown; membrane pale grayish brown. All coxae shiny chestnut brown; all legs yellowish brown. Abdomen uniformly shiny coffee-brown. Genitalia (Figs. 25, 32): Paramere large, J-shaped, pointed apicad, with a median process (flagellum) hooked apically. Female: As in male, but body larger and broader; compound eye smaller; clypeus usually pale reddish brown; antennae more slender and shorter; and lateral carinae of pronotum wider. Genitalia (Fig. 26): Copulatory tube wholly membranous, winding. Measurements. ƋƋ / ♀♀: Total body length 1.37−1.60 / 1.40−1.72; length from apex of clypeus to cuneal fracture 0.85−1.00 / 0.89−1.03; width of head across compound eyes 0.44−0.46 / 0.39−0.45; width of vertex 0.18−0.19 / 0.21−0.23; lengths of antennal segments I −IV 0.07−0.08, 0.29−0.30, 0.20−0.23, 0.18−0.22 / 0.06−0.07, 0.21−0.24, 0.16−0.21, 0.20−0.22; mesal length of pronotum 0.29−0.30 / 0.30−0.33; basal width of pronotum 0.77−0.83 / 0.81−0.87; maximum width across hemelytron 0.86−0.90 / 0.93−0.99; and length of hind femur, tibia and tarsus 0.41−0.45, 0.54−0.59, 0.14−0.15/ 0.39−0.43, 0.52−0.57, 0.13−0.15. Etymology. Named for its occurrence in Burma (Myanmar); a noun in apposition. Remarks. The present new species was found to co-exist with an unidentified coccid and a tingid, Monosteira sp. (Tingidae: Tinginae) on leaves of Ziziphus mauritiana Lam. (Rhamnaceae) (Figs. 1, 4, 7). We assume that Bilia burma preys on the coccid, whereas any ecological relationship between the anthocorid and tingid remains unclear., Published as part of Yasunaga, Tomohide, Yamada, Kazutaka, Soe, Zayar & Naing, Shine Shane, 2016, First records of two flower bug genera from Myanmar (Hemiptera: Heteroptera: Anthocoridae: Anthocorinae: Oriini), with description of a new species of Bilia, pp. 544-556 in Zootaxa 4158 (4) on pages 546-549, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.4158.4.6, http://zenodo.org/record/258305

Bilia castanea (Carvalho, 1951) (Figs. 12−13, 24) Biliola castanea Carvalho, 1951: 338 (n. sp., in Isometopinae of Miridae). Bilia castanea: Carayon & Miyamoto (1960: 26) (n. comb., redesc.); Péricart (1996: 121) (cat.); Bu & Zheng (2001: 180) (diag.). Type material examined. Holotype ♀, S. India / Nandidrug Hill / 4500 feet, Pres. by Dr. T. V. Campbell / B.M. 1928-189 (BMNH). Diagnosis. Distinguished from other congeners by its comparatively large size (1.8−2.0 in total length); pale castaneous, sometimes yellowish brown general coloration; long, rather thick antenna; broad pronotum with a uniformly shiny, thick callus (Figs. 12−13); and longer hooked process on paramere (Fig. 24). Further diagnostic characters and detailed redescription, including male and female genitalia, were provided by Carayon & Miyamoto (1960). Remarks. This species is known to feed on aphids on black mustard in India as mentioned above (Ghosh et al. 1981). Several specimens were collected from Nyctanthes arbor-tristis L. (Oleaceae) with undetermined mites. Additional specimens examined. India: 1 Ƌ 1 ♀, Bangalore, Karnakata, 11.vii.2011, Host: Mites / Host plant: Nyctanthes arbor-tristis (TKPM)., Published as part of Yasunaga, Tomohide, Yamada, Kazutaka, Soe, Zayar & Naing, Shine Shane, 2016, First records of two flower bug genera from Myanmar (Hemiptera: Heteroptera: Anthocoridae: Anthocorinae: Oriini), with description of a new species of Bilia, pp. 544-556 in Zootaxa 4158 (4) on page 549, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.4158.4.6, http://zenodo.org/record/258305, {"references":["Carvalho, J. C. M. (1951) New genera and species of Isometopidae in the British Museum of Natural History (Hemiptera). Anais da Academia Brasileira de Ciencias, 23, 381 - 391.","Carayon, J. & Miyamoto, S. (1960) Especes nouvelles ou peu connues du genre Bilia Distant trouvees au Japon et a Formose (Heteroptera, Anthocoridae). Mushi, 33 (4), 19 - 35, tabs. 4 - 5.","Pericart, J. (1996) Family Anthocoridae Fieber, 1836 - Flower bugs, minute pirate bugs. In: Aukema, B. & Rieger, Ch. (Eds.), Catalogue of the Heteroptera of the Palaearctic Region. Vol. 2. Cimicomorpha I. The Netherlands Entomological Society, Amsterdam, pp. 108 - 140.","Bu, W. J. & Zheng, L. Y. (2001) Hemiptera Lasiochilidae Lyctocoridae Anthocoridae. Fauna Sinica Insecta. Vol. 24. Science Press, Beijing, 267 pp.","Ghosh, D., Poddar, S. & Raychaudhuri, D. N. (1981) Natural enemy complex of Aphis craccivora Koch and Lipaphis erysimi (Kalt.) in and around Calcutta, West Bengal. Science and Culture, 47 (2), 58 - 60."]}

Checklist of Bilia and Wollastoniella New distributional records are indicated by an asterisk (*).

Genus Bilia Distant, 1904 Bilia Distant, 1904: 480 (in Miridae) (type species by original designation: B. fracta Distant, 1904); Carayon (1958: 154, 159) (transferred to tribe Oriini of Anthocoridae); Carayon & Miyamoto (1960: 20−26) (redesc.); Péricart (1996: 121) (cat.); Yasunaga (2000: 353) (diag.); Yasunaga (2001: 284) (diag.); Bu & Zheng (2001: 177) (diag.). Biliola Carvalho, 1951: 386 (in Miridae), type species by monotypy: Biliola castanea Carvalho, 1951 (synonymized by Carayon & Miyamoto 1960: 25); Carayon (1958: 160) (transferred to tribe Oriini of Anthocoridae). Diagnosis. Distinguished from other anthocorid genera by the following combination of characters: rounded, tortoise-shaped body; basic coloration brown to fuscous; shiny dorsal surface with uniformly distributed, wooly, reclining or semi-erect setae; short and widened head; male paramere C- or J-shaped, slender, apically tapered and accompanied by a median, small, slender projection (Figs. 24−25, 27) that is homologous with ‘flagellum’ in Orius (Fig. 31) and Wollastoniella (Figs. 33−34); female copulatory tube fragile, totally membranous (Fig. 26). The immature form has a fuscous, rounded, hemispheric body (Fig. 6). Detailed generic characters were provided by Carayon & Miyamoto (1960). Distribution. Known from the Oriental and eastern Palearctic regions; currently recorded from China, India, Japan, Myanmar, Taiwan, and Russian Far East. Discussion. This genus is closely related to Wollastoniella, from which it may be separated only by the genitalia; the diagnostic features were argued extensively by Carayon (1958) and Carayon & Miyamoto (1960). Bu & Zheng (2001) and Carayon (1958) suggested the general body shape and puncture pattern on the pronotum as key diagnostic characters; however, these external characters are now found not to be applicable to every species. In addition, the immature forms of Bilia and Wollastoniella species exhibit totally similar (or fundamentally identical) shape (cf. Figs. 6 and 17). Bilia is posited to be composed of Asian elements, based on the distribution patterns of the nine known species from India and Sri Lanka to Java, the Sundaland (Carayon 1982) and the Pacific Islands (Yasunaga 2000); more than a few undescribed species have also been found in Peninsular Malaysia, Nepal and Thailand (Yamada & Yasunaga, unpublished data). In the Oriental Region including the Himalayan area, both Bilia and Wollastoniella are known (Bu & Zheng 2001). Although the latter genus occurs in Africa (Carayon 1958; Ghauri 1987), the two genera are most probably derived from a lineage (cf. Figs. 32–34, B) once present in the Himalayan region where many Asian organisms are assumed to have originated. To demonstrate this hypothesis, however, further broader surveys on the characters are required, which is beyond the scope of this work. Members of the genus appear to be predaceous as evidenced by B. esakii and B. japonica that have been observed preying on typhlocybine leafhoppers and/or psyllids (Yasunaga 2001). Carayon & Miyamoto (1960) also documented that B. japonica preyed on the eggs and nymphs of cicadellid leafhoppers, and B. castanea was reported as a natural enemy of Lipaphis erysimi (Kaltenbach, 1843) (Aphididae) which is injurious to black mustard, Brassica nigra L. (Brassicaceae) (Ghosh et al. 1981). These observations suggest that Bilia species may prefer hemipterous insects rather than thrips which are generally preferred by Wollastoniella species., Published as part of Yasunaga, Tomohide, Yamada, Kazutaka, Soe, Zayar & Naing, Shine Shane, 2016, First records of two flower bug genera from Myanmar (Hemiptera: Heteroptera: Anthocoridae: Anthocorinae: Oriini), with description of a new species of Bilia, pp. 544-556 in Zootaxa 4158 (4) on page 546, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.4158.4.6, http://zenodo.org/record/258305, {"references":["Distant, W. L. (1904) Rhynchota. Vol. II. In: Blanford, W. T. (Ed.), The fauna of British India, including Ceylon and Burma. Taylor & Francis, London, pp. 243 - 503.","Carayon, J. (1958) Etudes sur les Hemipteres Cimicoidea. I. Position des genres Bilia, Biliola, Bilianella et Wollastoniella dans une tribu nouvelle (Oriini) des Anthocoridae; differences entre ces derniers et les Miridae Isometopinae (Heteroptera). Memoires du Museum National d'Histoire Naturelle, Serie A, Zoologie, 16 (5), 141 - 172.","Carayon, J. & Miyamoto, S. (1960) Especes nouvelles ou peu connues du genre Bilia Distant trouvees au Japon et a Formose (Heteroptera, Anthocoridae). Mushi, 33 (4), 19 - 35, tabs. 4 - 5.","Pericart, J. (1996) Family Anthocoridae Fieber, 1836 - Flower bugs, minute pirate bugs. In: Aukema, B. & Rieger, Ch. (Eds.), Catalogue of the Heteroptera of the Palaearctic Region. Vol. 2. Cimicomorpha I. The Netherlands Entomological Society, Amsterdam, pp. 108 - 140.","Yasunaga T (2000) Anthocorid bugs of the tribe Oriini (Heteroptera: Anthocoridae) of the Ogasawara (Bonin) Islands, Japan. Proceedings of the Entomological Society of Washington, 102, 353 - 359.","Yasunaga, T. (2001) Family Anthocoridae Fieber, 1836, flower bugs, minute pirate bugs. In: Yasunaga, T., Takai, M. & Kawasawa, T. (Eds.), A field guide to Japanese Bugs II - Terrestrial Heteropterans. Zenkoku Noson Kyoiku Kyokai, Tokyo, pp. 278 - 303, pls. 85 - 89.","Bu, W. J. & Zheng, L. Y. (2001) Hemiptera Lasiochilidae Lyctocoridae Anthocoridae. Fauna Sinica Insecta. Vol. 24. Science Press, Beijing, 267 pp.","Carvalho, J. C. M. (1951) New genera and species of Isometopidae in the British Museum of Natural History (Hemiptera). Anais da Academia Brasileira de Ciencias, 23, 381 - 391.","Carayon, J. (1982) Wollastoniella testudo n. sp., hemiptere Anthocoridae predateur d'un acarien nuisible au theier a Java. Bulletin Zoologisch Museum Universiteit van Amsterdam, 8 (16), 141 - 144.","Ghauri, M. S. K. (1987) A new species of Wollastoniella Reuter from Kenya, with a brief note on W. gatti Ghauri (Insecta, Heteroptera, Anthocoridae). Reichenbachia, 25, 33 - 37.","Ghosh, D., Poddar, S. & Raychaudhuri, D. N. (1981) Natural enemy complex of Aphis craccivora Koch and Lipaphis erysimi (Kalt.) in and around Calcutta, West Bengal. Science and Culture, 47 (2), 58 - 60."]}

Syftet med studien var att granska en befintlig kallelse till hjulskifte för att se var kommunikationen eventuellt brister. Frågeställningarna var följande: Vilket läsbarhetsindex har kallelsen? Hur är språket i kallelsen utformat, dvs. är språket lätt- eller svårbegripligt? Innehåller kallelsen den information som kunderna behöver? Hur ser kallelsens layout ut? Är den mottagaranpassad? Därefter granskades textens språk, innehåll samt layout. Metoderna som användes var Hellspongs läsbarhetsanalys, ett frågeformulär samt Björkvalls teori om visuell framskjutenhet samt typografi. Materialet som användes var kallelsen samt ett frågeformulär. Resultatet visade att kallelsen uppfyller sin funktion med att informera företagets kunder om att det är dags för hjulskifte. Samtidigt som många saknade datum, tid och plats utskrivet på kallelsen, så var detta en lösning Bilia gjort för att öka kundnöjdheten genom att kunderna får bestämma själva. Slutsatsen blev att kallelsen håller måttet som lättläst, hade ett lättbegripligt språk samt ger kunderna den information de behöver.

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