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ERIS, the Enhanced Resolution Imager and Spectrograph, is an instrument that both extends and enhances the fundamental diffraction limited imaging and spectroscopy capability for the VLT. It replaces two instruments that were being maintained beyond their operational lifetimes, combines their functionality on a single focus, provides a new wavefront sensing module for natural and laser guide stars that makes use of the Adaptive Optics Facility, and considerably improves on their performance. The observational modes ERIS provides are integral field spectroscopy at 1-2.5 {\mu}m, imaging at 1-5 {\mu}m with several options for high contrast imaging, and longslit spectroscopy at 3-4 {\mu}m, The instrument is installed at the Cassegrain focus of UT4 at the VLT and, following its commissioning during 2022, has been made available to the community., Comment: 20 pages with 29 figures; accepted for A&A (minor changes)

The analysis of exoplanetary atmospheres by means of high-resolution spectroscopy is an expanding research field which provides information on chemical composition, thermal structure, atmospheric dynamics and orbital velocity of exoplanets. In this work, we aim at the detection of the light reflected by the exoplanet 51~Peg~b employing optical high-resolution spectroscopy. To detect the light reflected by the planetary dayside we use optical HARPS and HARPS-N spectra taken near the superior conjunction of the planet, when the flux contrast between the planet and the star is maximum. To search for the weak planetary signal, we cross-correlate the observed spectra with a high S/N stellar spectrum. We homogeneously analyze the available datasets and derive a $10^{-5}$ upper limit on the planet-to-star flux contrast in the optical. The upper limit on the planet-to-star flux contrast of $10^{-5}$ translates into a low albedo of the planetary atmosphere ($\rm A_g\lesssim0.05-0.15$ for an assumed planetary radius in the range $\rm 1.5-0.9~R_{Jup}$, as estimated from the planet's mass).

GIARPS (GIAno \& haRPS) is a project devoted to have on the same focal station of the Telescopio Nazionale Galileo (TNG) both high resolution spectrographs, HARPS-N (VIS) and GIANO-B (NIR), working simultaneously. This could be considered the first and unique worldwide instrument providing cross-dispersed echelle spectroscopy at a resolution of 50,000 in the NIR range and 115,000 in the VIS and over in a wide spectral range ($0.383 - 2.45\ \mu$m) in a single exposure. The science case is very broad, given the versatility of such an instrument and its large wavelength range. A number of outstanding science cases encompassing mainly extra-solar planet science starting from rocky planets search and hot Jupiters to atmosphere characterization can be considered. Furthermore both instruments can measure high precision radial velocities by means the simultaneous thorium technique (HARPS-N) and absorbing cell technique (GIANO-B) in a single exposure. Other science cases are also possible. GIARPS, as a brand new observing mode of the TNG started after the moving of GIANO-A (fiber fed spectrograph) from Nasmyth-A to Nasmyth-B where it was re-born as GIANO-B (no more fiber feed spectrograph). The official Commissioning finished on March 2017 and then it was offered to the community. Despite the work is not finished yet. In this paper we describe the preliminary scientific results obtained with GIANO-B and GIARPS observing mode with data taken during commissioning and first open time observations., Comment: 10 pages, 11 figures, Telescopes and Astronomical instrumentation, SPIE Conf. 2018

ERIS is the new AO instrument for VLT-UT4 led by a Consortium of Max-Planck Institut fuer Extraterrestrische Physik, UK-ATC, ETH-Zurich, ESO and INAF. The ERIS AO system provides NGS mode to deliver high contrast correction and LGS mode to extend high Strehl performance to large sky coverage. The AO module includes NGS and LGS wavefront sensors and, with VLT-AOF Deformable Secondary Mirror and Laser Facility, will provide AO correction to the high resolution imager NIX (1-5um) and the IFU spectrograph SPIFFIER (1-2.5um). In this paper we present the preliminary design of the ERIS AO system and the estimated correction performance., Comment: 11 pages, 11 figures, 1 table. SPIE conference Astronomical Telescopes and Instrumentation, 26 June - 01 July 2016, Edinburgh, Scotland, United Kingdom

The Scutum complex in the inner disk of the Galaxy has a number of young star clusters dominated by red supergiants that are heavily obscured by dust extinction and observable only at infrared wavelengths. These clusters are important tracers of the recent star formation and chemical enrichment history in the inner Galaxy. During the technical commissioning and as a first science verification of the GIANO spectrograph at the Telescopio Nazionale Galileo, we secured high-resolution (R=50,000) near-infrared spectra of five red supergiants in the young Scutum cluster RSGC3. Taking advantage of the full YJHK spectral coverage of GIANO in a single exposure, we were able to measure several tens of atomic and molecular lines that were suitable for determining chemical abundances. By means of spectral synthesis and line equivalent width measurements, we obtained abundances of Fe and iron-peak elements such as Ni, Cr, and Cu, alpha (O, Mg, Si, Ca, Ti), other light elements (C, N, F, Na, Al, and Sc), and some s-process elements (Y, Sr). We found average half-solar iron abundances and solar-scaled [X/Fe] abundance patterns for most of the elements, consistent with a thin-disk chemistry. We found depletion of [C/Fe] and enhancement of [N/Fe], consistent with standard CN burning, and low 12C/13C abundance ratios (between 9 and 11), which require extra-mixing processes in the stellar interiors during the post-main sequence evolution. We also found local standard of rest V(LSR)=106 km/s and heliocentric V(HEL)=90 km/s radial velocities with a dispersion of 2.3 km/s. The inferred radial velocities, abundances, and abundance patterns of RSGC3 are very similar to those previously measured in the other two young clusters of the Scutum complex, RSGC1 and RSGC2, suggesting a common kinematics and chemistry within the Scutum complex.

Aims Determining the intensity of lines and continuum airglow emission in the H-band is important for the design of faint-object infrared spectrographs. Existing spectra at low/medium resolution cannot disentangle the true sky-continuum from instrumental effects (e.g. diffuse light in the wings of strong lines). We aim to obtain, for the first time, a high resolution infrared spectrum deep enough to set significant constraints on the continuum emission between the lines in the H-band. Methods During the second commissioning run of the GIANO high-resolution infrared spectrograph at La Palma Observatory, we pointed the instrument directly to the sky and obtained a deep spectrum that extends from 0.97 to 2.4 micron. Results The spectrum shows about 1500 emission lines, a factor of two more than in previous works. Of these, 80% are identified as OH transitions; half of these are from highly excited molecules (hot-OH component) that are not included in the OH airglow emission models normally used for astronomical applications. The other lines are attributable to O2 or unidentified. Several of the faint lines are in spectral regions that were previously believed to be free of line emission. The continuum in the H-band is marginally detected at a level of about 300 photons/m^2/s/arcsec^2/micron, equivalent to 20.1 AB-mag/arcsec^2. The observed spectrum and the list of observed sky-lines are published in electronic format. Conclusions Our measurements indicate that the sky continuum in the H-band could be even darker than previously believed. However, the myriad of airglow emission lines severely limits the spectral ranges where very low background can be effectively achieved with low/medium resolution spectrographs. We identify a few spectral bands that could still remain quite dark at the resolving power foreseen for VLT-MOONS (R ~6,600)., Comment: 7 pages, 4 figures, to be published in Astronomy & Astrophysics

Giano is a Cryogenic Spectrograph located in T.N.G. (Spain) and commisioned in 2013. It works in the range 950-2500 nm with a resolving power of 50000. This instrument was designed and built for direct feeding from the telescope [2]. However, due to constraints imposed on the telescope interfacing during the pre-commissioning phase, it had to be positioned on the rotating building, far from the telescope focus. Therefore, a new interface to the telescope, based on IR-transmitting ZBLAN fibers with 85\mu m core, was developed.Originally designed to work directly at the $f/11$ nasmyth focus of the telescope, in 2011 it has decided to use a fiber to feed it. The beam from the telescope is focused on a double fiber boundle by a Preslit Optical Bench attached to the Nasmith A interface of the telescope. This Optical Bench contains the fiber feeding system and other important features as a guiding system, a fiber viewer, a fiber feed calibration lamp and a nodding facility between the two fibers. The use of two fibers allow us to have in the echellogram two spectrograms side by side in the same acquisition: one of the star and the other of the sky or simultaneously to have the star and a calibration lamp. Before entering the cryostat the light from the fiber is collectd by a second Preslit Optical Bench attached directly to the Giano cryostat: on this bench the correct f-number to illuminate the cold stop is generated and on the same bench is placed an image slicer to increase the efficiency of the system., Comment: 21 pages, 24 figures, 3 tables. Presented at SPIE Astronomical Telescope + Instrumentation 2014 (Ground-based and Airbone Instrumentation for Astronomy 5, 9147-360). To be published in Proceeding of SPIE Volume 9147

The inner disk of the Galaxy has a number of young star clusters dominated by red supergiants that are heavily obscured by dust extinction and observable only at infrared wavelengths. These clusters are important tracers of the recent star formation and chemical enrichment history in the inner Galaxy. During the technical commissioning and as a first science verification of the GIANO spectrograph at the Telescopio Nazionale Galileo, we secured high-resolution (R~50,000) near-infrared spectra of three red supergiants in the young Scutum cluster RSGC2. Taking advantage of the full YJHK spectral coverage of GIANO in a single exposure, we were able to identify several tens of atomic and molecular lines suitable for chemical abundance determinations. By means of spectral synthesis and line equivalent width measurements, we obtained abundances of Fe and other iron-peak elements such as V, Cr, Ni, of alpha (O, Mg, Si, Ca and Ti) and other light elements (C, N, Na, Al, K, Sc), and of some s-process elements (Y, Sr). We found iron abundances between half and one third solar and solar-scaled [X/Fe] abundance patterns of iron-peak, alpha and most of the light elements, consistent with a thin-disk chemistry. We found a depletion of [C/Fe] and enhancement of [N/Fe], consistent with CN burning, and low 12C/13C abundance ratios (between 9 and 11), requiring extra-mixing processes in the stellar interiors during the post-main sequence evolution. Finally, we found a slight [Sr/Fe] enhancement and a slight [Y/Fe] depletion (by a factor of <=2), with respect to solar., Comment: Paper accepted on A&A

A flux-calibrated high resolution spectrum of the airglow emission is a practical lambda-calibration reference for astronomical spectral observations. It is also useful for constraining the molecular parameters of the OH molecule and the physical conditions in the upper mesosphere. methods: We use the data collected during the first technical commissioning of the GIANO spectrograph at the Telescopio Nazionale Galileo (TNG). The high resolution (R~50,000) spectrum simultaneously covers the 0.95-2.4 micron wavelength range. Relative flux calibration is achieved by the simultaneous observation of spectrophotometric standard star. results: We derive a list of improved positions and intensities of OH infrared lines. The list includes Lambda-split doublets many of which are spectrally resolved. Compared to previous works, the new results correct errors in the wavelengths of the Q-branch transitions. The relative fluxes of OH lines from different vibrational bands show remarkable deviations from theoretical predictions: the Deltav=3,4 lines are a factor of 2 and 4 brighter than expected. We also find evidence of a significant fraction (1-4%) of OH molecules with ``non-thermal'' population of high-J levels. Finally we list wavelengths and fluxes of 153 lines not attributable to OH. Most of these can be associated to O2, while 37 lines in the H band are not identified. The O2 and unidentified lines in the H band account for ~5% of the total airglow flux in this band., Comment: 11 pages, 6 figures, to be published in Astronomy & Astrophysics

NICS (acronym for Near Infrared Camera Spectrometer) is the near-infrared cooled camera-spectrometer that has been developed by the Arcetri Infrared Group at the Arcetri Astrophysical Observatory, in collaboration with the CAISMI-CNR for the TNG (the Italian National Telescope Galileo at La Palma, Canary Islands, Spain). As NICS is in its scientific commissioning phase, we report its observing capabilities in the near-infrared bands at the TNG, along with the measured performance and the limiting magnitudes. We also describe some technical details of the project, such as cryogenics, mechanics, and the system which executes data acquisition and control, along with the related software., Comment: 7 pages, 5 figures, compiled with A&A macros. A&A in press

We present a near-infrared cooled grating spectrometer that has been developed at the Arcetri Astrophysical Observatory for the 1.5 m Infrared Telescope at Gornergrat (TIRGO). The spectrometer is equipped with cooled reflective optics and a grating in Littrow configuration. The detector is an engineering grade Rockwell NICMOS3 array (256x256 pixels of 40 $\mu$m). The scale on the focal plane is 1.73 arcsec/pixel and the field of view along the slit is 70 arcsec. The accessible spectral range is 0.95-2.5 $\mu$m with a dispersion, at first order, of about 11.5 angstroms/pixel. This paper presents a complete description of the instrument, including its optics and cryo-mechanical system, along with astronomical results from test observations, started in 1994. Since January 1996, LonGSp is offered to TIRGO users and employed in several Galactic and extragalactic programs., Comment: 5 pages LaTeX with 5 eps figures (included). To appear in Astronomy and Astrophysics, Supp. Require LaTeX style l-aa (from A&A)