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The objective was to provide a literature review of scientific publications examining decision and imple-mentation factors of H&C technologies that contribute to H&C decarbonisation in the residential, in-dustrial and public sectors. The decision and implementation factors with respect to renewable or energy efficient H&C technologies differ among the various actors with respect to their significance as they are influenced by different drivers, such as regulatory, economic, environmental, social or cultural factors. For the purpose of this study, a meta-analysis was carried out. Publications were selected that deal with H&C technologies (renewable energies or energy efficiency) and have a focus on heat pumps (HP) and district heating and cooling (DHC). Further, respective key actors and their preferences and perceptions, as well as with drivers and decision-making factors regarding heat generation and consumption were selection criteria. Based on these criteria, 130 publications were identified and analysed.

Im Einklang mit den Klimazielen wurde der Ausstieg aus der Kohleverstromung bis spätestens 2038 beschlossen. Dieser Ausstieg hat unmittelbare Auswirkungen auf die Wärmeversorgung, da eine Vielzahl an Kohlekraftwerken sowohl zur Strom- als auch zur Wärmeerzeugung eingesetzt werden. Vor dem Hintergrund der gesetzten Klimaziele sollten Kohlekraftwerke mit möglichst klimaneutralen Technologien substituiert werden. Großwärmepumpen (GWP) der Megawattklasse stellen hierbei eine vielversprechende Alternative für die Wärmeversorgung dar. GWP sind effiziente Wärmeerzeuger, die darüber hinaus im Stromsektor die Integrationsfähigkeit von Erneuerbare Energien (EE) erhöhen können. Gleichzeitig liefern sie klimaneutrale Wärme, sobald der Strom vollständig klimaneutral erzeugt wird. Insofern nehmen GWP eine zentrale Rolle innerhalb der Energiewende ein. Allerdings existieren Hemmnisse für die großflächige Verbreitung von GWP. Die Überwindung der Hemmnisse ist zwingend notwendig für den Ausbau von GWP und somit zum Erreichen der Klimaziele. Der vorliegende Bericht leistet hierzu einen Beitrag, indem er die aktuellen rechtlichen und wirtschaftlichen Rahmenbedingungen für GWP in Fernwärmenetzen in Deutschland analysiert.

This study assessed the perception of renewable and energy-efficient heating and cooling (H&C) technologies, with a focus on district heating (DH) and heat pumps (HP). The study covered the residential sector as well as industry and the public sector. Moreover, the study highlights the differences and similarities in perception between the sectors.

The planning of municipalities is of great importance, as it determines today how we can live sustainably in the future. Heating and cooling (H&C) is an important issue in this context, as it accounts for about half of the total energy demand in Europe, with about 70 % still dependent on fossil fuels (for 2015). Achieving climate neutrality in 2050, therefore, requires a rapid and significant change in the H&C sector. In this respect, strategic H&C planning has proven to be an effective tool to develop measures at the local level and to drive decarbonisation of the H&C sector faster and more efficiently. This report explores success factors for strategic H&C planning, which will guide the project's advisory services. Furthermore, the findings of this paper can help stakeholders identify and overcome obstacles in advance and so develop successful H&C plans. Policymakers can use the results to develop measures for cities that underpin successful strategic H&C planning.

[Introduction] Changes in technologies, processes, behaviour and relationships are an essential part of transitions of socio-technical systems. They are induced by 'impulses' within and outside the system. There is a large body of literature discussing interactions within socio-technical systems, between niches and regimes and possibly landscapes (e.g. Geels 2007) or between elements of a system oriented towards specific purposes (Borrás and Edler 2015). However, interactions occur not only within a certain system, but between systems and in different forms and intensities of exchange between the components of two or several systems. Some examples of system interactions are the food-water-energy nexus, smart energy as a field resulting from electricity and ICT, functional foods as a nexus between food and pharmaceuticals, or interlinkages between electricity, transport and heat-ing (Hiteva and Watson 2019; Hoolohan et al. 2019, Papachristos et al. 2013, Rosenbloom 2019). The interactions between systems may have significant impacts on related transformations, e.g. by accelerating changing processes, but these interactions could also have hampering and conflicting effects. Hence, multiple relationships and dynamics have to be taken into account in transitions research. In this context, Rosenbloom states that 'interactions taking place between socio-technical systems merit further attention in sustainability transitions research' (Rosenbloom 2018, p. 229). We also think there is still a need to further explore where and how these interactions take place, what characteristics and features of interactions between socio-technical systems exists and what the implications for the systems and their transitions are. Thus, the objective of this paper is to elaborate a typology for analysing interactions between socio-technical systems and identifying their impacts on innovations and transition of systems. We review how interactions between two or more socio-technical systems are discussed in the transition literature, set up a systematic framework to identify interactions between systems and try to understand how interactions impact socio-technical systems and their transitions. We use the energy transition, in particular, the interaction between the heating and electricity system as an example to illustrate the arguments. Published April 2022

Strategic heating and cooling (H&C) planning has proven to be an effective tool to drive the decarbonisation of H&C in cit ies. In this paper, success factors and key challenges of strategic H&C plans are analysed based on semi-structured interviews and an online survey with stakeholders from Germany. The 241 participants of the online survey see CO2 neutrality as the main objective of strategic H&C plans. The most important success factors are good communication and data availability. Particularly challenging are having common goals, enough staff as well as data availability. Targets and guidelines are more important if the city is obligated to strategic H&C planning. In general, the instrument is seen as effective and suitable to tackle climate change in cities by the participants. The results of this paper can help policy makers and stakeholders to develop successful H&C plans and, thus, to tackle decarbonisation of H&C in cities.

District heating is an important pillar for decarbonizing the heating of buildings, and is most cost-effective in areas with high heat demands. The lower the heating demand in a certain area, the higher the specific distribution costs of district heating. Furthermore, heat generation for district heating needs to be transformed. All of this affects the costs for the generation and distribution of heat to buildings. The question arises, how a cost-effective share of district heating for the heating of buildings in a future climate-neutral energy system can be quantified. Existing modelling studies report greatly differing values for the future share of district heating. A better understanding of the reasons for such great differences among studies increases the value and relevance of results. Thereby, we present a review of published system analyses studies that aim to model the future evolution of district heating. Based on this, we conduct a case study, using a high spatial resolution modelling approach to determine the most important parameters for analysing the district heating market share in Germany. We find in the reviewed studies that the resulting shares for district heating vary greatly, even when similar assumptions are used. Some studies identify possible district heating areas with a high spatial resolution. Furthermore, the modelling approaches for the district heating sector differ by cost assumptions, resulting in different shares for district heating. Nevertheless, modelling is a method to indicate future district heating expansion in different European countries.

In order to achieve climate-neutrality in the building sector, renovation of the building stock and decarbonisation of heat supply is required. District heating is a possibility to supply buildings with heat from different sources. In the future, renewable sources and excess heat will provide carbon-neutral heat for the heating of buildings, replacing fossil-fuelled CHP plants. These sources are spatially limited. Here, we show that the technical potentials of geothermal energy, excess heat from industry and waste incineration as well as heat from rivers and waste water plants together with heat pumps can supply the annual district heating demand in Germany in 2050. Full load hours were used to reflect on seasonal availability of the sources. Technical parameters with uncertainties are varied and show a medium impact on the results on a possible supply of future district heating systems. Distance analysis is used to allocate the generation potentials to DH areas, based on maximum distances. The results were grouped in a cluster analysis, showing that six clusters are sufficient to describe the typologies of the district heating areas in terms of supply potentials. The results lead to the conclusion, that together with biomass, solar thermal and peak load boilers, the district heating demand can be supplied by carbon-neutral heat sources in the future.

In dem vorliegenden Artikel werden ausgewählte Entwicklungen des zurückliegenden Jahres 2020 im Bereich der rationellen Energienutzung dargestellt. Einführend geht es um die Analyse allgemeiner Veränderungen im Bereich Energieproduktivität in Deutschland. Darauf aufbauend werden die aktuellen Entwicklungen der Energieeffizienzpolitik in Deutschland und Europa vorgestellt, sowie anschließend aktuelle Entwicklungen für den Bereich der Produkte und Geräte, der Industrie und den Gebäudebereich vorgestellt. Bei allen Themen stehen neben aktuellen Entwicklungen auch längerfristige Trends zur rationellen Energieverwendung im Fokus.

In dem vorliegenden Beitrag werden ausgewählte Entwicklungen des zurückliegenden Jahres 2019 im Bereich der rationellen Energienutzung dargestellt. Einführend werden die allgemeinen Veränderungen im Bereich Energieproduktivität in Deutschland analysiert. Darauf aufbauend werden die aktuellen Entwicklungen der Energieeffizienzpolitik in Deutschland und Europa vorgestellt. Anschließend werden aktuelle Entwicklungen für den Bereich der Industrie, Produkte und Geräte und denGebäudebereich vorgestellt. Bei allen Themen werden neben aktuellen Entwicklungen auch längerfristige Trends zur rationellen Energieverwendung vorgestellt.