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Aims: The aim of this study is to investigate the p-toluene sulphonic acid (p-Ts.OH)- catalyzed reaction of racemic-azetidine-2,3-diones with enantiomerically pure cis and trans-4- hydroxy-L-proline in refluxing ethanol culminating in a synthesis of substituted novel 3-(pyrrol-1- yl)-azetidin-2-ones at the C-3 position. Methods: This work describes an alternative synthetic route enabling the tandem transformation of proline to pyrrole, followed by intramolecular chirality transfer to the β -lactams ring. Results: All four diastereomers of 3-(pyrrol-1-yl)-azetidin-2-ones could be achieved in good to excellent yield with high diastereoselectivity in a single-pot operation. Conclusion: This method can be applied to other activated carbonyl compounds and functionalized pyrroles can be obtained through an expeditious process.

Compounds with three membered rings experience greater strain than those with other ring systems. In general, the synthesis of small ring compounds, particularly three-membered molecules, faces major challenges because of the severe strain in this system. Moreover, microwaveassisted method creates a higher temperature due to the heat and radiation of a reaction mixture more rapidly than conventional methods. This paper reports the successful synthesis of threemembered heterocyclic compounds via microwave-assisted reactions. Microwaves have assisted in making three-membered compounds while inducing high energy to the reaction mixtures. No reviews have reported the synthesis of these types of molecules either by microwave or conventional procedure. In addition, the reaction of a few three-membered ring compounds to other products through the ring rupture method is also included. On this basis of the chemistry (formation and breakage) of three-membered compounds described here, this report can be considered novel, timely, and highly significant. This review may help numerous researchers for further study in this field as the synthesis and cleavage of three-membered ring structures using a microwave is a challenging objective.

Background: Edifice of C–N bond attained a very impressive position in organic synthesis as it unlocks avenues for offering nitrogen in organic molecules. As we know that water has emerged as a versatile solvent for the synthesis of a variety of organic compounds. Moreover, in accordance to green chemistry, using a very optimistic environment friendly solvent is the main concern for synthetic chemists. Thus, water always comes first in mind as a solvent of choice in appeal to environmentally benign solvents. The inertness of water and its property to dissolve maximum number of compounds, its abundant sources in nature, further embrace it as a crown. Recent years witnessed advancement in green chemistry, further forcing the organic chemists for selecting the solvent for the reaction, which will be less perilous for the mother nature. Material and methods: Thus, in present time, many reports have been available in literature, wherein water is embellished for performing organic reactions and synthesis of an ample amount of heterocyclic compounds. Therefore, there is a need of time to compile the latest research articles wherein water has been working as solvent to focus on C-N bond forming reactions. As among the heterocyclics, the compounds with carbon nitrogen bonds also possess a significant place due to their importance in medicinal and material science. Results: Thus, the present draft perceived some current and most impressive carbon-nitrogen bond forming reactions exploring water as a reaction media. Moreover, we have made efforts to include more application parts and synthesis of important biological nitrogen containing heterocyclic to be included in the present study. Conclusion: Thus, we have tried here to compile all the recent reports of C-N bond foration in water, which help the reviewers to have insight in to C-N bond forming reactions employing water as reaction media.

Abstract: More than two hundred years ago, taurine was first isolated from materials derived from animals. It is abundantly found in a wide range of mammalian and non-mammalian tissues and diverse environments. Taurine was discovered to be a by-product of the metabolism of sulfur only a little over a century and a half ago. Recently, there has been a renewed academic interest in researching and exploring various uses of the amino acid taurine, and recent research has indicated that it may be useful in the treatment of a variety of disorders, including seizures, high blood pressure, cardiac infarction, neurodegeneration, and diabetes. Taurine is currently authorised for the therapy of congestive heart failure in Japan, and it has shown promising results in the management of several other illnesses as well. Moreover, it was found to be effective in some clinical trials, and hence it was patented for the same. This review compiles the research data that supports the prospective usage of taurine as an antibacterial, antioxidant, anti-inflammatory, diabetic, retinal protective, and membrane stabilizing agent, amongst other applications.

Abstract: In the past few years, scientists have learned more about how the human body uses D-amino acids and how their synthesis occurs. This has rekindled interest in researching them. D-amino acids are known to be important in an extensive variety of physiologic operations taking place inside the human body. The correlation between these radicals and the physiology of human beings is that D-aspartate and D-serine affect nerve signalling. Along with these, several other D-amino acids have also been linked to adjusting acquired immunity and the outcome of the gut barrier. Importantly, several conditions, including psychosis and amyotrophic lateral sclerosis, as well as age-related conditions, including cataracts and atherosclerosis, have been linked to the existence of D-amino acids within the human body. Also, there is more and more evidence that radicals interpret a role in the cause, progression, and treatment of cancer. This article will review the many approaches to synthesizing D-amino acids and their impact on the environment, animals, and the human body. In addition, scientific information addressing the methods of cytostatic action of D-amino acids as well as their prospective applications in industry and medicine, is included in this article.

Aim: The synthesis of diverse N-substituted pyrroles utilizing rice malt is identified. The reaction of hexane-2,5-dione with various primary amines develops the intriguing pyrrole scaffold in moderate to good yields. Method: The reaction was carried out at room to ambient temperature in an extremely environmentally benign condition, without the need for any additional solvents or catalysts. Result: In the synthesis of N-derivatized pyrroles, several 1°amines, both cyclic and acyclic residue, have been accomplished. Conclusion: To the best of my knowledge, no study has been reported so far based on Paal-Knorr pyrrole synthesis utilizing rice malt as a catalyst and solvent.

Abstract: Heterocycles are organic compounds, the most important pharmaceutical skeleton widely distributed in nature. Many of them possess medicinal as well as pharmacological activities. Pyrroles are well-known five-member-privileged scaffolds with pharmaceutical potential. Pyrrole is the component of complex macrocycles, including porphyrins of heme and chlorophylls. Nowadays, the development of microwave-supported synthetic strategies for such biologically relevant heterocycles is an important objective. Microwave-induced pyrrole synthesis has become an environmentally benign route in organic transformation with reduced reaction time and high yields. This mini-review focuses on the eco-friendly microwave-induced synthesis of pyrroles, their derivatives, and their potential pharmacological applications, covering literature up to 2022.

Abstract: Tempol (TP) was introduced in 1960 by Lebedev and Kazarnovskii and is an excellent catalyst extensively used in the synthesis and oxidation of various reagents. 4-Hydroxy-2,2,6,6-tetramethylpiperidin-1-oxyl (TP) has also been explored against various disorders like inflammation, superoxide anion-influenced molecular linked behavioural modifications, radical capturing, cardio-protective, protective ocular damage, against skin burns, fibrocystic diseases, breast cancer prevention, respiratory infections, alopecia, and cerebral malaria, etc. This review article comprises five major aspects of TP namely (a) Approx. 25 different Synthesis schemes of TP (b) major reactions catalysed by TP (c) Therapeutic potential of TP. It also provides scientific information that supports the use of TP which may be proven as a “MIRACLE” drug for the treatment of numerous disorders namely in reducing the reactive oxygen species, superoxide mutases, vision disorders, cancer as well as in covid. It also possesses a significant role in minimising side effects in combination therapy. This review will be beneficial to researchers, healthcare, and academic professionals for further research.

In this work, the stereospecific synthesis of optically active cis β-lactams under diverse microwave-induced conditions using diverse solvents was reported. The effects of low tanδ values of the solvents are found to be more crucial than solvents with high dipole moments and dielectric constants. The results indicated that for the synthesis of β-lactams solvents with low tanδ and high dipole moment and high dielectric constant are necessary. Best of the knowledge this is the first report that examined the importance of tanδ values of the solvents in β-lactams synthesis.

Objective: Microwave technology, together with enzymatic catalysis, is a nature-friendly chemical synthesis method with low wastage of solvent and a good yield of the products. Methods: Enzymes from various microorganisms can be used in the biochemical processes of a wide range of compounds assisted by microwave irradiation. Results: In this work, the microwave-induced reaction of α-keto β-lactams by Baker's yeast in organic solvent was conducted to afford optically active cis and trans-α-hydroxy-β-lactams for the first time. Conclusion: These hydroxy compounds are the precursors of numerous natural products of medicinal significance.

Microwaves in the presence of enzymes are used to execute a number of reactions for the preparation of biologically active compounds. The success of microwave-induced enzymatic reactions depends on frequencies, field strength, waveform, duration, and modulation of the exposure. Enzymes under microwave irradiation become activated and this activation is sufficient to investigate simple to complex reactions that were not reported under these reaction conditions before. Enzymatic catalysis together with microwave technology and solvent-free chemical reaction is a nature-friendly procedure. The most interesting reactions that are performed by enzymes in the microwave are documented here with reference to examples that are related to medicinally active molecules.

The treatment of various pathological conditions in human beings involves the use of safe and efficacious drug substances. But there are different complications associated with the treatment of various disease states including drug resistance, adverse drug reactions, toxicity, etc. To minimize these problems, there is an urgent need to develop new therapeutics with suitable pharmacokinetic and pharmacodynamic properties. So, the organocatalytic methods are emerged as a potential synthetic tool to accelerate the design of new drug candidates with improved physicochemical and pharmacological properties, selectivity, and efficiency for the treatment of life-threatening diseases. Organocatalytic reactions refer to the chemical reaction that is accelerated by organic catalysts instead of using organometallic catalysts. Organocatalysts are more advantageous in comparison to metallic catalysts because organocatalysts are cost-effective, stable, efficient, non-toxic, readily available, and easy to handle. In addition to this, the organocatalysis method involves an eco-friendly reaction by minimizing the formation of by-products and reducing the chemical hazards. Organocatalysts are categorized into four classes such as Lewis acids, Lewis bases, Bronsted acids, and Bronsted bases. These catalysts are generally involved in various reactions mechanisms such as Aldol reaction, Diels–Alder reactions, Michael Addition and Knoevenagal reactions, etc. The utility of organocatalyst in synthetic chemistry results in the development of medicinally active compounds with diverse structural features.

Roland Institute of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Berhampur-760010, Odisha, India; Pharmacy Academy, IFTM University, Lodhipur Rajput, Moradabad-244102, Uttar Pradesh; Department of Mathematics and Natural Sciences, College of Sciences and Human Studies, Prince Mohammad Bin Fahd University, Al Khobar, Kingdom of Saudi Arabia; drbiswamohansahoo@gmail.com; bimalbanik10@gmail.com; bbanik@pmu.edu.sa Green Chemistry using Essential Oils as Synthons &nbsp

Faculty of Pharmacy, Pharmacy Academy, IFTM University, Lodhipur-Rajput, Moradabad 244102, Uttar Pradesh, India; Department of Mathematics and Natural Sciences, College of Sciences and Human Studies, Prince Mohammad Bin Fahd University, Al Khobar 31952, Kingdom of Saudi Arabia; Roland Institute of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Berhampur 760010 affiliated to Biju Patnaik, University of Technology (BPUT), Rourkela, Odisha, India; Email: abhishekt1983@gmail.com; bimalbanik10@gmail.com From both a medical and monetary perspective, antibiotic resistance is a major issue. Using too many anti-infection medications at once or not using them correctly causes this. The spread of resistance genes from one bacterial species or group to another exacerbates the problem. Despite the fact that there are evaluations of the literature concerning the antibacterial properties of EOs, there are not many reviews that center on synergism verified by quantitative microbiological investigation following brief treatment. Current issues with EO antibacterial complexes are discussed in this chapter. The leakage of cytoplasmic materials (DNA, RNA, and proteins), as well as the impact on proton motive force, are all discussed in relation to the impact of antimicrobials on cell wall, membrane integrity and permeability. The antimicrobial effects of terpenoids and terpene derivatives such monoterpene, diterpene, sesquiterpene, and meroterpene are also covered.

Roland Institute of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Berhampur-760010, Odisha, India; Pharmacy Academy, IFTM University, Lodhipur Rajput, Moradabad-244102, Uttar Pradesh; Department of Mathematics and Natural Sciences, College of Sciences and Human Studies, Prince Mohammad Bin Fahd University, Al Khobar, Kingdom of Saudi Arabia; drbiswamohansahoo@gmail.com; bimalbanik10@gmail.com; bbanik@pmu.edu.sa Sesquiterpenes from Essential Oils and Their Anticancer Potential

Abstract: Ecofriendly Indium catalyzed synthesis of organic compounds finds various applications in health sectors, electronics, semiconductors, and many more. An efficient co-catalyst and oriented catalyst behavior of Indium has become a choice for many organic transformations. Its compatibility with water, showing nontoxic and nonreactive action, proceeds the reactions with ease. Focus on Indium metal-mediated important organic transformations in water, is visible during the last decades, resulting in diverse organic compounds with excellent yields This present mini-review highlights some important indium metal-mediated reactions in water, for the diverse synthesis of important organic compounds.

Faculty of Pharmacy, Pharmacy Academy, IFTM University, Lodhipur-Rajput, Moradabad 244102, Uttar Pradesh, India; Department of Mathematics and Natural Sciences, College of Sciences and Human Studies, Prince Mohammad Bin Fahd University, Al Khobar 31952, Kingdom of Saudi Arabia; Roland Institute of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Berhampur 760010 affiliated to Biju Patnaik, University of Technology (BPUT), Rourkela, Odisha, India; Email: abhishekt1983@gmail.com;bimalbanik10@gmail.com The pharmaceutical, cosmetic, as well as food industries are the industries which employs. EOs as crucial constituent of prodrugs. These possess strong potential against cancer, infection as well as free radicals, but limits its use due to low stability, high volatility, thermolabile, degradation due to humidity or oxidation. Nano-medicines are the answer of these problems based on developing nano-formulation which effectively encapsulate the nanoparticles to overcome above mentioned problems. The potential of EOs as anticancer prodrugsis considerable but not fully exploited. This chapter focuses on the recent progress towards thepractical application of EOs in cancer therapy based on nanotechnology applications.

Faculty of Pharmacy, Pharmacy Academy, IFTM University, Lodhipur-Rajput, Moradabad 244102, Uttar Pradesh, India; Department of Mathematics and Natural Sciences, College of Sciences and Human Studies, Prince Mohammad Bin Fahd University, Al Khobar 31952, Kingdom of Saudi Arabia; Roland Institute of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Berhampur 760010 affiliated to Biju Patnaik, University of Technology (BPUT), Rourkela, Odisha, India; Email: abhishekt1983@gmail.com;bimalbanik10@gmail.com A potential source of herbal drugs and other therapies is herbal goods. Essential oil (EO) may possess therapeutic potential against SARS-CoV-2 due to numerous therapeutic properties, including antiviral activity. Due to its lipophilicity, EO can quickly penetrate through viral capsid results in burst. Moreover, EO typically possesses active constituents triggers numerous targets on virus predominantly entrance, translation and replication. They also have additional advantageous therapeutic effects on host's respiratory system shows anti-inflammatory, immunological modulation, bronchiectasis and mucolytic affect.This Chapter summarizes the potential essential oils which could be promising drugs for COVID-19 eradication. EO imparts many advantages as promising volatileantiviral molecules may be potential drug targets for the management of COVID-19, either alone/combination with other drugs. The aim of the currentreview is to shed light on the effective EO against viruses and its proposedpotential against SARS-CoV-2.

Faculty of Pharmacy, Pharmacy Academy, IFTM University, Lodhipur-Rajput, Moradabad 244102, Uttar Pradesh, India; Department of Mathematics and Natural Sciences, College of Sciences and Human Studies, Prince Mohammad Bin Fahd University, Al Khobar 31952, Kingdom of Saudi Arabia; Roland Institute of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Berhampur 760010 affiliated to Biju Patnaik, University of Technology (BPUT), Rourkela, Odisha, India; Email: varshat1983@gmail.com; bimalbanik10@gmail.com Due to the slow and steady nature of cancer's development, there is a great opportunity to implement preventative measures that centre on dietary and other environmental factors. Bioactive food components (BFCs) in the diet, in combination with essential oil, are a promising cancer chemoprevention method. This chapter explores the immense potential of EOs as treatment of choice against numerous cancer forms. We have detailed the several anticancer mechanisms that essential oils employ. This chapter also throws light a summary on the phytoconstituents found in essential oils and their efficacy against various cancers as reported on different cell lines. It also includes the synthesis of various cinnamaldehyde derivatives, Methyl Eugenol Derivatives, L-Cavone Derivatives, and other key Essential Oils.

Essential Oils in Chemistry and Medicine

Roland Institute of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Berhampur-760010, Odisha, India; Pharmacy Academy, IFTM University, Lodhipur Rajput, Moradabad-244102, Uttar Pradesh; Department of Mathematics and Natural Sciences, College of Sciences and Human Studies, Prince Mohammad Bin Fahd University, Al Khobar, Kingdom of Saudi Arabia; drbiswamohansahoo@gmail.com; bimalbanik10@gmail.com; bbanik@pmu.edu.sa Essential Oils as Raw Materials in the Synthesis of Anticancer Drugs

Faculty of Pharmacy, Pharmacy Academy, IFTM University, Lodhipur-Rajput, Moradabad 244102, Uttar Pradesh, India; Department of Mathematics and Natural Sciences, College of Sciences and Human Studies, Prince Mohammad Bin Fahd University, Al Khobar 31952, Kingdom of Saudi Arabia; Roland Institute of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Berhampur 760010 affiliated to Biju Patnaik, University of Technology (BPUT), Rourkela, Odisha, India; Email:varshat1983@gmail.com;bimalbanik10@gmail.com The volatile organic compositions known as Essential Oil (EOs) are extracted from aromatic plants. Synthetic antioxidants, namely BHA and BHT are hazardous to health, there is raising interest in EOs as herbal antioxidants. Hence, incorporating EOs to food ingredients directly or through packaged foods as well as edible coatings might be a viable solution to stop autoxidation lead to enhance its shelf life. Different evaluating EOs' antioxidant effectiveness is important because many commonly used "tests" are invalid and produce inconsistent results that might bias future research. This chapter emphasis the role of oxidative stress as well as ROS on human health at cellular, molecular level.It also emphasis on numerous reactive oxygen species, generation of ROS, positive and negative effects of free radicals as well as antioxidant potential of EOs. This chapter also includes the chemistry and Antioxidant (direct and indirect) potential of EO’s, different methods of its evaluation along with the few examples of EOs have been reviewed thoroughly. &nbsp

Faculty of Pharmacy, Pharmacy Academy, IFTM University, Lodhipur-Rajput, Moradabad 244102, Uttar Pradesh, India; Department of Mathematics and Natural Sciences, College of Sciences and Human Studies, Prince Mohammad Bin Fahd University, Al Khobar 31952, Kingdom of Saudi Arabia; Roland Institute of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Berhampur 760010 affiliated to Biju Patnaik, University of Technology (BPUT), Rourkela, Odisha, India; Email: abhishekt1983@gmail.com; bimalbanik10@gmail.com The use of terpenes as green solvents in extraction is explored in this chapter along with introduction to the solubility as well as environmentally friendly green solvents. In contrast with conventional solvents, the physical and chemical characteristics of such solvents have also been discussed. Apart from it applications with examples of EOs have been covered in this chapter along with challenges and future prospects of EOs as green solvents. Various green solvents used in Extraction of Bioactive Components, Multicomponent Synthesis, Catalytic Coupling Reaction and Biobased-solvents are included in this chapter.

Department of Mathematics and Natural Sciences, College of Sciences and Human Studies, Prince Mohammad Bin Fahd University, Al Khobar 31952, Kingdom of Saudi Arabia; Roland Institute of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Berhampur 760010 affiliated to Biju Patnaik, University of Technology (BPUT), Rourkela, Odisha, India; Email: varshat1983@gmail.com; bimalbanik10@gmail.com There are numerous uses for the Essential oil (EO) that are from herbal origin employed in food, cosmetic as well as medical industries. The current investigation included wide range of traditional methods i.e., solvent extraction, steam and hydro-distillation; hydro diffusion etc. techniques have been described. Green techniques employed in EO like Supercritical Fluid, CO2 Extraction, Instantaneous Controlled Pressure Drop Technology, Microwave Hydro Diffusion, Solvent-free microwave extraction, Ultrasound-Assisted Extraction, Turbo Distillation have been discussed with special emphasis on examples along with merits and demerits. Economic analysis of different countries all over the world has also been described. USA is leading importer and exporter of EO globally approx. 14-17 percent of global exporters. India is largest manufacturer of basil oil and peppermint oil globally.Modern methods are more advanced over conventional ones owing to less cost, time, energy, solvent as well as extraction time etc. The optimum way for rosemary oil extraction is hydrodistillation whereas oregano oil is efficiently extracted from Supercritical fluid extraction

Abstract Thiadiazole is a paradigm of five membered heterocyclic compound that contains two nitrogens and one sulphur as heteroatoms with molecular formula C2H2N2S. Thiadiazole is mainly present in four isomeric forms such as 1,2,3-thiadiazole, 1,2,4-thiadiazole, 1,2,5-thiadiazole and 1,3,4-thiadiazole. Out of these isomers, 1,3,4-thiadiazole has attracted remarkable attention in the field of medicinal chemistry. Some of the drugs containing 1,3,4-thiadiazole moiety are used clinically and are available in the market including Sulphamethizole (Antibacterial), Acetazolamide (Diuretic), Azetepa (Antineoplastic), Cefazolin (Antibiotic), Megazol (Antiprotozoal), Atibeprone (anti-depressant). Several greener approaches are applied for the synthesis of thiadiazole scaffolds including microwave irradiation, ultrasonic irradiation, grinding, ball milling technique, etc. These methods are eco-friendly, nonhazardous, reproducible, and economical approach. Based on these Green chemistry approaches, thiadiazole derivatives are synthesized from thiosemicarbazide. The functionalization of these heterocyclic compounds generates thiadiazole derivatives with diverse chemical structures. This review covers green synthesis, biological potentials, and structure activity relationship study of thiadiazole analogs.

The microwave irradiation method is applied for the efficient synthesis of pyrimidine derivatives. The synthetic protocol involves Knoevenagel condensation followed by Michael addition reaction and cyclization of equimolar quantities of aromatic aldehydes, ethyl cyanoacetate and guanidine in the presence of ethanolic NaOH solution to produce corresponding pyrimidine derivatives. The reaction mixture was allowed to reflux under microwave radiation at power level-2 for 7-12 min. The microwave heating technique offers a cleaner reaction with a shorter reaction time and improved product yield as compared to conventional synthesis. The newly synthesized compounds were characterized by their FT-IR, 1H NMR and LC-MS spectral data. All the synthesized pyrimidine derivatives were evaluated in vitro for their antitubercular activity in vitro by using the luciferase reporter phage (LRP) assay method. The antimycobacterial activity was determined in terms of the percent reduction in the relative light unit (RLU). The test compounds exhibited promising antitubercular activity against Mycobacterium tuberculosis H37Rv and clinical isolates, S, H, R and E resistant M. tuberculosis in comparison with the standard drug (isoniazid).