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Following an earthquake, abnormal travel demand causes traffic congestion and poses significant problems for relief efforts. Research on post-earthquake travel demand is essential for disaster management. An effective disaster management strategy ensures achieving sustainable development goals. This study focused on this critical period and analyzed post-earthquake trip decisions. The city of Elazığ, a region not at risk of tsunami, was used as a case study. A 6.8 magnitude earthquake hit Elazığ in January 2020. After the earthquake, data from 2739 individuals were collected by a household survey conducted face-to-face. The data were segregated into two categories, depending on the earthquake's intensity. The study used a binary logit model to examine the potential factors of trip decisions after an earthquake. The results showed that 75% of participants made at least one trip within 24 h after the earthquake. It was observed that household, building-and disaster-related attributes influence earthquake survivors' trip decisions. The initial location at the time of the earthquake was the most significant factor affecting trip decisions. It was also found that individuals who experienced the earthquake outside their homes in both datasets were more likely to make a trip. Additionally, the dataset with higher earthquake intensity had more significant variables affecting the trip decision. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Parking behavior depends on drivers' choice of parking type and willingness to pay for parking. Generally, the parking type refers to off-street and on-street parking facilities. The main factors affecting the preference for parking types are driver, vehicle, travel, and parking characteristics. Understanding drivers' parking type preference behavior and accurately modeling drivers' tendencies helps develop sustainable parking management policies. This study examines the parking preferences of drivers in Istanbul with binary logit models according to whether they pay for parking. The results of the models show that the number of factors influencing parking type preference is higher for free parking than for paid parking, including driver, vehicle, travel, and parking characteristics. Moreover, some factors in the models affect drivers' parking type preferences differently for paid and free parking. Namely, low-income individuals tend to use on-street parking when parking is free and off-street parking when it is paid. Conversely, individuals who drive small-size vehicles prefer off-street parking for free parking and on-street parking for paid parking. Individuals who prefer off-street parking for free parking expect shorter walking distances to the final destination and parking duration. On the contrary, individuals who choose on-street parking for paid parking anticipate shorter walking distances to the final destination and parking duration. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Road accidents involving pedestrians are frequent at urban signalised intersections predominantly due to unsafe pedestrian crossings. A good proportion of these accidents are occurring at T-intersection. This study aims at analysing pedestrian crossing behaviour at signalised T-intersections. Data is collected from five signalised T-intersections in Delhi, India, by using video recordings and a perception based questionnaire survey. Data is analysed using Chi-square, student t-test and Kendall's W hypothesis testing techniques. Significant variables are used to develop binary and ordinal logistic regression models. Results show that only a small percentage of pedestrians are abiding by the law to cross the road. Further a host of significant variables such as pedestrian demographics, trip purpose and state of the journey are significantly affecting crossing behaviour. The findings would be useful to improve pedestrians' safety and enrich the knowledge of pedestrian crossing behaviour at signalised T-intersections. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Autonomous vehicles are a proper option for children's school trips due to their high potential. Parents are the main decision-makers in choosing their children's school trip mode, and it is essential for policymakers to be aware of their behavior and willingness, especially when technology is not yet available to the public. Previous studies of self-driving cars (SAVs) have focused on the rejection or acceptance of this technology by adult users, while SAVs are an attractive option for students' educational trips. Few studies in this field emphasize the need to do it, but in the current study, unlike previous studies, the factors affecting the behavior of parents who are unable to make a decision in this regard have been investigated using mathematical modeling. The virtual link of the current study questionnaire (in six sections) was uploaded by the school principals in the educational groups of the selected schools with the parents after experimental questioning and correction. Data analysis shows that almost a high percentage of parents (29%) have not been able to give a definite opinion about whether or not their child uses autonomous vehicles. In this article (for the first time), the factors affecting the inability of parents to make decisions are studied. The binary logit model on the May 2021 questionnaire of parents of fourth to ninth-grade students in Kerman schools (1435 cases) has a correct estimation percentage of 77.1 and a good fit coefficient equal to 0.4. The estimated model shows that the behavioral characteristics and accidental history of parents influence their decisions. In the case of Kerman, parents who have a history of fatal accidents in close relatives and who have a high level of concern about the way they drive and the possibility of a high-traffic accident in public transportation have not been able to decide whether to reject or accept this technology.

The paper attempts to examine the factors that influence climate-smart adaptation (CSA) strategies. The study used binary logit and multivariate probit models to understand the dynamics and factors of agricultural households' behavioural decisions on CSA strategies. Based on the results of the binary logit model, the study indicated that factors such as access to extension services and training, gender, educational level, land ownership, access to irrigation, access to credit and crop damage level positively and significantly influenced farmers' decisions to use CSA strategies. Similarly, the results of the multivariate probit model reveal that factors such as educational level, access to extension services and training, and land ownership had significant impacts on the adoption of the majority of CSA strategies. To improve the intensity of CSA strategies, the study recommends expanding training and extension services to farming masses, the expansion of irrigation facilities and weather information at the farm level. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Forest tickets refer to a type of forest resource usufruct certificate characterized by "cooperative operation, quantification of rights and interests, free circulation, and guaranteed dividends". It is an important means to build a market-oriented mechanism for realizing the value of ecological resources. Incomplete information, based on field survey data from thirteen villages in eight townships (towns) in Sanming City, Fujian Province, China, and a binary logit model were used to explore the moderating effects of factors affecting farmers' willingness to participate in forest ticket trading, the heterogeneity of farmers, and social capital. We found the following: In an environment with incomplete information, farmers' willingness to participate in forest ticket trading is influenced by heterogeneity expectations, social capital, government propaganda, and individual family characteristics. There are certain differences in the influencing factors and degree of farmers' willingness to participate in forest ticket trading among different groups of farmers with different levels of education and part-time employment. Social capital can strengthen the positive impact of income expectations and policy sustainability expectations, and alleviate the negative impact of risk expectations. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This paper aims to comprehensively define village social capital, assess its multifaceted dimensions in relation to farmers' entrepreneurial decision-making, and investigate the mediating role of rural development. The research sample consists of 14,133 farmers selected through a multi-stage proportional-to-size unequal probability sampling method. Data collection was carried out using questionnaires as part of the "Chinese Thousand Village Survey" project. Empirical analysis was conducted using binary logit and basic linear regression models, supplemented by probit models and other robustness testing methods. The findings indicate that village social capital exerts a significant and favorable influence on farmers' entrepreneurial decision-making. Controlling for other variables, a unit increment in farmers' village social network, village social participation, and village social trust is associated with a respective increase in farmers' odds of entrepreneurial decision-making by 3.96, 5.42, and 16.28%. Village social trust emerges as the most influential factor. Additionally, rural harmony and rural economy partially mediate the relationship between village social capital and farmers' entrepreneurial decision-making. This study contributes to a deeper understanding of the complex interplay between village social capital and farmers' entrepreneurial decision-making, offering valuable guidance for farmers looking to leverage village social capital in their entrepreneurial endeavors. It lays a theoretical foundation for relevant entities to strengthen village social capital and cultivate a supportive environment for rural entrepreneurship. To our knowledge, this paper is among the earlier studies that investigate farmers' entrepreneurial decision-making. Besides, the relationship between village social capital and rural development is rarely studied in the literature as two determinants of farmers' entrepreneurial decision-making. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The automotive industry continues to grow rapidly with technological developments. Vehicles are being equipped with new software and sensors which assist drivers. People have become familiar with the L1 and L2 vehicles with advanced driver assistance systems. However, the idea of full automation is still new to most people. In Türkiye, AVs are not present on roads. Thus, neither pedestrians nor drivers have been in interaction with AVs yet. This study investigates the preliminary perception of AVs among road users in Türkiye. The data were collected via a face-to-face survey. A binary logit and a random forest model were used to identify the critical factors in the positive attitudes toward AVs. Binary logit and random forest models resulted in similar findings. Age, education level, people who would feel safe driving in an AV, and who believed that urban traffic congestion would decrease were positive about AVs. The random forest model showed the same accuracy when the two models were compared. Most public opinion studies about AVs have been investigated in developed countries. It is believed that this study will help to understand the perception of AVs in developing countries. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Copyright of Revista de Economia e Sociologia Rural is the property of Sociedade Brasileira de Economia e Sociologia Rural and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

The 'Integrated Township Project' is an urban development policy scheme by the Government of India to promote mixed land-use and result in reduced trip lengths. This study examines the prevalence of short work trip length scenario and the factors influencing the residential location choice at the Megapolis Township (MGT), Pune, India. The mean work trip length worked out from the trip data collected from individuals working at some of the employment centres in the MGT does not certify the short work trip length scenario as expected. With the help of a Stated Preference (SP) survey data administered on these individuals and the land-use data of Pune, a binary logit model is developed. Mixed land-use, house rental value, household size, and car ownership are found to be the significant factors influencing the residential location choice. This study infers that the promotion of mixed land-use through Integrated Townships coupled with the regulation of house rental prices within the townships can help in reducing work trip lengths. As an alternative to the regulation of house rental prices, provision of incentives to attract the individuals (working at various employment centres in the township) to reside within the township may help in reducing the work trip lengths and thus aid the process of sustainable urban land-use and transport growth. Hence, this study calls for necessary attention regarding the regulation of house rental values or alternative strategies at Integrated Townships to promote short work trip length scenario from policy makers involved in urban infrastructure and transport planning. • Shorter trip length scenario at an Integrated Township in Pune, India, is examined. • The mean work trip length obtained do not indicate shorter work trip lengths. • Residential location choice preference surveys are conducted. • Binary logit model shows factors influencing residential location choice. • Regulation of house rent is expected to promote shorter work trip length scenario. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In order to create sustainable conservation policies for biodiversity, it is imperative that participatory forest management (PFM) be assessed. Forests contribute to the sustainability of the planet by controlling soil erosion in agricultural areas and by moderating the effects of climate change. However, Ethiopia's forest resources have been under intense pressure because of the increased demand for wood products and agricultural conversion. As one of the potential solutions, the PFM programme was implemented in 1990. This study set out to investigate the effects of the PFM programme on land use and land cover (LULC) in the Alle district of southwest Ethiopia, as well as the variables influencing community involvement and the obstacles to PFM implementation and community involvement. Changes in forest cover were detected using Landsat images from 1992, 2012, and 2022 obtained from Thematic Mapper (TM), Enhanced Thematic Mapper (ETM+), and Operational Land Imager (OLI). Images were obtained during the dry season and were cloud-free. A total of 240 respondents were chosen by means of a straightforward random sampling technique, and survey data were collected using questionnaires, interviews, and field observations. Data were analyzed using ArcGIS 10.5, ERDAS Imagine 2015, SPSS version 20, and Excel 2010. The change in forest cover shows an increasing trend from 2012 to 2022. Again, grassland and wetland coverage in this study decreased rapidly. In the years 2012–2022, forest land increased from 462.7ha (74.8 %), to 569.8ha (92.1 %), while, the agricultural land, grassland, and wetland were reduced from 109.5ha (17.7 %) to 37.8ha (6.1 %), 31.9ha (5.2 %) to 0.0ha (0.0 %); 14.1 ha (2.3 %), to 10.8 ha (1.7 %) respectively. There have been beneficial developments in the forests over the last 30 years. The binary logistic regression model disclose that, land ownership had a negative impact on forest management participation, while other factors such as gender, education level, family size, TLU, access to credit, training, and law enforcement had a positive and significant (p

Environmental, social, and governance (ESG) reports in the synergy of the accounting system of the company. In building a system for ESG reporting, it is necessary to comply with valid transnational and national levels and at the same time create a system that will be able to fulfil its tasks in the future. This study presents an analysis possibility of using the company's accounting system for the efficient creation of ESG reporting. The paper presents the focused on the investigation of factors that influence the tendency to using the financial data for effective ESG reporting. Next step of the conducted analysis was the estimation of individual model to investigate specific factors and to identify differences between selected companies of food industry in region of western Slovakia. We used Binary logit model for estimated, based on the data coming from questionary survey in selection company. In this study strongly significant variable DocFA with a positive effect on the dependent variable referred to the agreement of respondents to use documentation from financial accounting for effective ESG reporting. For instance, respondents from the selected western region of Slovakia in the field of food industry have an 82% higher chance of using this documentation for effective ESG reporting. Significant variable AccountS is strongly significant (p-value less than 0.01) in selected companies in western region of Slovakia in field of food industry, which has positive impact to use financial data for effective ESG reporting.

Food is an essential requirement for human survival, growth, and health. Despite the fact that the right to be free from hunger is the most fundamental human right that can be achieved, a substantial number of people worldwide experience food insecurity. This study examined the factors that influence household food insecurity and the coping mechanisms adopted by households during food crises in the Offa district, southern Ethiopia. This study included 144 households from three kebeles, and the interview schedule method was used to collect data from the respondents. Descriptive statistics were used to describe the characteristics of households and coping techniques used during food scarcity. Statistical methods, such as the chi-square test and t-test, were used to compare food-secure and food-insecure sampling households in relation to the explanatory variables. The Food Consumption Score (FCS) method was used to determine the level of household caloric availability. Determinants of food insecurity were identified using a binary logit model. The empirical model consisted of 11 explanatory variables. Off-farm income, educational level of the family head, access to credit, livestock ownership, dependence ratio, cultivated farm size, extension services, and technology adoption were found to be statistically significant in determining food insecurity. Coping strategies used by households, such as limiting food intake, borrowing money, rationing money, and skipping meals have been discovered. Based on these findings, it is suggested that all pertinent bodies prioritize improving rural farmers' incomes, promoting extension services, encouraging access to basic education, promoting off-farm and non-farm employment opportunities, and introducing livestock development packages to improve food security for rural households.

In practice, parking regimes for different parking types (on-street, off-street and garage) are introduced independently, leading frequently to inefficient utilization. The aim of the paper is to show that in areas with different public parking types, integrated parking management is needed so as to utilize available capacities evenly. To demonstrate this, we determined the factors impacting parking type choice, and then the importance and intensity of parking measures thereon. Empirical data collected by interviewing on-street and off-street parking users were used to develop a binary logit model showing the most important parking type choice parameters: on-street time limitation, and on-street and off-street parking prices. Reduced time limitation was found to decrease on-street parking probability while increasing off-street parking probability. Also, price increase for one parking type reduced the probability of choosing that particular type and increased opting for alternative type. Moreover, a synergy effect of integrated parking management was demonstrated. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In the context of China's forest rights reform, promoting forest land circulation is the key to revitalizing forest land resources and promoting the development of the forestry industry. Based on the theoretical analysis of the effect of farmers' cognition on forest land transfer behavior, data from 790 farmers in typical areas of Chengdu were used for empirical testing with the binary logit model. At the same time, the effects of the cognitive differences of the farmers with different education levels on forest land circulation are discussed. Finally, appropriate instrumental variables were selected to modify the model, and the IV probit model was used to test the endogeneity of the model. The results showed that the (1) farmers' cognition had a significant positive effect on the forest land transfer behavior. Among them, in the order of the degree of impact, were the following: ecological cognition, policy cognition, risk cognition, social regulation, and benefit cognition. (2) Among the groups with different education levels, farmers with lower education levels will consider more aspects than farmers with higher education levels when choosing to transfer forest land. By broadening the research into the cognitive composition of farmers, this study deepens our understanding of the influence of farmers' cognition on forest land transfer behavior. Moreover, it is found that Chinese farmers have strong ecological rationality in addition to economic rationality, and ecological cognition plays a greater role in forest land transfer behavior than benefit cognition, which is of considerable significance for further research on forest land transfer behavior. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

After three years of COVID-19 lockdown and restrictions, mobility seems to have returned to normality. However, the pandemic has left changes in the mobility patterns of the Madrid Region produced by new trends emerging from COVID-19. This paper analyzes these changes, focusing on the impacts on public transport use, the effects of telematic activities and the influence of home relocation. The basis of the analysis is a survey conducted from November to December 2022, with more than 15,000 valid responses. The results show that public transport lost 6% of trips. These trips have different transfer rates depending on their geographic location. In the City Center, the majority transferred to active modes. However, the car attracted most of these trips in the Metropolitan Ring. These changes in mobility patterns are partly a consequence of the increase in telematic activities. Teleworking has increased by more than 20% in the Madrid Region and has caused changes in trips per week and trip purpose. In addition, teleworking has caused 18% of home relocations to peripheral zones of the region. This paper investigates through statistical analysis which sociodemographic and spatial factors explain the differences in mobility impacts throughout the zones of the Madrid Region. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Copyright of Agricultural Outlook (1673-3908) is the property of Institute of Agricultural Information, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Growing population and car dependency in developing countries have led to congestion that adversely affects the environment, travel time, trip cost, accidents, and public transportation reliability. Through implementation of travel demand management (TDM) policies, governments and policymakers aim to reduce private vehicle dependency and encourage people to use public transportation. Light rail transit is an important part of an attractive public transport. Rail transportation systems, though offer many potential benefits, are a major financial challenge for governments because of the high capital and operation costs. Therefore, passenger behavior must be determined before a new system is introduced. Using a stated preference (SP) questionnaire, private car users' behavior in Tehran's universities has been investigated to determine the explanatory factors affecting the modal shift to urban light rail transit (LRT). A binary logit model estimation results showed that men are less likely than women to shift toward LRT because they rely more on their private cars. It was the provision of free on-street parking at destinations and the frequency of using private cars on a weekly basis that had the most negative effect on LRT modal shift, demonstrating the critical role that implementation of TDM policies could play. Moreover, reduction in travel time by LRT has the most positive impact on modal shift toward LRT among private car users. As an interesting finding, marginal effect values indicate that a 10% reduction in travel time (0.32) has a greater impact than the possibility of sitting 50% of the travel time (0.25) on the likelihood of modal shift to LRT. Furthermore, the probability of modal shift to LRT will be reduced by 0.12 units for each unit increase in car ownership. In addition, owning a driver's license was also negatively correlated with LRT modal shift and decreased the likelihood by 0.27. This research will facilitate the decision-making and planning for future transportation systems to increase LRT's utility for potential users.

Forest tickets refer to a type of forest resource usufruct certificate characterized by “cooperative operation, quantification of rights and interests, free circulation, and guaranteed dividends”. It is an important means to build a market-oriented mechanism for realizing the value of ecological resources. Incomplete information, based on field survey data from thirteen villages in eight townships (towns) in Sanming City, Fujian Province, China, and a binary logit model were used to explore the moderating effects of factors affecting farmers’ willingness to participate in forest ticket trading, the heterogeneity of farmers, and social capital. We found the following: In an environment with incomplete information, farmers’ willingness to participate in forest ticket trading is influenced by heterogeneity expectations, social capital, government propaganda, and individual family characteristics. There are certain differences in the influencing factors and degree of farmers’ willingness to participate in forest ticket trading among different groups of farmers with different levels of education and part-time employment. Social capital can strengthen the positive impact of income expectations and policy sustainability expectations, and alleviate the negative impact of risk expectations.

Abstract This study uses eye-tracking metrics to quantify the visual attention given to differentiation attributes in specialty coffees. Two Discrete Choice-type experiments were developed using the packaging as a stimulus to analyze visual attention and the probability of choice for each attribute. Experiment 1 (466 observations) included the evaluation of the attributes price, brand, coffee variety, organic label and origin. Experiment 2 (279 observations) tested price, score, altitude and roast. Experiments 1 and 2 revealed that the use of the Time Fixation Duration (TFD) and Visit Count (VC) metrics were efficient in evaluating the effect of visual attention on the choice of each attribute present in the packaging. In experiment 2, the Time to First Fixation (TFF) and the willingness-to-pay (WTP) metrics were also significant, the latter of which had a value higher than the highest price indicated by the retailer. The packaging label could be considered a first potential activation regarding the novelty that these attributes represent, and the findings of this study can direct the efforts of the coffee industry to educate its customers about the main quality attributes related to the consumption of specialty coffees that are still poorly understood, but which may generate future profitability.

This study assesses the determinants of farmers' participation in training at Farmers' Training Centres (FTCs) in Northwest Ethiopia. It employed a mixed-methods research approach. The binary logistic regression and thematic methods of analysis were used to analyse the quantitative and qualitative data, respectively. The study reveals that years of schooling, land and mobile ownership, access to farmer-to-farmer extension services, membership in the Kebele cabinet, and a fair competency level of development agents were significant determinants. This study adds psychological and institutional variables to the existing literature as determinants of participation in training. It also integrates the quantitative and qualitative data to triangulate and validate the findings obtained. The study recommends that capacity building, information and communication technology (ICT), and land tenure system are the main areas of policy intervention for the government and other stakeholders to act on to promote farmers' participation further in agricultural training programs in Ethiopia. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This study was designed to examine the trends of LULC transformation and driving forces over the last 35 years (1986 – 2020) in Bako Tibe District, Ethiopia. Results showed that cultivation and shrubland were dominant covering more than two-thirds of the total area. Trend analysis showed that cultivated land (33.26%) and built-up area (2.71%) increased over the years. In contrast, wetland, shrub and grassland had declined by 13.04%, 13.7% and 7.35%, respectively. The majority (96%) of respondents perceived expansion of cultivated land (81.1%) and wood extraction (73.6%) as principal proximate drivers while population growth (92.6) as the underlying factor. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Empowering rural women economically helps to ensure gender equality, the well-being of nation and the basic needs of a family. This study was conducted to figure out factors affecting rural women economic empowerment endeavors of development practitioners in Wolaita Ethiopia. Multi-stage sampling techniques were used to obtain a sample size of 100 rural households. Data were collected using cross-sectional semi-structured questionnaire, which were analyzed by descriptive and binary logit model. Rural women economic empowerment index was calculated to measure dependent variables. The index result showed that 69% of the households scored less than 0.5, and thus were considered economically not empowered. The binary logit model result revealed that age of women, marital status, educational level, perception toward economic empowerment, motivation, income, participation in decision-making and participation in leadership positively and significantly affected rural women economic empowerment. It is recommended that existing programs and strategies should be reviewed and new ones should be designed to effectively improve the situation of rural women economic empowerment. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

With the growing demand for transportation and cargo between cities, the proportion of heavy vehicles in freeway traffic has been increasing in Iran and worldwide during the past decade. The impact of heavy vehicles on crash severity has long been a concern in the crash analysis literature for the prevalence of crashes in freeway traffic. The purpose of this study is to investigate the contribution of heavy vehicles to freeway crashes and uncover other causal factors. Using the comprehensive crash and traffic data from the Qazvin–Tehran freeway in Iran, from 2013 to 2018, 1350 crashes involving heavy vehicles were extracted regarding the weather conditions, weekday, main cause of the crash, driver gender, and culprit side. Considering crash severity calculation, the applied coefficient weights in this study for a person were considered as 3 for an accident resulting in injury and 5 for a fatal crash. A binary logit model was estimated using the data to determine if there was a significant correlation between recognized factors and the likelihood of the crash. The logit modeling results clearly illustrate important relationships between various risk factors and occupant injury, in which heavy vehicles were recognized as one of the most important factors in this study. Other variables associated with crash severity were weather conditions and driver attention. Results indicate that the number of crashes is simultaneously dependent on the total vehicle volume and average speed of heavy vehicles. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The determinants of mode choice of interregional transport of fish, which is highly perishable, vastly differ from that of other commodities. These determinants are to be identified to improve transport efficiency. A questionnaire survey of shippers is used to collect the data. Highly correlated observed variables are combined to form four latent factors by factor analysis to reduce the errors in modelling. Logical relations among the component variables of latent factors are perceived, and mathematical formulations are used to estimate new variables. It is found that transportation costs and shipment weight contributes to factor 1, while distance contributes to factor 2. However, transportation costs are associated with distance and shipment weight. Thus, the variable, transportation cost per q-km, is estimated. Survey respondents' attitudes are also incorporated into modelling by including qualitative factors obtained by the factor analysis of shippers' preference ratings. A latent class analysis confirmed the existence of heterogeneity among ship-pers. Misrepresentations of effects occur in modelling if the heterogeneity in the data is not considered. No studies have found the best combination of observed variables, latent factors, estimated variables, and qualitative factors, consider-ing shippers' heterogeneity in freight mode choice. Hence, this study is done to find the optimum modelling strategy. Modelling revealed that models built with estimated variables outperformed those built with latent factors. Including qualitative factors along with observed variables and estimated variables showed further improvement. However, the model that includes observed variables, estimated variables, and qualitative factors considering shippers' heterogenei-ty is the best. It was found that the mode selection behaviour of different latent classes of shippers is distinct. A mode shift from road to rail could be achieved by lowering transportation costs and increasing speed, reliability, and safety for fish transport. Expanding roll on–roll off facilities, dedicated freight corridors, parcel trains, refrigerated contain-ers, and piecemeal service by rail promote a mode shift from road to rail and reduce energy usage.

Road traffic deaths continue to rise, reaching 1.35 million in recent years. Road traffic injuries are the eighth leading cause of death for people of all ages. Note that there is a wide difference in the crash rate between developed and developing countries and that developed countries report much lower crash rates than developing and underdeveloped countries. World Health Organization reports that over 80% of fatal road crashes occur in developing countries, while developed countries account for about 7% of the total. The rate of road crashes in developing countries is higher than the global average, despite some measures reducing deaths over the last decade. Numerous studies have been carried out on the safety of urban roads. However, comprehensive research evaluating influential factors associated with rural crashes in developing countries is still neglected. Therefore, it is crucial to understand how factors influence the severi-ty of rural road crashes. In the present study, rural roads in Mazandaran province were considered a case study. The Crash data collected from the Iranian Legal Medicine Organization covers 2018 to 2021, including 2047 rural crash-es. Dependent variables were classified as damage crashes and injury-fatal crashes. Besides, independent variables such as driver specifications, crash specifications, environment specifications, traffic specifications, and geometrical road specifications were considered parameters. The logit model data indicate that factors associated with driver and crash specifications influence rural crashes. The type of crashes is the most critical factor influencing the severity of crashes, on which the fatal rate depends. The findings suggested that implementing solutions that minimize the effect of the factors associated with injury and death on rural roads can reduce the severity of crashes on rural roads that share the same safety issues as the case study. Further studies can also be conducted on the safety and mechanics of the vehicle by focusing the research on the types of vehicles and the sources of the damage.

This study examined the adaptation level of climate-smart agricultural (CSA) practices among the farmers and the factors influencing the adoption of CSA practices in the Fujian Province, China. In this study, questionnaire survey data was analyzed, and 600 respondents were randomly selected as sample through randomly sampling technique. Descriptive statistics, adoption level index (ALI), and binary logit model were used for data analyses. These results indicated a moderate adoption level of CSA practices in the Fujian Province. Use of improved varieties, conservation tillage, fallow cropping, new technology, and intercropping were prevalent CSA practices among the farmers in the study area. In addition, farmers were not very interested in using herbicides on their farmlands, and only 20% of the respondents used herbicides in the Fujian Province. Except for Nindge village in the Fujian Province, all other studied villages have adapted to using organic fertilizer (around 50% of total respondents). However, more than 60% of respondents have claimed they still use chemical weed/insect/disease control in their farmlands. Age and working experience of farmers were the most influencing factors affecting the increase in the adoption of CSA practices among the farmers, and to the results of the binary logit model, education was not significant. Landholding, loan access, and access to agricultural extensions and organizations considerably impacted the adoption level of CSA practices among the farmers in the Fujian Province. Finally, this study will be helpful to decision-makers to make appropriate decisions to minimize the impact of climate change on agriculture and improve the standard of human life and food security. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Turning vehicle maneuvers highly influence vehicular safety at uncontrolled T-intersections due to their complexity and the inattentive behaviour of vehicle drivers. It was observed that the drivers while maneuvering from a minor road to a major road (viz., left-side driving in an Indian context) were distracted from conventional driving paths, which may considerably increase the risk of a crash. The present study examined the impact of various factors on driving path distractions. To fulfil the objective, a Binary Logit Model (BLM) and machine learning techniques, viz. Artificial Neural Networks (ANN), Support Vector Machines (SVM), and Random Forest (RF) models, were developed by considering driving path distractions as a dependent variable and the remaining set variables as independent variables. The model results revealed that driving path distractions are highly sensitive to the turning vehicle type, maneuvering speed of turning vehicles, running speed of through vehicles on a major road, through traffic volume, vehicle gap, waiting time, and right-turning traffic volume. Further, the study concluded that maneuvering speed, waiting time, and adequate available vehicular gaps significantly impact the behaviour of vehicular drivers when changing lanes. Field engineers could use the results of this study to start taking control measures at uncontrolled T-intersections. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

AbstractEmpowering rural women economically helps to ensure gender equality, the well-being of nation and the basic needs of a family. This study was conducted to figure out factors affecting rural women economic empowerment endeavors of development practitioners in Wolaita Ethiopia. Multi-stage sampling techniques were used to obtain a sample size of 100 rural households. Data were collected using cross-sectional semi-structured questionnaire, which were analyzed by descriptive and binary logit model. Rural women economic empowerment index was calculated to measure dependent variables. The index result showed that 69% of the households scored less than 0.5, and thus were considered economically not empowered. The binary logit model result revealed that age of women, marital status, educational level, perception toward economic empowerment, motivation, income, participation in decision-making and participation in leadership positively and significantly affected rural women economic empowerment. It is recommended that existing programs and strategies should be reviewed and new ones should be designed to effectively improve the situation of rural women economic empowerment.

Food security issues have become a critical concern and top priority for developing countries, particularly Ethiopia. To this end, the main objective of this study was to analyze the food security situation of households and their coping strategies among rural households in the Kembata Tembaro Zone, Kedida Gamela district. A systematic random sampling technique was used to collect data from 150 randomly selected sample households in the study area. This study used primary and secondary data collected through interview schedules, focus group discussions (FGD), key informant interviews (KII), and a review of various documents. Descriptive statistics and data analysis econometric methods were employed. Descriptive statistics revealed that 43.33% of the households had food security, while the remaining 56.67% were food-insecure. In addition to this, the results of this study revealed that households in the study area used different coping strategies in the time of food shortages, including the sale of livestock, the sale of productive assets, the receipt of remittances or food aid, the participation in small trade, the reduction in the number of meals, temporary migration, etc. Furthermore, the results of the binary logit model indicated that education level, sex of the household, age of the household head, cultivable land size, access to extension services, livestock ownership, and credit services were found to positively and significantly determine the food security of the household in the study area. To strengthen their resilience to food insecurity, households should be encouraged to diversify their income sources and generate both capital and social assets.

Given the continuity of Covid-19, the urban transportation system has undergone remarkable changes. Besides, increased risks related to crowded places together with social distancing measures in public and shared transportation probably affect the usual choices of vehicles by passengers. In the present article, by using questionnaire design and online questionnaire in Tehran, attempts have been made to estimate the use of internet taxis by people during the pandemic. To this end, in order to specify the factors affecting the use of internet taxis, ordered and dual logit models were established using 233 data obtained from online inquiries and based on the amount of use and changes in using them before and after Covid-19. The results indicate that Covid-19 pandemic has had a negative effect on the use of internet taxis. Increasing the petrol prices and the lack of parking places at the destination have positively encouraged the use of internet taxis. Moreover, people who own a car use internet taxi less than those who do not. The number of these people not using internet taxis has been also reduced after the pandemic.

Adoption of improved agricultural technologies can help achieve the two Sustainable Development Goals (SDGs) of no poverty and zero hunger by 2030. This study investigates the determinants of farmers' adoption of hand tractors in the HKH region of Pakistan using binary logit model. We also examine what facilitates and what impedes the adoption of hand tractor adoption using key informant interviews. Results show that household head education, farming experience, knowledge of hand tractor use, access to credit, extension contact, and trust in technology positively affect the adoption of hand tractor; however farm size is negatively related. The findings reveal that ethnic conflicts, political conflicts, elite capture in decision making, unavailability of functional community-based entities, weak extension-farmers contact, as well as weak inter- and intra-community linkages are key barriers affecting hand tractor adoption. Similarly, observed changes on neighbors’ fields, experiencing hand tractor on trial basis, communication networks, risk observations, and trust propensities motivate hand tractor adoption in the study region. Thus, to effectively disseminate improved agricultural technologies, policymakers should consider these factors.

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Growing population and car dependency in developing countries have led to congestion that adversely affects the environment, travel time, trip cost, accidents, and public transportation reliability. Through implementation of travel demand management (TDM) policies, governments and policymakers aim to reduce private vehicle dependency and encourage people to use public transportation. Light rail transit is an important part of an attractive public transport. Rail transportation systems, though offer many potential benefits, are a major financial challenge for governments because of the high capital and operation costs. Therefore, passenger behavior must be determined before a new system is introduced. Using a stated preference (SP) questionnaire, private car users' behavior in Tehran's universities has been investigated to determine the explanatory factors affecting the modal shift to urban light rail transit (LRT). A binary logit model estimation results showed that men are less likely than women to shift toward LRT because they rely more on their private cars. It was the provision of free on-street parking at destinations and the frequency of using private cars on a weekly basis that had the most negative effect on LRT modal shift, demonstrating the critical role that implementation of TDM policies could play. Moreover, reduction in travel time by LRT has the most positive impact on modal shift toward LRT among private car users. As an interesting finding, marginal effect values indicate that a 10% reduction in travel time (0.32) has a greater impact than the possibility of sitting 50% of the travel time (0.25) on the likelihood of modal shift to LRT. Furthermore, the probability of modal shift to LRT will be reduced by 0.12 units for each unit increase in car ownership. In addition, owning a driver's license was also negatively correlated with LRT modal shift and decreased the likelihood by 0.27. This research will facilitate the decision-making and planning for future transportation systems to increase LRT's utility for potential users. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Despite being mostly dependent on agriculture, farm households in Bangladesh frequently engage in non-farm income diversification activities in order to maintain or increase their standard of living. The aim of this study is to examine the factors that influence farm households' strategies and decisions regarding the accumulation of non-farm income. Multi-stage sampling was used to collect primary data from 139 farm households in the Rajshahi district in order to meet the study aim. Descriptive and econometric analyses were both used for data analysis. The descriptive data showed that around 80% of the respondents earned income outside of agriculture. The findings of the binary logit model demonstrate that family size, years of schooling of the household head, and lack of participation in local organizations have a substantial impact on respondents' decisions on diversification. The multinomial logit model examined how family size, local organization membership, and farm size affected factor diversification outside of farming. Furthermore, the household head's years of schooling, participation in local organizations, and distance to the closest product market were the main factors influencing their diversification strategy. Policy makers should provide incentives and training that further stimulates non-farm income generating activities of farm households to facilitate the continuing transition of the Bangladesh economy away from its primary reliance on agriculture to generate national income. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This study assessed how smallholder farmers perceive climate variability, what adaptation strategies they practice, and factors that determine their adaptation use in the Suha watershed, north-west Ethiopia. Both cross-sectional and longitudinal research designs were employed to obtain survey data from selected households and a long period of meteorological records from Ethiopia's nation metrological agency. A descriptive analysis was used to summarize farmers' perceptions, to see the actual seasonal/annual variability of rainfall and temperature, and to identify the different adaptation responses to climate variability. A binary logit model was mainly used to identify the determinant factors for adaptation responses. The descriptive statistics showed seasonal and annual rainfall variability across highland, midland, and lowland agroecology over the last three decades. The analysis model also indicated that the agro-ecological location of farmers, age, education, farm size, income from farming, access to information, extension service, and livestock ownership were the determinant variables for crop diversification strategy. Similarly, soil and water conservation as an adaptation strategy was positively influenced by the agro-ecological location of farmers, age, household head, educational attainment, family size, access to information, extension service, and livestock ownership. Besides, the agro-ecological location of farmers, academic status, farm income, and access to climate information were influential factors in practicing improved crop varieties in the watershed. However, the agro-ecological location of farmers and livestock ownership has negatively influenced on the practice of soil and water conservation in the watershed. This result is critical for context-based interventions in tropical highland settings, where dissected topography and convectively dominated rainfall could lead to local climatic variability. Therefore, taking an efficient adaptation measure to climate variability needs to consider the influence of different factors based on the agro-ecological zone of the farmers. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The increased threat of more frequent extreme climatic events (ECEs) poses significant challenges to household crops and livestock production, exacerbated by their weak adaptability. To explore ways to improve households' adaptation awareness and behaviors, a typical agro-pastoral ecotone on the northeastern Qinghai Tibet Plateau (QTP), Gonghe Sandy Land (GSL), was selected as the study area. This study analyses the impact of ECEs, and the adaptation measures taken by households, and innovatively includes the perception of government services from households in the factor system to identify the key driving mechanism of coping strategies. The results revealed that (1) 74.07 % of households experienced an extreme drought, and livestock production was 29.63 % more affected than crop production was; (2) households adopted different adaptation strategies with weather forecasts being the prevailing measure among households for crop (25.93 %) and livestock (42.33 %) production adaptation; and (3) different strategies are key to improving adaptive capacity. We found that production experience sharing, demographic and economic coordination, and early warning system and support by the government can increase farmers' awareness of adaptation strategies. While enhancing cognitive levels regarding measures, optimizing a household's health, rationally allocating assets, and increasing timely and stable government services can improve adaptive behaviors. On the basis of these findings, this study provides recommendations from the perspective of human well-being, with the aim to achieving the SDGs, enhancing regional climate change adaptation capacity and ensuring the safety and efficiency of crop and livestock production in the QTP. [Display omitted] • Extreme climatic events had severely affected crop and livestock production. • Adaptation of households in agro-pastoral ecotone of QTP is deficient. • Follow the weather forecast is the frequently-used, lowest-cost, simplest measures. • Experience share, socioeconomic trade-off, resource support raise adapts awareness. • Educate, health, asset allocate, government service raise adapts behavior. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The heightened food insecurity in urban settings has rekindled the debate over the promotion of urban agriculture (UA) as a sustainable alternative food supply source across the globe. This study, therefore, examines the determinants of urban residents' decisions to engage in UA and their choice of agriculture practices. Cross-sectional data was solicited from 430 urban dwellers through a multi-stage sampling technique. The data was analysed using descriptive as well as binary and multinomial logit regression models. The descriptive analysis shows that the cultivation of crops (34.7 %) predominates urban agricultural practices before crop-livestock integration (32.6 %) and livestock farming (32.6 %). The study identifies gender, age, religious affiliation, years of formal education, location of residence, household size, food insecurity status, availability of vacant land, extension access, and household income as significant determinants of urban households' decision to participate in UA. The multinomial logit regression analysis revealed that urban farmers' decision to practice only crop production is invariant between livestock-only production and integrated crop-livestock systems. When compared to the base category of the integrated crop-livestock system, the findings indicate that farmers' educational background, food insecurity, engagement in salaried jobs, location, extension, and credit access are the main drivers of the decision to practice either crop-only or sole livestock production systems. The findings of this study have useful implications for the formulation of UA programs based on the different farming systems practiced in the study location. • This study addresses a gap in the literature by examining factors influencing urban farmers' choices of farming systems. • Access to extension services encourages urban agriculture, necessitating their integration into urban planning. • Before crop-livestock integration and livestock farming, crop cultivation dominates urban agricultural practices. • Availability of vacant land in cities drives urban agriculture, requiring policies to allocate and preserve these lands. • Salaried employment is a major determinant of the decision to practice either crop-only or livestock-only systems. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In the context of China’s forest rights reform, promoting forest land circulation is the key to revitalizing forest land resources and promoting the development of the forestry industry. Based on the theoretical analysis of the effect of farmers’ cognition on forest land transfer behavior, data from 790 farmers in typical areas of Chengdu were used for empirical testing with the binary logit model. At the same time, the effects of the cognitive differences of the farmers with different education levels on forest land circulation are discussed. Finally, appropriate instrumental variables were selected to modify the model, and the IV probit model was used to test the endogeneity of the model. The results showed that the (1) farmers’ cognition had a significant positive effect on the forest land transfer behavior. Among them, in the order of the degree of impact, were the following: ecological cognition, policy cognition, risk cognition, social regulation, and benefit cognition. (2) Among the groups with different education levels, farmers with lower education levels will consider more aspects than farmers with higher education levels when choosing to transfer forest land. By broadening the research into the cognitive composition of farmers, this study deepens our understanding of the influence of farmers’ cognition on forest land transfer behavior. Moreover, it is found that Chinese farmers have strong ecological rationality in addition to economic rationality, and ecological cognition plays a greater role in forest land transfer behavior than benefit cognition, which is of considerable significance for further research on forest land transfer behavior.

This paper suggests policy implications for the mitigation of resident conflict in public rental apartment complexes in South Korea. Employing a nation-wide disaggregate dataset from the 2011 Korea Housing Survey for Public Housing Residents, we developed a probability model of the occurrence of conflicts among the residents in mixed-tenure public housings. The results showed that spatial configuration of dwelling units between rental and privately owned units, management system, and resident’s organization played important roles in the occurrence of resident’s conflict. The degree of spatial integration showed a significant relationship to the occurrence of residents’ conflicts in that two types of mixing (i.e., segregated and segmented) were positively associated with the increase in conflicts among residents, whereas the other two types (i.e., “line-mix” and “random-mix”) with higher levels of spatial integration had a negative association with it. Although both “line-mix” and “random-mix” can be considered as a type of spatial configuration with higher level of spatial integration, it was found that only “random-mix” was statistically significant. It is suggested that “a pepper-potted strategy” needs to be implemented to mitigate residents’ conflicts in mixed-tenure public housing developments in South Korea.

This study thoroughly investigates the influence of poverty-related characteristics of poor households, such as socioeconomic, livelihood and distance characteristics, on their decision to seasonally migrate from the Tharparkar district of Sindh province to nearby districts where seasonal livelihood and employment opportunities exist in irrigated agriculture. The study was carried out using multi-stage cluster sampling and data was collected through face to face interviews using a questionnaire. We estimated a binary logit model and subsequently tested hypotheses about the influence of those poverty-related characteristics on poor house- holds’ seasonal migration. Our hypotheses testing results exhibit that poverty among the households, existing in their low household income, indebtedness, child labour, lack of access to drinking water and health services, are the major factors behind seasonal migration. To encounter the adverse effect of poverty on seasonal migration, we suggested several policy measures overall related to food security, water availability and economic opportunities, such as access to interest-free credit, livestock marketing, and promotion of handicrafts.

The study aimed to examine the determinants of car choice in daily trips of the inhabitants of four Polish cities: Białystok, Gdańsk, Kraków, and Warszawa. Data from the Eurostat’s Quality of Life 2019 study was used to achieve this goal. The results of the empirical exercise revealed that the main factors affecting travel mode choice included the respondents’ socio-demographic characteristics. The perceived satisfaction with air quality, the city’s noise level, and public transport quality were found among the important predictors of car choice. The homogeneity of travel mode preferences at the city level was also analysed. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]