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3. Scalable Electrodeposition of Eutectic Indium Gallium from an Acetonitrile-Based Electrolyte for Integrated Stretchable Electronics

Author

Monnens, Wouter, Zhang, Bokai, Zhou, Zhenyu, Snels, Laurens, Binnemans, Koen, Molina-Lopez, Francisco, and Fransaer, Jan

Subjects
Physics - Applied Physics
Abstract

For the advancement of highly-integrated stretchable electronics, the development of scalable sub-micrometer conductor patterning is required. Eutectic gallium indium EGaIn is an attractive conductor for stretchable electronics, as its liquid metallic character grants it high electrical conductivity upon deformation. However, its high surface energy precludes patterning it with (sub)-micron resolution. Herein, we overcome this limitation by reporting for the first time the electrodeposition of EGaIn. We use a non-aqueous acetonitrile-based electrolyte that exhibits high electrochemical stability and chemical orthogonality. The electrodeposited material led to low-resistance lines that remained stable upon (repeated) stretching to a 100 percent strain. Because electrodeposition benefits from the resolution of mature nanofabrication methods used to pattern the base metal, the proposed bottom-up approach achieved a record-high density integration of EGaIn regular lines of 300 nm half-pitch on an elastomer substrate by plating on a gold seed layer pre-patterned by nanoimprinting. Moreover, vertical integration was enabled by filling high aspect ratio vias. This capability was conceptualized by the fabrication of an omnidirectionally stretchable 3D electronic circuit, and demonstrates a soft-electronic analogue of the stablished damascene process used to fabricate microchip interconnects. Overall, this work proposes a simple route to address the challenge of metallization in highly integrated (3D) stretchable electronics., Comment: The main manuscript contains 29 pages and 5 figures. The supporting information, attached to the document after the references, contains 8 pages and 8 figures. The manuscript is submitted to the journal Advanced Materials. Francisco Molina-Lopez an Jan Fransaer share the role of corresponding author

Published
2023
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32. Methanesulfonic acid (MSA) in clean processes and applications: a tutorial review.

Author

Binnemans, Koen and Jones, Peter Tom

Subjects
*SUSTAINABLE chemistry, *CHEMICAL stability, *METAL refining, *SULFURIC acid, *HYDROCHLORIC acid
Abstract

This Tutorial Review acquaints chemists and metallurgists with the properties and industrial applications of methanesulfonic acid (MSA, CH3SO3H). Over the past quarter-century, MSA has garnered increasing interest as a reagent for green chemistry due to its strong acidity, while circumventing many of the challenges associated with handling concentrated sulfuric acid, hydrochloric acid, or nitric acid. Concentrated MSA is a non-oxidizing reagent, exhibiting high chemical stability against redox reactions and hydrolysis, as well as high thermal stability and limited corrosivity towards construction materials. It is colorless, odorless, and possesses a very low vapor pressure. MSA combines commendable biodegradability with low toxicity. It is extensively utilized as a Brønsted acid catalyst for esterification or alkylation reactions, and is employed in biodiesel production. The high solubility of its metal salts, the high electrical conductivity of its concentrated solutions, coupled with the high electrochemical stability of MSA and its anion, make MSA-based electrolytes beneficial in electrochemical applications. Examples include the electrodeposition of tin–lead solder for electronic applications and the high-speed plating of tin on steel plate for food cans. MSA-based electrolytes are used in redox flow batteries (RFBs). MSA offers a much safer and environmentally friendlier alternative to electrolytes based on fluoroboric or fluorosilicic acid. A novel application area is as a strong acid in extractive metallurgy, where it may contribute to the development of circular hydrometallurgy. MSA is being explored in lithium-ion battery recycling flowsheets, as well as in other applications in the field of metal recovery and refining. However, this review is not solely about the advantages of MSA for green chemistry or clean technologies, as there are also some potential drawbacks. Apart from its higher price compared to regular strong acids, MSA has only minor advantages for applications where sulfuric acid performs well. Since methanesulfonate biodegrades into sulfate, the same emission restrictions as for sulfate should be considered. In conclusion, MSA is the acid of choice for applications where metal sulfates cannot be used due to poor solubility or where concentrated sulfuric acid is too reactive towards organics. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Published
2024
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35. Near-zero-waste processing of low-grade, complex primary ores and secondary raw materials in Europe: technology development trends

Author

Spooren, Jeroen, Binnemans, Koen, Björkmalm, Johanna, Breemersch, Koen, Dams, Yoko, Folens, Karel, González-Moya, María, Horckmans, Liesbeth, Komnitsas, Konstantinos, Kurylak, Witold, Lopez, Maria, Mäkinen, Jarno, Onisei, Silviana, Oorts, Koen, Peys, Arne, Pietek, Grzegorz, Pontikes, Yiannis, Snellings, Ruben, Tripiana, María, Varia, Jeet, Willquist, Karin, Yurramendi, Lourdes, and Kinnunen, Päivi

Published
2020
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