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In this study, we report on a sustainable, pure okra woven fabric made of 100% okra fiber and its physical, mechanical and dyeing behaviors. To ensure the feasibility of industrial applications, the fabric attributes have been compared with a similar construction of jute fabric which has worldwide commercial applications. Experimental results revealed that the tensile strength of okra and jute woven fabric was respectively 815.2 N and 918.893 N in the warp direction and 621.047 N and 658.2 N in the weft direction. Nevertheless, okra woven fabric outperformed jute fabric in elongation, with 16.34 and 8.449% in the warp direction and 11.856 and 7.342% in the weft direction, respectively. Okra fabric demonstrated greater tear strength, high stiffness and more abrasion resistant than jute one, while jute fabric presented more shrinkage than okra. The one-way analysis of variance (ANOVA) data of the mechanical properties of the woven fabrics displayed a significant variance in the tear strength, flexural rigidity, and shrinkage. Both fabrics have undergone alkali and enzyme treatments before dyeing. Compared to an alkali-treated fabric, the dyed one with enzyme treatment had stronger color retention properties. Both the colored fabrics exhibited improved color fastness properties, receiving Grade 3 in dry and wet conditions. Identical Fourier transform infrared (FTIR) spectra was found for similar treated colored fabrics of okra and jute. With this comparison, it can be stated that appropriate usage of available natural resources and environmental agro-wastes become vital materials for establishing sustainability and productivity in commerce. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The hydrophobic nature of wool caused by the surface lipid barrier impedes any wet processes of wool fibers. The conventional methods that utilize alkaline solutions for removing this lipid layer are deteriorative for the fiber. The use of enzymes in textile industry is one of the most rapidly growing fields in industrial enzymology because of eco-friendly and nontoxic characteristics. Therefore, this work is aimed at isolation of thermophilic strains from a soil sample in a hot region. The bacterial strain Bacillus aerius strain 24 K showed the maximum extracellular lipase activity (150 ± 1.03 U/ml) among the seven investigated strains. The locally produced thermophilic lipase enzyme was utilized in scouring as well as one-bath scouring and dyeing of wool. The effect of enzyme concentration, treatment temperature, and time on the dyeability of wool fibers with acid, reactive, and basic dyes was investigated. The results of this investigation proved that the extracted thermophilic lipase enzyme is an appropriate candidate for enhancing the dyeability of wool prior to the dyeing process. One-bath scouring and dyeing of wool were successfully conducted to save energy and water. Unlike the conventionally scoured wool, bio-scoured wool exhibits similar chemical composition and solubility parameters to those of untreated wool.

Effect of incubation period on lipase activity Effect of different incubation temperature on lipase production The influence of temperature on lipase production was studied at different temperatures (40, 45, and 50°C). Keywords: Wool; fibers; thermophilic; enzyme; lipase; bio-scouring; dyeing; ; ; ; ; ; ; EN Wool fibers thermophilic enzyme lipase bio-scouring dyeing ZH 9471 9485 15 11/21/22 20221220 NES 221220 Introduction Enzymes are bio-catalysts and are used in several industrial processes. Quantitative assay of lipase production Effect of incubation periods on lipase production The fermentation medium was inoculated with 5 mL of the spore suspension. [Extracted from the article]

In order to get the aesthetic look or making fibre to fabric for apparel purpose or for good quality hessians, sackings, bags, etc. one must do the pre-treatment processes like scouring, degumming, bio-scouring, bleaching, etc. This will enhance the efficiency, easiness and effectiveness during yarn making, fabric making, spinnability, dyeing, etc. In this work, study has been targeted to achieve finer, brighter and whiter fibre while maintaining the strength of the fibre. Four natural fibres namely Corchorus olitorius (Jute), Musa domestica (Banana), Linum usitatissimum (Flax) and Boehmeria nivea (Ramie) were undergone pre-treatment processes like scouring, degumming, enzyme treatment and bleaching in sequential manner. Lignin content, gummy matter and yellowness of the fibre goes on decreasing while fineness, whiteness and brightness kept on increasing with each subsequent chemical treatment and washing. The outcome of the work was the scoured, enzyme treated, and bleached jute, banana, flax and ramie fibre with enhanced fineness, smoothness and whiteness which can be further used for yarn and fabric making, dyeing and apparel preparation. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In the present study, we isolated and identified a new fungus, Aspergillus sp VM-1 from banana pseudostem waste. The fungal strain, Aspergillus sp. VM-1 was grown on a substrate (banana pseudostem, cottonseed hulls and cottonseed meal in the ratio of 60:30:10, respectively) for 7 days and the crude enzyme was extracted from the fermented substrate. The pectinase activity in crude enzyme extract was 551 (U/ml). The crude enzyme extracted from Aspergillus sp. VM-1 was evaluated for bio-scouring of non-spinnable cotton. The non-spinnable cotton taken in the study was short staple cotton (SSC), cotton linters (CL) and non-woven cotton fabric (NWCF). The maximum absorbency (2 s) in non-spinnable cotton was achieved under optimized process conditions: enzyme extract level (40%), temperature (40 ± 2 °C) and time (40 min). The quality parameters of bio-scoured cotton meet the Indian Pharmacopoeia (IP) standards. A solid state fermenter was designed to scale-up the crude enzyme production up to 30 l. This is the first report on bio-scouring of under-utilized short cotton fibres at lower temperature (40 ± 2 °C). The present study offers a simple and eco-friendly bio-scouring process as an alternative to toxic chemical scouring of under-utilized short staple cotton fibres. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

• Ct PME and Ct PL1B were used for degumming jute fiber and bioscouring cotton. • FESEM analysis showed smoother surfaces after mixed enzyme treatment than control. • Significant weight loss was observed after mixed enzyme treatment similar to NaOH. • Young's modulus increased after mixed enzyme treatment similar to NaOH treatment. • Ct PME and Ct PL1B can be an alternative to NaOH for the textile industry. Enzymatic processes are emerging as important green biotechnological processes in textile industry. The application of recombinant pectin methylesterase (Ct PME) and pectate lyase (Ct PL1B) from Clostridium thermocellum for enzymatic degumming of jute or bioscouring of cotton was evaluated. The effectiveness of processes by combination of two enzymes were evaluated that effective degumming of jute and bioscouring of cotton as compared with individual enzyme. The optimum concentrations of two enzymes mixture for both processes, degumming of jute and bio scouring of cotton were 5 mg/mL (2.1 U/mL) of Ct PME and 5 mg/mL (3.0 U/mL) of Ct PL1B under optimized conditions of 60 min, 100 rpm and 50 °C. FESEM images showed more effective removal of pectin from jute fiber and cotton fabric by enzyme mixture, nevertheless similar to NaOH treatment. Wettability analysis showed mixture of enzymes and NaOH treated cotton fabric absorbed a water drop in 10 s and 8 s, respectively. UTM analysis showed higher tensile strength and Young's modulus for jute fiber and cotton fabric treated with enzyme mixture than untreated and were similar to those of NaOH treated. These results showed that the Ct PME and Ct PL1B mixture can be used for replacing the chemical process by green bioprocess in textile industry. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In this study, the use of recombinant rhamnogalacturonan lyase CtRGLf in bio‐scouring of cotton and enzymatic degumming jute was evaluated. The best concentration for bio‐scouring of cotton and degumming of jute was found to be 12 mg/mL (3.2 U/mL) of crude CtRGLf. Cotton fabric treated with 12 mg/mL (3.2 U/mL) of crude CtRGLf took 30 s to absorb a drop of water while the CtRGLf untreated fabric took 40 min. The crude CtRGLf reduced the water absorption time of cotton fabric by 98 % after 45 min of treatment. FESEM images showed that crude CtRGLf (12 mg/mL; 3.2 U/mL), effectively removed the waxy compounds from the surface of jute fibres after 1 h of treatment. These results showed that CtRGLf is a potentially important enzyme for the textile industry. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Scouring is necessary for the loom state jute fabrics in order to make them suitable for dyeing and finishing by improving their wettability by removing non-cellulosic matters from the fiber. Scouring is carried out at the boil with a cocktail of caustic soda, detergent, and wetting agent, and the process is energy-intensive. In this work, bio-scouring of jute fabrics was carried out using four kinds of enzymes, Esperase 4.0T (protease), xylanase, and Alcalase 2.5 L (alkaline protease) in a combination with cellulase. The performance of scouring of jute fabrics scoured with various enzymes was evaluated by measuring their whiteness index, hydrophilicity, wettability, and dyeability, and was compared with jute fabrics scoured by the traditional alkali scouring method. The effect of bio-scouring on the weight loss and tensile strength loss was assessed. Of the enzymes investigated, the combined treatment with 50/50 mixture of Alcalase and cellulase provided the best performance in terms of improvement in whiteness index, hydrophilicity, wettability, and dyeability, but also caused the highest loss in tensile strength. The conventional alkali scouring caused higher weight and tensile strength loss compared to enzymatic scouring treatments investigated, but produced poor whiteness index and also poor color strength when the treated jute fabrics were dyed with a direct dye and two reactive dyes. The developed treatment could be used in industry as an ecofriendly bio-scouring process. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Biotechnology and eco-friendly technologies (ultrasound, ultraviolet, ozone, etc.) called as green chemistry play an important role in the field of environmental protection. In this study, the desizing and bio-scouring of greige woven linen fabrics with commercial enzymes in the one bath was performed by the aid of ultrasound energy. The five factors with three levels Box–Behnken response surface experimental design was chosen to study and optimize the influence of process variables, such as amylase concentration (0–1 g/L), laccase concentration (0–1 g/L), pectinase concentration (0–1 g/L), sonication time (20–60 min) and treatment temperature (30–70 °C), on the whiteness, lightness, weight loss and hydrophility properties of linen samples. The regression model provided an excellent explanation of the relationship among the independent variables and the response. The achieved results indicated that the efficiency of desizing and bio-scouring could be remarkably improved by the aid of ultrasound energy. Also enzymatic & ultrasonic pretreatment of linen fabrics provides thermal energy, time and chemical savings. The results obtained confirm that enzymatic & ultrasonic bio-scouring of linen fabric can be performed in three different ways depending on the required properties. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

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This paper is aimed at developing a method to optimize the wool‐scouring process with bio‐enzymes of Bacillus subtilis and Candida lipolytica. Good experimental conditions, first determined by single factor test, were the ratio of B. subtilis to C. lipolytica 1:4, temperature 40°C, pH 7.0, enzyme consumption 6%, bath ratio 1:35, and time 16 h. Based on these conditions, the Plackett–Burman design (P–B design) was used to determine the main influencing factors such as bath ratio, temperature, and time for enzymatic scouring. Then, a Response Surface Method (RSM) was used to optimize these factors, and the optimum parameters were solved with the quadratic regression equation: bath ratio 1:33.28, temperature 40.44°C, and time 18.11 h. Under these optimum conditions, the residual fat content in bio‐scoured wool was 0.75%. Furthermore, the wool surface was smoother and cleaner than the non‐optimized one. In addition, the lanolin was reclaimed as a valuable material in industry by centrifugation from wastewater, and it could reduce the content of organic substance to decrease the environmental pollution. Moreover, the residual lanolin, perspiration, dung, chaffy, short wool, and silt were utilized to make ecological organic fertilizer by compost treating. It could achieve the complex utilization of bio‐scouring wastewater. [ABSTRACT FROM PUBLISHER]

Abstract: In this study, we investigated the utilization of peracetic acid (PAA) formed in situ from reaction of tetraacetylethylenediamine (TAED) with sodium perborate to affecting simultaneous desizing and bleaching whereas cellulase, pectinase and their mixture were utilized to affect bio-scouring. In this regards, two parallel studies were designed, the first were, separate desizing either with PAA or ammonium persulphate followed by bio-scouring and PAA bleaching in one step. The second sets of experiments were involved one-step process for desizing, bio-scouring and PAA bleaching. Residual starch, fabric wettability, residual wax content retained tensile strength elongation at break and fabric whiteness index were taken as a measure of the extent of cotton desizing, scouring and bleaching. Results obtained show that, cotton fabric bleached with PAA and either cellulase or pectinase enzyme shows excellent wettability and acceptable whiteness index (WI). This indicated that the combination between PAA and either cellulase or pectinase enzyme did not detract from the effectiveness these enzyme towards bio-scouring or the effectiveness of PAA towards low temperature bleaching of cotton fabric. The optimum bleaching recipe consists of utilizing a bath containing 25g/L, TAED; 15g/L, sodium perborate; 2g/L, pectinase and 5g/L Egyptol® (non-ionic wetting agent) and the treatment was carried out at 60°C for 90min. Desizing with PAA prior to bio-scouring and bleaching enhances the WI to 73.5 the retained tensile strength remain at 85.5%. One-step process for desizing, bio-scouring and PAA was also feasible, which involved treatment the loomstate cotton fabric with the same recipe. Although, the fabric bleached with one-step process shows lower WI compared with two-step processes, but its wettability was excellent and no detectable residual starch was found. [Copyright &y& Elsevier]

Presently biotechnology plays an important role especially in the field of environmental protection. In the textile industry enzymes are often used in many technological processes as they are ecological. Flax fibres are special among textile raw materials due to their properties. Flax fibres, besides cellulose, contain non-cellulosic substances such as hemicellulose, lignin, pectins, waxes and fats. Lignin is the substance not desired in fibres. Enzyme such as laccase is active during the decomposing of lignin-cellulose complex. Hence, the research task attempts to apply laccase complex in the treatment of woven fabrics made of flax fibres. The aim of the research was to test the possibility and effectiveness of applying laccase complex produced by Cerrena unicolor strain in the scouring processes of linen fabrics. The tests performed proved that the pre-treatment with laccase complex from Cerrena unicolor provides a high level of water sorption capabilities in of linen fabrics. The results obtained confirm that linen fabric pre-treatment with laccase can be an alternative to traditional chemical scouring. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Pretreatments of wool fabrics with cationic, anionic or non-ionic surfactants were investigated to reduce surface tension and improve the wettability of the fibres in order to promote protease activity on the fibres in subsequent processes. Results showed that an ethoxylated alkyl phosphate (specific anionic surfactant) as well as the widely used non-ionic surfactant was compatible with proteases in the enzymatic treatment of wool. There is therefore a potential for using specific anionic surfactants to achieve efficient enzymatic scouring processes. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The article presents a case study that evaluates the advantages of enzymatic scouring on cotton properties. Among the properties examined were fabric weight loss, damage to fiber surfaces, dyeing properties, fabric hand, and pilling tendencies. Results show that enzymatic scouring with alkaline pectinase can be beneficial to the physical and chemical properties of cotton fibers since it causes less damage on the fabric and allows higher color depths during fabric dyeing.

Bio-scouring/half bleaching of cotton-containing knit fabrics was carried out on an industrial scale. A comparison between the traditional hot-alkaline scouring/half bleaching and the enzymatic scouring/half bleaching from product quality, economic as well as environment perspectives were made. The results detailed in this case study indicate that (1) the loss in fabric weight as well as the improvement in degree of whiteness are governed by the treatment method (i.e., hot-alkaline scouring/half bleaching > bio-scouring/half bleaching; (2) bio-scouring/half bleaching technique gives rise to better bleaching fabric softness, higher strength retention along with greater depth of shades; (3) the extent of improvement in fabric wettability follows the descending order: hot-alkaline scouring/half bleaching = bio-scouring/half bleaching > > untreated; and (4) the saving in materials and energy costs, the improvement in fabric properties as well as the reduction in pollutants concentrations (i.e., better wastewater quality are determined by the pretreatment technique and follow the descending order: bio-scouring/half bleaching > alkaline-scouring/half bleaching. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The enzyme application in the field of textile processing is a well-known fact. With the advent of neoteric technological implementations into the textile processing, a more detailed recital about the enzymatic applications adopted into textile scenario has been depicted. The eco-friendly drive currently in vogue coupled with pollution consciousness and consumer awareness has set the trend of increased knowledge base to adopt biotech, based processes and opportunities to be considered for implementation in almost all industries. Textile industry is among the forerunner to implement enzyme applications in its sectors. The major enzymes used in textile industries include amylases, cellulases, pectinases, proteases, peroxidases and laccases. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The classical procedure for cotton scouring generates pollution due to the chemical reagents used for pectin destruction. Up to now a number of solutions using enzymes as catalysts for pectin degradation have been proposed. The use of chemicals like ethylene diamine tetra acetate (EDTA), which are known as toxic, makes processes of bio-scouring unecological. We studied the possibility of replacing EDTA with a biodegradable compound, namely sodium citrate. The use of ultrasounds for improving the bio-scouring process is also illustrated. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]