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Summary This project aims to assess and analyse the perception and impact of the COVID-19 pandemic in Benin. The applied research methodology was interdisciplinary and combined field studies that used ethnographic and social research methods with coding and data analysis, leading to theoretical dilemmas, which were analysed from the viewpoint of bioethical reflection. Furthermore, biomedical engineering approaches were used to assess the preparedness to COVID-19. Despite the preparedness to COVID-19 due to the promoted governmental measures, a peculiar management of the pandemic emerged. The latter, although noteworthy, did not overcome the typical challenges of medical locations in low-resource settings. This, together with the controversial spread of information and local beliefs, caused significant economic and social consequences, exceeding the benefits related to the containment of the virus. This research highlights how the emotion of fear, in this specific situation, was herald of dramatic consequences, rather than having a heuristic and empowering effect.

Can transfusions of blood plasma slow down ageing or even rejuvenate people? Recent preclinical studies and experimental tests inspired by the technique known as parabiosis have aroused great media attention, although for now there is no clear evidence of their effectiveness. This line of research and the interest it is triggering testify to the prominent role played by the idea of combating the “natural” ageing process in the scientific and social agenda. While seeking to increase the duration of healthy living time may be considered a duty, it also raises ethical questions about how to pursue this goal. Specifically, therapies and techniques accessible only to a fraction of the population seem destined to exponentially increase social inequalityand to produce undesirable consequences. In this article we address the issue precisely in the light of the prospected use of plasma for the rejuvenation of a small elite of people.

New technologies have revealed previously unknown and invisible parts of the human body and made it visible at the molecular level, revealing in turn more detailed structures and arrangements than those which were previously available. In doing so, in many ways they refine, expand, and even completely overturn forms of contemporary knowledge. This book maps the shifts and blurring of boundaries in contemporary bioscientific discourse. The authors of its chapters trace the shifts of boundaries in terms of the gradual blurring of the validity of established concepts, interpretive frameworks, and standards of judgment, which are analysed from ontological, gnoseological, ethical, and social perspectives. At the same time, they also map the blurring of boundaries in terms of the interdisciplinary crossing of boundaries between various scientific and artistic disciplines. The shifting of boundaries ultimately forms a part of these boundaries’ definition; upon the basis of a rationally guided discussion, these shifts can be guided and corrected so as to avoid any irreversible damage. Jana Tomašovičová is a philosopher with a special interest in contemporary philosophy and bioethics. She analyses the impact of biotechnology on traditional social, ethical, and anthropological concepts and their relevance in new conditions. She is an associate professor at the Faculty of Arts, University of Ss. Cyril and Methodius in Trnava, Slovakia. During her bioethics research, she conducted short research stays at the universities of Bonn, Heidelberg, Tübingen, and Zürich.

This paper presents the results of a qualitative study based on semi-structured interviews of 10 expert patient advocates on several different issues around Advanced Therapy Medicinal Products (ATMPs). The interviews were conducted between February and May 2020 based on a guideline with a list of 8 topics that covered concerns about safety and ethics, access problems and limitations, pricing of ATMPs and educational needs for patient communities. Overall, the interviewees expressed a high degree of convergence of opinions on most of the topics and especially on the identification of the reasons for concern. Conversely, when asked about possible solutions, quite a wide range of solutions were proposed, although with many common points. However, it highlights that the debate is still in its infancy and that there are not yet consolidated positions across the whole community. A general concern emerging from all the interviews is the potential limitation of access to approved ATMPs, both due to the high prices and to the geographical concentration of treatment centers. However, patients recognize the value of a model with a limited number of specialized clinical centers administering these therapies. On the ethical side, patients do not show particular concern as long as ATMPs and the underlying technology is used to treat severe diseases. Finally, patients are asking for both more education on ATMPs as well as for a more continuous involvement of patient representatives in the whole “life-cycle” of a new ATMP, from the development phase to the authorization, from the definition of the reimbursement scheme to the collection of Real Word Data on safety and long-term efficacy of the treatment.

The CRISPR-Cas9 technique has been widely studied lately and has become a revolutionary tool in the field of genetics, especially in editions and therapies. This is a defense mechanism found in bacteria that cleaves a specific piece of DNA from the bacteriophage and aggregates it into the bacteria's own DNA. By studying the behavior and effectiveness of this technique in bacteria, scientists carried out studies for use in the laboratory and found that it could be used for gene editing in a general, more accurate and cheaper way. The biggest challenge in using CRISPR-Cas9 lies in the practicality of the technique in human beings, since there is a risk of misuse for selfish purposes that could bring a huge imbalance in society. The objective of this work is to point out the positive progress of gene therapy and the positive impact of a new innovative technique capable of bringing great benefits due to its simplicity in working on a large scale of genomes, facilitating the prevention of innate or acquired genetic diseases. A bibliographic survey of articles from up to 05 years ago was carried out on research platforms, both in English and in Portuguese. It was then concluded that gene therapy brings enormous benefits to society in general if used legally approved, regulated and monitored, aiming at the well-being and health of populations. La técnica CRISPR-Cas9 ha sido ampliamente estudiada últimamente y se ha convertido en una herramienta revolucionaria en el campo de la genética, especialmente en ediciones y terapias. Este es un mecanismo de defensa que se encuentra en las bacterias y que escinde un fragmento específico de ADN del bacteriófago y lo agrega al ADN de la propia bacteria. Al estudiar el comportamiento y la efectividad de esta técnica en bacterias, los científicos llevaron a cabo estudios para su uso en el laboratorio y encontraron que podría usarse para la edición de genes de una manera general, más precisa y más barata. El mayor desafío en el uso de CRISPR-Cas9 radica en la practicidad de la técnica en los seres humanos, ya que existe el riesgo de un mal uso con fines egoístas que podría traer un gran desequilibrio en la sociedad. El objetivo de este trabajo es señalar el avance positivo de la terapia génica y el impacto positivo de una nueva técnica innovadora capaz de aportar grandes beneficios por su sencillez en el trabajo a gran escala de genomas, facilitando la prevención de enfermedades genéticas innatas o adquiridas. enfermedades. Se realizó un relevamiento bibliográfico de artículos de hasta hace 05 años en plataformas de investigación, tanto en inglés como en portugués. Luego se llegó a la conclusión de que la terapia génica aporta enormes beneficios a la sociedad en general si se utiliza legalmente aprobada, regulada y monitoreada, con el objetivo del bienestar y la salud de las poblaciones. A técnica CRISPR-Cas9 tem sido bastante estudada ultimamente e tornou-se uma ferramenta revolucionária no campo da genética, principalmente nas edições e terapias. Trata-se de um mecanismo de defesa encontrado nas bactérias que cliva um pedaço de DNA específico do bacteriófago e agrega-o no DNA da própria bactéria. Ao estudar o comportamento e a eficácia desta técnica nas bactérias, cientistas promoveram estudos para a utilização em laboratório e descobriram que poderia ser usada para a edição genética de forma geral, mais precisa e barata. O maior desafio da utilização da CRISPR-Cas9 encontra-se na praticabilidade da técnica em seres humanos visto que existe o risco do mau uso para fins egoístas que possam trazer um desequilíbrio enorme na sociedade. O objetivo deste trabalho é apontar o progresso positivo da terapia gênica e o impacto positivo de uma nova técnica inovadora capaz de trazer grandes benefícios devido sua simplicidade em trabalhar numa larga escala de genomas, facilitando a prevenção de doenças genéticas inatas ou adquiridas. Foi feito um levantamento bibliográfico de artigos de até 05 anos atrás em plataformas de pesquisa, tanto em língua inglesa quanto em língua portuguesa. Concluiu-se então que a terapia gênica traz enormes benefícios para a sociedade em geral se usada legalmente aprovada, regulada e monitorada, visando o bem-estar e a saúde das populações.

Background: Moral distress has frequently been investigated in single healthcare settings and concerning a single type of professional. This study aimed to describe the experience of moral distress in all the types of professionals providing daily care to elderly patients and residents. Methods: The Grounded Theory approach, developed by Corbin and Strauss, was used. This study included participants from hospital and nursing homes of northern Italy. Purposive and theoretical sampling was used. Between December 2020 and April 2021, semi-structured interviews were conducted. Results: Thirteen participants were included in the study. Four categories were derived from the data: talking and listening, care provider wellbeing, decision making, protective factors, and potential solutions. The core category identified was “sharing daily”. Interviewees confirm how hard it may be to communicate to the elderly, but at the same time, how adequate communication with the leader is a protective factor of moral distress. They also confirm how communication is key to managing or downsizing misunderstandings at all levels. Findings highlight the scarcity of operators as a fundamental trigger of moral distress. Conclusions: Many determinants of this phenomenon lie behind the direct control of professionals, but education can help them learn how to prevent, manage, or downsize the consequences.

The objective of this work is to gather elements that allow reflecting on the ethical dilemma about assisted death, considering the principle of preserving life and the freedom to die promoted by human's autonomy in the decision on finitude. It is a reflection study carried out in three steps: the search for literature that addressed the theme, the rescue of cases from the authors' experience that inspired fictional situations demonstrating the dilemma, the writing of texts that presented the issue and promoted dialogue. It is shown that the issue has become extremely complex, involving themes such as death technologies, transhumanist discourse and the care of terminally ill patients, raising bioethical, philosophical and political issues, indicating that freedom to die is related to acceptance of death as a natural and unambiguous stage of the life cycle and the power that the human has over itself in its own process of death. El objetivo de este trabajo es reunir elementos que permitan reflexionar sobre el dilema ético de la muerte asistida, considerando el principio de preservación de la vida y la libertad de morir que promueve la autonomía del hombre en la decisión sobre la finitud. Se trata de un estudio de reflexión realizado en tres pasos: la búsqueda de literatura que abordó el tema, el rescate de casos de la experiencia de los autores que inspiraron situaciones de ficción demostrando el dilema, la redacción de textos que presentaban el tema y promovieron el diálogo. Se muestra que el tema se ha vuelto extremadamente complejo, involucrando temas como tecnologías de la muerte, discurso transhumanista y atención a pacientes terminales, planteando cuestiones bioéticas, filosóficas y políticas, indicando que la libertad de morir está relacionada con la aceptación de la muerte como una natural y inequívoca etapa del ciclo vital y el poder que el hombre tiene sobre sí mismo en su propio proceso de muerte. O objetivo deste trabalho é reunir elementos que permitam refletir sobre o dilema ético acerca da morte assistida, considerando o princípio da preservação da vida e a liberdade para morrer promovida pela autonomia do homem na decisão sobre finitude. Trata-se de um estudo de reflexão realizado em três passos: a busca de literatura que abordasse a temática, o resgate de casos da experiência dos autores que inspirassem situações fictícias demonstrativas do dilema, a escrita de textos que apresentassem a questão e promovessem o diálogo. Demonstra-se que a questão tornou-se extremamente complexa, envolvendo temas como as tecnologias da morte, o discurso transhumanista e o cuidado de doentes terminais, levantando questões bioéticas, filosóficas e políticas, indicando que a liberdade para morrer relaciona-se com a aceitação da morte como uma etapa natural e inequívoca do ciclo da vida e o poder que o ser tem sobre si em seu próprio processo de morte.

Extracorporeal membrane oxygenation (ECMO) is a technology used to temporarily assist critically ill patients with acute and reversible life-threatening cardiac and/or respiratory failure. This technology can often be lifesaving but is also associated with several complications that may contribute to reduced survival. Currently, neonates supported with ECMO are complex and bear an increased risk of mortality. This means that clinicians must be particularly prepared not only to deal with complex clinical scenarios, but also ethical issues associated with ECMO. In particular, clinicians should be trained to handle unsuccessful ECMO runs with attention to high quality end of life care. Within this manuscript we will compare and contrast the application of two ethical frameworks, used in the authors' institutions (Toronto and Rome). This is intended to enhance a broader understanding of cultural differences in applied ethics which is useful to the clinician in an increasingly multicultural and diverse patient mix.

Introduction Heart failure (HF) constitutes a growing public health problem in aging societies: when pharmacological therapies fail, HF can be sustained intensively if patients are eligible for either orthotopic heart transplantation (OHT) or mechanical ventricular assistance, otherwise additional treatments could be inappropriate. In December 2017 Italian Legislator brought in the provisions regarding the end-of-life choices, including indications for withdrawing and withholding life-sustaining therapies. The aim of our study was to provide an overview of the daily practice of our center with regard to terminally ill HF patients. Methods and results In April 2019 the 7 intensivist cardiologists and 21 nurses of a tertiary ICCU were asked in, to complete a questionnaire relating to a hypothetical terminally ill HF patient for whom the decision to withdraw active treatment had been made. To assess current practice, we also identified patients who died in the previous 12 months. Out of 29 deceased patients, 18 were identified as terminally ill HF, with no indications for therapy upgrading. We observed a striking disparity between belief and practice. Conclusions Our survey showed that the care of terminally ill HF patients in our ICCU was characterized by aggressive use of medical therapy and invasive technology. The wide disparity between belief and practice could be in part a consequence of lack of professional training, with regard to law, ethics and communication techniques.

The paper focuses on the ethical–legal implications of a specific area of scientific and technological progress for the recognition of sport as a human right, which is the field of genetic advances with regard to application of genetic testing for non-medical purposes, and in particular for talent identification (genetic talent identification). As with most biomedical innovations, this use of genetic tests has both constructive and more ethical–legal problematic implications. The attempt made by this paper is to highlight controversial implications of genetic talent identification tests for the recognition of sport as human right.

The COVID pandemic has presented an exceptional challenge to Primary Care, with unexpected scenarios. Despite being used to move in the uncertainty, this situation has made us rethink multiple organizational, assistance, and competence aspects, discovering weaknesses but also strengths and opportunities. It has been necessary to reorganize, to make quick decisions, in a context of enormous stress and concern. Essential aspects of our practice are based on communication and the principles of bioethics. We have translated into film script format situations experienced with patients and with our colleagues in health centers, in family doctor's offices, in homes, to reflect the value of communication facing the difficulties experienced in the COVID-19 pandemic. We have also raised situations that confronted us regarding ethical conflicts facing highly demanding decision making cases, within a scenario of absolute exceptionality. Communication skills and bioethics are essential tools for dealing with such complex situations where we feel so vulnerable. La pandemia de la COVID ha enfrentado a Atención Primaria a un desafío excepcional, con escenarios inesperados. Aún acostumbrados a movernos en la incertidumbre, esta situación nos ha hecho replantearnos múltiples aspectos organizativos, asistenciales y competenciales, descubriéndonos debilidades, pero también fortalezas y oportunidades. Fue necesario reorganizarse, tomar decisiones rápidas, en un contexto de enorme estrés y preocupación. Aspectos esenciales en nuestra praxis son la comunicación y los principios de la bioética. Trasladamos a formato de guion cinematográfico situaciones vividas con los pacientes y con nuestros propios compañeros, en los centros de salud, en las consultas del médico de familia, en los domicilios, para reflexionar sobre el valor de la comunicación en el afrontamiento de las dificultades vividas en la pandemia COVID-19. Planteamos asimismo situaciones que nos enfrentaron a conflictos éticos ante la toma de decisiones de gran exigencia, en una situación de absoluta excepcionalidad.

Il presente lavoro, incominciato nel novembre del 2017, è partito con l'ambizione di ricostruire la risposta che il sistema giuridico fornisce innanzi alle nuove tecniche di ingegneria genetica che, a fronte della loro applicabilità sugli esseri umani, hanno prodotto, negli ultimi anni, il sorgere di nuovi stakeholders e, ancor prima, di nuovi interessi meritevoli di tutela. Se fino a qualche anno fa pareva impensabile modificare il genoma umano e, men che meno, farlo in maniera precisa, efficiente ed economica, oggi grazie al sistema di modificazione genetica CRISPR/Cas9 è possibile, intervenendo sulla linea germinale degli embrioni umani, prevenire la contrazione di odiose malattie genetiche e, addirittura, a medio termine sradicarle dalla nostra società. Le enormi potenzialità terapeutiche di questa tecnica hanno addirittura attirato l’attenzione dell’Accademia Reale Svedese delle Scienze che, proprio mentre si stanno scrivendo queste righe, ha attribuito alle sue inventrici, Jennifer Doudna ed Emmanuelle Charpentier, il Premio Nobel per la Chimica 2020, definendo CRISPR/Cas9 come “un rivoluzionario metodo di editing genetico che contribuisce allo sviluppo di nuove terapie contro il cancro e può realizzare il sogno di curare malattie ereditarie” (The Royal Swedish Academy of Sciences 2020a). Al fianco di queste prospettive, che dal 2017 ad oggi si sono fatte sempre più evidenti, si annidano però rischi e pericoli derivanti dall’uso delle tecniche d’ingegneria genetica che il diritto deve tenere in adeguata considerazione al momento della loro regolamentazione. Nei primi mesi di lavoro, dedicati proprio alla ricostruzione delle fonti giuridiche applicabili, ci ha subito colpito che nonostante le tecniche in parola costituiscano, ancora oggi, un’assoluta novità in continuo cambiamento, le norme giuridiche, sia sovranazionali che nazionali, siano relativamente risalenti nel tempo: la legge 40 che, in Italia, si propone di regolare la procreazione medicalmente assistita e alla lett. b) del co. 3 del suo art. 13 si occupa delle manipolazioni genetiche è del 2004, mentre la norma più rilevante sul punto a livello internazionale, l’art. 13 della Convenzione di Oviedo, è addirittura datata aprile 1997. Insomma, in questo campo il diritto anziché presentarsi in fisiologico ritardo, ha enucleato delle regolamentazioni in sospetto anticipo. Questa constatazione, combinata con gli esiti della ricostruzione del dibattito dottrinale, dove anche autorevolissimi autori combinano continuamente argomentazioni etiche ed argomentazioni giuridiche, spesso senza neppure differenziarle, ci ha condotto ad appurare come prima di affrontare il tema della regolamentazione specifica del genome editing fosse necessario riflettere su come il diritto s’interfacci innanzi al bios come oggetto normativo e, soprattutto, in quale relazione si ponga con la bioetica nell’espletare siffatta funzione. Pertanto, abbiamo deciso di dedicare la Parte Prima dell’opera proprio ad un’indagine sulla relazione tra la bioetica ed il biodiritto, che costituiscono la proiezione applicativa di etica e diritto al bios, finalizzata a dotare di un adeguato fondamento epistemologico l’intuizione della deriva di de-differenziazione tra essi. Per raggiungere tale obiettivo abbiamo ritenuto necessario partire, nel Capitolo I, da una breve genealogia della bioetica in cui ci siamo interrogati sulla nascita di questa disciplina e sulle sue successive svolte metodologiche. Il Capitolo II, invece, è stato dedicato alle origini di quello specifico ambito della comunicazione giuridica, comunemente identificato ormai come biodiritto, mettendo in evidenza i contributi interni che la scienza giuridica ha fornito per lo sviluppo dello stesso e riflettendo, in particolare, sul ruolo che ha giocato in tal senso l’istituzione giuridica dei diritti umani. Al contrario, il Capitolo III parte dai contributi esterni alla nascita del biodiritto e specificatamente quelli forniti dalla bioetica per proseguire, poi, con una riflessione sul rapporto tra questi. Mediante una ricostruzione delle posizioni dominanti in dottrina e soprattutto attraverso uno sguardo fisso alla prassi, si è posto in evidenza come, ad oggi, via sia un problema di de-differenziazione tra bioetica e biodiritto che ha portato quest’ultimo a trasformarsi in una scienza ancillare alla prima al punto da essere definito come “diritto della bioetica”. Lungi dal fermarci su posizioni unicamente critiche, abbiamo dotato l’ultima parte del Capitolo di una pars construens in cui abbiamo evidenziato i vantaggi di una relazione funzionalmente differenziata tra bioetica e biodiritto, senza però trascurare anche i problemi ad essa sottesi. Con il chiaro intento di testare i nostri approdi teorici nell’esperienza empirica e, allo stesso tempo, per assolvere all’intento originario della nostra opera, abbiamo deciso di dedicare la Parte II interamente alle implicazioni etiche, sociologiche e giuridiche derivanti dalle tecniche di manipolazione genetica germinale. Per farlo si è reso necessario, anzi tutto, dedicare il Capitolo IV a comprendere, tecnicamente, cosa sia una modificazione genetica germinale e quali siano le posizioni rinvenibili all’interno della comunità scientifica. Il Capitolo V, invece, è stato dedicato ad affrontare i problemi, i rischi, le promesse e le speranze che si annidano intorno alla nostra tecnica: dal timore per una deriva eugenetica alla compatibilità delle modificazioni con l’autocomprensione e la dignità del genere umano, passando per le preoccupazioni delle comunità delle persone diversamente abili e dei genitori, che rischiano di restare schiacciati dalle pressioni sociali, giungendo a prendere in seria considerazione però anche le possibilità di sradicare odiose malattie genetiche una volta per tutte, liberando l’umanità di alcune atroci sofferenze. Con un quadro chiaro dei diversi valori che mette in gioco ed in potenziale conflitto tra loro la tecnica germinale, abbiamo finalmente affrontato il problema della regolamentazione delle nostre tecniche. Abbiamo cercato di farlo non con l’animo di produrre una mera attività compilativa sulle regolamentazioni esistenti e neanche con il solo intento di mostrare lacune e paradossi che in esse si annidano, ma con la finalità più ambiziosa di verificare se le nostre conclusioni teoriche della Parte Prima fossero fondate: se effettivamente il diritto si propone come un mero trasformatore permanente di principi bioetici in precetti coercitivi e se l’approccio regolativo vigente sia adeguato per cogliere i benefici che una tecnica premiata con il Nobel per la Chimica può dare alla società, senza rinunciare a tutelare i diritti fondamentali delle persone.

El bioderecho en Colombia, como nueva disciplina jurídica, no ha sido claramente depurado ni en sus fines ni en su contenido, especialmente porque se ha intentado fundamentarlo con los contenidos del derecho tradicional y la bioética. Por consiguiente, el propósito de esta tesis es contribuir a la delimitación y fundamentación del bioderecho en Colombia, mediante: i) la descripción de la evolución del bioderecho a nivel mundial, pasando por su encuentro y desencuentro con la bioética, su inclusión en los instrumentos de derecho internacional, hasta su configuración, sin precedentes, como una nueva disciplina autónoma, capaz de abordar los retos actuales de la biomedicina y la biotecnología; ii) la reseña y el análisis las diferentes epistemologías del bioderecho vigentes hoy en día; iii) el relato y análisis de las propuestas teóricas construidas en Colombia acerca del bioderecho, los pocos alcances legislativos en la materia y los escenarios académicos que lo abordan, demostrando sus actuales deficiencias, indicativas de la necesidad de una nueva epistemología del bioderecho, que permita delimitar y fundamentar al bioderecho. (Texto tomado de la fuente) Biolaw in Colombia, as a new legal discipline, has not been clearly refined either in its purposes or in its content, especially because an attempt has been made to base it with the content of traditional law or bioethics. Therefore, the purpose of this thesis is to contribute to the delimitation and foundation of biolaw in Colombia, through: i) describing the evolution of biolaw worldwide, through its encounter and disagreement with bioethics, its inclusion in international law instruments , until its configuration, unprecedented, as a new autonomous discipline, capable of tackling the current challenges of biomedicine and biotechnology; ii) reviewing and analyzing the different epistemologies of biolaw in force today; iii) studying the theoretical proposals built in Colombia about biolaw, the few legislative scopes on the matter and the academic scenarios that address it, demonstrating its current deficiencies, indicative of the need for a new epistemology of biolaw, which allows defining and supporting biolaw. Maestría Magíster en Biociencias y Derecho Investigación cualitativa, jurídico-propositiva. Bioderecho y sociedad

In this paper the author deals with the semantic dimension of scientific and technological development in Artificial Intelligence. The framework of the proposed considerations is the book entitled Informatica medica e diritto. Un’introduzione by Gianluigi Fioriglio.

Con la llegada del SARS-Cov 2 y el inicio del tiempo de confinamiento en el año 2020, uno de los sectores de gran afectación fue el de la Educación. A raíz de la crisis sanitaria, la escuela se enfrentó a continuar con el proceso de enseñanza y aprendizaje desde casa, no siempre obteniendo los mejores resultados, dada la cantidad de factores que dificultaron la comunicación permanente entre maestros y estudiantes. Se caracterizó a través de una bioética narrativa como recurso metodológico, el vínculo maestro-estudiante que se visualizó durante la pandemia en una Institución Educativa pública. Luego, se interpretaron situaciones para entender por qué la Autonomía personal se torna insuficiente en la comprensión de dicha relación, proponiendo la noción de Autonomía Relacional como término que se adecua mejor a la realidad de esta escuela. Magíster en Bioética Maestría With the arrival of SARS-Cov 2 and the beginning of the confinement period in 2020, one of the most affected sectors was Education. As a result of the health crisis, the school was faced with continuing the teaching and learning process from home, not always obtaining the best results, given the number of factors that made permanent communication between teachers and students difficult. Through a narrative bioethics as a methodological resource, the teacher-student bond that was visualized during the pandemic in a public Educational Institution was characterized. Then, situations were interpreted to understand why personal autonomy becomes insufficient in the understanding of said relationship, proposing the notion of Relational Autonomy as a term that best suits the reality of this school.

En el campo de los avances de las ciencias biomédicas, la fecundación in vitro (FIV) posibilita reemplazar o modificar artificialmente determinados procesos biológicos que se presentan durante la procreación humana. Este panorama que si bien representa aspectos favorables también ha exteriorizado otras facetas problemáticas, como lo es la relacionada con la disputa de embriones, la cual se genera por la separación de los futuros progenitores ya que existe una abstención por uno de ellos para que se emplee su material genético destinado a engendrar un hijo biológico por parte de su ex pareja, llegando inclusive a instancias judiciales. Es así que a partir de la ética convergente de Ricardo Maliandi, caracterizada por un reconocimiento apriorístico de la conflictividad bajo consideraciones bidimensionales (fundamentación-crítica) y soportada tanto en la ética del discurso de K.O. Apel como en la ponderacion axiomatica de Nicolai Hartmann, desde la bioética se propone una alternativa de resolución convergente en provecho de maximizar la armonía de los principios (MAP) en condiciones de equilibrio-desequilibrio, dentro de contextos de lo Individual-Universal y Conservación-Realización, cuyo entrelazamiento desemboca en un metaprincipio (pauta) orientado a salvaguardar la especie humana bajo una concepción legítima. In the field of biomedical science, in-vitro fertilization (IVF) makes it possible to artificially replace or modify certain biological processes that occur during human procreation. This scenario, which represents some favorable aspects, has externalized troubling ones as well, such as the dispute of embryos that happens when future parents separate and one of the parties refuses to allow the other to use his/her genetic material to conceive a biological child, a situation that may even lead to a legal battle. Taking this into account, a convergent resolution alternative is proposed from Bioethics, based on Ricardo Maliandi´s convergent ethics, which is characterized by an a priori knowledge of conflict under bidimensional considerations (foundation – critic), and supported by Karl Otto Apel´s ethics of speech, and the axiomatic ponderation of Nicolai Hartmann, looking to maximize the harmony of principles (MAP) in balance – unbalance conditions, within the contexts of the Individual – Universal and Conservation – Realization, which, when intertwined, result in a metaprinciple (guideline) to safeguard the human species under a legitimate conception. Magíster en Bioética Maestría

The world of "fake news" reaches far beyond its political implications, and the virality of health misinformation content is evidence of the importance of researching it extensively. This paper, awarded the 2020 "João Lobo Antunes" National Bioethics Prize, from the Portuguese Health Ministry, makes that case that addressing health misinformation is not only an acute policy need, but also a bioethical imperative, that should mobilize government, industry and civil society in devising better ways to tackle the problem in a coordinated manner.

By means of a critical investigation of the concept of bioethics starting from Potter’s work, the present essay intends to highlight aporias and paradoxes in the dominant construction in the literature of the sector. The line of argumentation aims to point out that the current concept of bioethics is not able to meet the regulatory expectations that have arisen around it. In the pars construens of the essay I will try to trace the way for a reconstruction of the concept of bioethics, bringing it closer to the origins of Fritz Jahr’s speculation and to the traditional notion of ethics, intended as a reflective science rather than a pragmatic discipline.

This paper presents and critically discusses some profiles that connected the issues of euthanasia and organ donation in recent international debate. The contexts in which new forms of donation, linked to euthanasia, are being discussed, are in particular those in which there is already legislation allowing the practice of euthanasia. However, since these are interesting topics, a critical analysis is proposed, also referring to a possible scenario, which could also concern, in the future, the Italian reality.

Italy is the European country with the second highest number of novel Coronavirus disease 19 (COVID-19) deaths. Several factors interfered with the spread of this phenomenon, both clinical, political, and bioethical. In this scenario, where the need for care goes far beyond the capacity of a health system able to cope with it, what should be the criteria for an equitable distribution of the available resources? The mass quarantine required physical distancing in order to limit the spread of Severe Acute Respiratory Syndrome Coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) infection, and contextually created additional problems for the organization Italian National Health Service. The delicate ethical questions posed by the current emergency are beginning to unveil some proposals for solutions in literature, which, although still insufficient for understandable reasons, is increasing.

El objetivo del presente artículo es describir la importancia que revisten, en el marco de la gobernanza, ciertos mecanismos internacionales de naturaleza soft law, así como las cuestiones de la vinculatoriedad entre la comunidad internacional y el proceso de integración en el sistema jurídico mexicano a partir de un par de criterios adoptados por la Suprema Corte de Justicia de la Nación. Mediante un análisis crítico del posicionamiento de la SCJN respecto de dichos instrumentos internacionales, el artículo también se centra en la trascendencia que éstos adquieren en la labor interpretativa de los órganos jurisdiccionales y otras autoridades a partir de la consideración de los núcleos semánticos que aquellos revisten (tales como 'dignidad', 'calidad de vida', etc.) que pueden derivarse de la misma actividad interpretativa en materia de Bioética y de derechos humanos. The objective of this article is to describe the importance, in the framework of governance, of some international soft law mechanisms, as well as the issues of bindin legal force between the international community and the integration process in the Mexican legal system from a couple of criteria adopted by the Supreme Court of Justice of the Nation. Through a critical analysis of the position of the SCJN with respect to these international instruments, the article also focuses on the importance they acquire in the interpretative work of the jurisdictional instituons and other authorities based on the consideration of the semantic nuclei they represent (such as 'dignity', 'quality of life', etc.) that can be derived from the same interpretive activity in the field of Bioethics and human rights.