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The supply of macroalgal feed materials for abalone aquaculture is threatened by increasing costs, limited availability. and the allocation of seaweed resources for other purposes. The use of biofouling Sargassum horneri (SH) as additional macroalgal biomass for abalone has been studied, albeit full inclusion is discouraged due to low utilization. This study applied heat treatment and fermentation to increase the nutritive value of SH meals for the aquaculture feed industry. Untreated (UN) as control, heat treated (HT, 121[degrees]C for 20 min), and fermented (FE, 10' CFU/mL each of Bacillus sp. SJ-10 and Bacillus sp. KRF-7) SH meal was fed to the abalone (11.60 [+ or -] 0.02 g body weight and 42.98 [+ or -] 0.53 mm shell length) for 8-wk growth trial. The results showed that there is no apparent difference in the growth performance (body weight and shell length morphometries) and survival of abalone given experimental diets (P > 0.05). The crude protein, lipid, and ash composition of edible abalone flesh were similarly unaffected (P > 0.05). The gut microbiota profile of abalone was analyzed through next-generation sequencing. The [alpha]-diversity indicators (microbial richness and abundance) were statistically similar (P > 0.05). and the [beta]-diversity of operational laxonomic units revealed short distances within samples and clustering among diet groups. The core phyla (Fusobacteria, Proteobaeteria. Tenericutes) and genera (Psychrilyohacter, Vibrio, Mycoplasma) known to inhabit the gut of abalone predominantly were likewise identilied irrespective of diets; however, there is a difference in their relative abundance. Genus Psychrilyohacter was relatively abundant in UN and FE compared with HT, whereas Vibrio and Mycoplasma had higher abundance in FE and HT-fed abalone, respectively. Taste sensory attributes were discriminated in the abalone meat using an electronic tongue. Principal component analysis of sensor scores revealed several overlapping points, resulting in a negative discrimination index (-184). which means no apparent difference in the general taste profile was detected. Furthermore, the taste screening matrix through radar mapping revealed slight intensity differences in the umami. saltiness, and sourness flavor. Overall, the methods used for heat treatment and fermentation procedures herein were ineffective in improving the nutritive value of seaweed meal for abalone. KEY WORDS: abalone, gulfweed. heat treatment, fermentation. Haliotis discus harmed, Sargassum horneri, INTRODUCTION The abalone (Haliotis spp.) is an ecologically and economically important marine gastropod mollusc worldwide. They are found in tropical and temperate regions, particularly in the low intertidaj zone of [...]

We report one year (2013-2014) of biomonitoring an insect community in a tropical old-growth rain forest, during construction of an industrial-level geothermal electricity project. This is the first-year reaction by the species-rich insect biodiversity; six subsequent years are being analyzed now. The site is on the margin of a UNESCO Natural World Heritage Site, Área de Conservación Guanacaste (ACG), in northwestern Costa Rica. This biomonitoring is part of Costa Rica's ongoing efforts to sustainably retain its wild biodiversity through biodevelopmental integration with its societies. Essential tools are geothermal engineering needs, entomological knowledge, insect species-rich forest, government-NGO integration, common sense, DNA barcoding for species-level identification, and Malaise traps. This research is tailored for integration with its society at the product level. We combine an academic view with on-site engineering decisions. This biomonitoring requires alpha-level DNA barcoding combined with centuries of morphology-based entomological taxonomy and ecology. Not all desired insect community analyses are performed; they are for data from subsequent years combined with this year. We provide enough analysis to be used by both guilds now. This biomonitoring has shown, for the first year, that the geothermal project impacts only the biodiversity within a zone less than 50 m from the project margin. Key words: DNA barcode, geothermal project, Costa Rica, biomonitoring with insects, ICE/ACG/SINAC/MINAE/GDFCF. Les auteurs rapportent les résultats d'une première année (2013-2014) de biosurveillance d'une communauté d'insectes dans une forêt tropicale ancienne, au cours de la construction d'un complexe industriel de génération d'électricité géothermique. Il s'agit de la première année de réaction de cette communauté d'insectes riche en espèces; six années subséquentes sont en cours d'analyse. Le site est situé à la marge d'un site du Patrimoine mondial de l'UNESCO, l'Área de Conservación Guanacaste (ACG), dans le nord-ouest du Costa Rica. Ce travail de biosurveillance s'inscrit dans les efforts en cours au Costa Rica pour maintenir de manière durable sa biodiversité sauvage via une intégration bio-développementale avec ses sociétés. Les outils essentiels en sont les besoins en génie géothermique, les connaissances en entomologie, une forêt riche en espèces, une intégration gouvernement-ONG, le sens commun, le codage à barres de l'ADN pour l'identification au niveau de l'espèce et les pièges Malaise. Cette recherche est faite sur mesure pour favoriser l'intégration avec la société au niveau du produit. Les auteurs combinent une vision académique avec la prise de décisions d'ingénierie sur le site. La biosurveillance nécessite un codage à barres de niveau alpha combiné avec une taxonomie et une écologie séculaires fondées sur la morphologie. Ce ne sont pas toutes les analyses de communautés d'insectes qui sont réalisées; elles le seront pour les données des années subséquentes lorsque celles-ci auront été combinées aux données de cette année. Les auteurs réalisent suffisamment d'analyses pour être utiles aux deux guildes pour l'instant. Cette biosurveillance a montré, pour la première année, que le projet de géothermie touche uniquement la biodiversité située dans une zone à moins de 50 m de la marge du projet. [Traduit par la Rédaction] Mots-clés: codes-barres à l'ADN, projet de géothermie, Costa Rica, biosurveillance d'insectes, ICE/ACG/SINAC/MINAE/GDFCF., Introduction Philosophical The detailed reactions of the biodiversity of whole terrestrial communities of tropical wild eukaryotic biodiversity, to industrial-scale perturbations, have not yet become a major topic of research interest [...]

Byline: Daniel E. Orenstein (1), Steven P. Hamburg (2) Keywords: Land use/land cover change; Urbanization; Open space preservation; Population growth; Land use policy; Israel Abstract: This research examines land use change in Israel----an intriguing but understudied setting with regard to population--environment dynamics. While Israel is fairly unique with regard to its combined high levels of economic prosperity and high population growth, this case study has relevance for developed countries and regions (like the south and southwest regions of the USA) which must balance population growth and urban development with open space conservation for ecosystem services and biological diversity. The population--land development relationship is investigated during the period from 1961 to 1995 at three spatial scales: national, regional (six districts), and local (40 localities). There is a positive correlation between population growth and land development rates at the national scale, and while remaining positive, the strength of the relationship varies greatly at regional and local scales. The variation in population--land use dynamics across scales is used to garner insight as to the importance of geography, policy and historical settlement patterns. Author Affiliation: (1) The Faculty of Architecture and Town Planning, Technion----Israel Institute of Technology, Technion City, Haifa, 32000, Israel (2) Center for Environmental Studies, Brown University, Box 1943, 135 Angell St., Providence, RI, 02912, USA Article History: Registration Date: 27/01/2010 Online Date: 19/02/2010

To authenticate to the full-text of this article, please visit this link: http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1365-2745.2009.01620.x Byline: Sarah McCarthy-Neumann (*), Richard K. Kobe Keywords: community structure; density dependence; distance dependence; Janzen-Connell; light availability; plant-soil feedback; species coexistence Abstract: Summary 1. The Janzen-Connell (J-C) Model proposes that host-specific enemies could maintain high tree species diversity by reducing seedling performance near conspecific adults. An implicit, but untested assumption of the J-C Model is that negative conspecific feedbacks would promote replacement by heterospecific seedlings. 2. In a glasshouse experiment, we tested plant-soil feedbacks as a J-C mechanism in four temperate tree species. We assessed effects of conspecific- relative to heterospecific-cultured soil extracts on seedling survival, total mass and performance for each focal species. To test the implicit assumption of replacement by heterospecific seedlings, we also compared relative performance of conspecific versus heterospecific seedlings grown with soil extract cultured by a particular tree species. We also tested whether soil microbes caused these plant-soil feedbacks and whether low irradiance increased seedling vulnerability to pathogens. 3. When grown with conspecific versus heterospecific soil extract, Acer rubrum mass decreased, Quercus rubra mass increased and Fraxinus americana increased survival. Conspecific extract reduced Acer saccharum mass in low light but increased it in high light. To integrate survival and growth, we examined seedling performance [(mean total mass x mean survival time)/(days of experiment)] at low and high light. In conspecific versus heterospecific soil extract, seedling performance was lower in two, higher in four and neutral in 18 of 24 cases, suggesting no advantage to dispersing away from conspecifics. Based on relative seedling performance within a soil extract, conspecific seedlings were disadvantaged in two, favoured in three and neutral in 19 of 24 cases relative to heterospecific seedlings. 4. Species pairwise interactions of soil modification and seedling performance were chemically mediated, occurring regardless of sterilization. Microbes lacked host specificity and reduced performance regardless of extract source. Additionally, microbial factors reduced seedling performance for Q. rubra regardless of light availability, and for A. rubrum and F. americana only in high light. 5. Synthesis. These chemical-mediated plant-soil feedbacks probably influence community dynamics, but are inconsistent with the J-C Model. Even when a species' seedlings responded more negatively to conspecific than heterospecific soil, heterospecific seedlings were not necessarily favoured in that species' soil, precluding heterospecific replacement as an explanation for coexistence. Article History: Received 02 July 2009; accepted 17 November 2009 Handling Editor: Jeremy Burdon Article note: (*) Correspondence author. School of Natural Resources and Environment, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI 48109, USA. E-mail: sneumann@umich.edu

To authenticate to the full-text of this article, please visit this link: http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1365-2745.2009.01619.x Byline: Sarah McCarthy-Neumann (*[dagger]), Richard K. Kobe Keywords: community structure; density-dependence; distance-dependence; Janzen-Connell; light availability; plant-soil feedback; soil microbes; species coexistence; tropical forests Abstract: Summary 1. The Janzen-Connell (J-C) Model proposes that host-specific enemies maintain high tree species diversity by reducing seedling performance near conspecific adults and promoting replacement by heterospecific seedlings. Support for this model often comes from decreased performance for a species at near versus far distances from conspecific adults. However, the relative success of conspecific versus heterospecific seedlings recruiting under a given tree species is a critical, but untested, component of the J-C Model. 2. In a shade-house experiment, we tested plant-soil feedbacks as a J-C mechanism in six tropical tree species. We assessed effects of conspecific versus heterospecific cultured soil extracts on seedling performance for each species, and we compared performance of conspecific versus heterospecific seedlings grown with soil extract cultured by a particular tree species. Additionally, we tested whether soil microbes were creating these plant-soil feedbacks and whether low light increased species vulnerability to pathogens. 3. Among 30 potential comparisons of survival and mass for seedlings grown in conspecific versus heterospecific soil extracts, survival decreased in seven and increased in two, whereas mass decreased in 13 and increased in 1. To integrate survival and growth, we also examined seedling performance [(mean total mass x mean survival time)/(days of experiment)], which was lower in 16 and higher in 2 of 30 comparisons between seedlings grown with soil extract cultured by conspecific versus heterospecific individuals. Based on performance within a soil extract, conspecific seedlings were disadvantaged in 15 and favoured in 7 of 30 cases relative to heterospecific seedlings. 4. Species pairwise interactions of soil modification and seedling performance occurred regardless of sterilization, suggesting chemical mediation. Microbes lacked host-specificity and reduced performance regardless of extract source and irradiance. 5. Synthesis. These results, along with parallel research in temperate forests, suggest that plant-soil feedbacks are an important component of seedling dynamics in both ecosystems. However, negative conspecific feedbacks were more prevalent in tropical than temperate species. Thus, negative plant-soil feedbacks appear to facilitate species coexistence via negative distance-dependent processes in tropical but not temperate forests, but the feedbacks were mediated through chemical effects rather than through natural enemies as expected under the J-C Model. Article History: Received 01 July 2009; accepted 17 Novemer 2009 Handling Editor: Jeremy Burdon Article note: (*) Correspondence author. E-mail: sneumann@umich.edu

To link to full-text access for this article, visit this link: http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.anbehav.2009.07.023 Byline: Dominique A. Potvin, Elizabeth A. MacDougall-Shackleton Abstract: Life history theory predicts that individuals paired with attractive mates may invest more in offspring. Such differential investment may amplify the effects of genetic quality on fitness. Attractiveness can include 'good gene' and 'complementary gene' components, but how the latter affects parental investment remains unknown. We found that nestling song sparrows with genetically dissimilar parents grew faster than did nestlings whose parents were genetically more similar to one another. A cross-fostering experiment revealed complementary gene effects on growth; nestlings produced by genetically dissimilar parents grew faster than their adoptive 'siblings' reared in the same nest but produced by parents that were more genetically similar. To explore whether parental investment exaggerates these complementary gene effects on growth, we monitored parental nest visits. Maternal visits were negatively related to genetic similarity between mates. The novel finding that females adjust levels of care according to the genetic diversity of their offspring suggests that parental investment can amplify complementary gene effects on fitness. Author Affiliation: Department of Biology, The University of Western Ontario, Canada Article History: Received 3 April 2009; Revised 18 May 2009; Accepted 26 July 2009 Article Note: (miscellaneous) MS. number: A09-00216R

To purchase or authenticate to the full-text of this article, please visit this link: http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1523-1739.2006.00374.x Byline: JON ROSALES (*) Keywords: cap and trade; emissions trading; Kyoto Protocol; science-policy process Abstract: Abstract: Tradable permits are increasingly becoming part of environmental policy and conservation programs. The efficacy of tradable permit schemes in addressing the root cause of environmental decline-economic growth-will not be achieved unless the schemes cap economic activity based on ecological thresholds. Lessons can be learned from the largest tradable permit scheme to date, emissions trading now being implemented with the Kyoto Protocol. The Kyoto Protocol caps neither greenhouse gas emissions at a level that will achieve climate stability nor economic growth. If patterned after the Kyoto Protocol, cap-and-trade schemes for conservation will not ameliorate biodiversity loss either because they will not address economic growth. In response to these failures to cap economic growth, professional organizations concerned about biodiversity conservation should release position statements on economic growth and ecological thresholds. The statements can then be used by policy makers to infuse these positions into the local, national, and international environmental science-policy process when these schemes are being developed. Infusing language into the science-policy process that calls for capping economic activity based on ecological thresholds represents sound conservation science. Most importantly, position statements have a greater potential to ameliorate biodiversity loss if they are created and released than if this information remains within professional organizations because there is the potential for these ideas to be enacted into law and policy. Abstract (Spanish): Crecimiento Economico y Perdida de Biodiversidad en Tiempos de Permisos Comerciables Resumen: Cada vez mas, los permisos comerciables son parte de la politica ambiental y de los programas de conservacion. La eficacia de los esquemas de permisos comerciables para atender la causa principal de la declinacion ambiental-crecimiento economico-sera baja a menos que los esquemas limiten la actividad economica con base en umbrales ecologicos. Se pueden aprender lecciones del mayor esquema de permisos comerciables a la fecha, la comercializacion de emisiones implementada con el Protocolo de Kyoto. El Protocolo de Kyoto no limita a las emisiones de gases a un nivel que logre la estabilidad climatica ni al crecimiento economico. Si se sigue el modelo del Protocolo de Kyoto, los esquemas de limite y comercio tampoco reduciran las perdidas de biodiversidad porque no consideraran al crecimiento economico. En respuesta a estas fallas para limitar el crecimiento economico, las organizaciones profesionales preocupadas por la conservacion de la biodiversidad deberian emitir declaraciones sobre su posicion respecto a umbrales ecologicos y de crecimiento economico. Las declaraciones luego pueden ser usadas por politicos para infundir estas posiciones en el proceso ciencia ambiental-politica a nivel local, nacional e internacional cuando estos esquemas esten siendo desarrollados. La infusion de lenguaje que demanda la limitacion de actividades de crecimiento economico con base en umbrales ecologicos es ciencia de la conservacion solida. Mas notablemente, las declaraciones de posicion tienen un mayor potencial para reducir las perdidas de biodiversidad si son creadas y publicadas que si esta informacion permanece dentro de las organizaciones profesionales porque existe el potencial para que estas ideas se constituyan en leyes y politicas. Author Affiliation: (*)Department of Environmental Studies, St. Lawrence University, 23 Romoda Drive, Canton, NY 13617, U.S.A., emailjrosales@stlawu.edu Article History: Paper submitted July 1, 2005; revised manuscript accepted October 20, 2005.

To purchase or authenticate to the full-text of this article, please visit this link: http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1523-1739.2006.00398.x Byline: S. JHA (*[dagger]s.), K. S. BAWA ([dagger][double dagger]) Keywords: deforestation rate; global development data; human development index; regional development patterns; sustainable development Abstract: Abstract: Human population and development activities affect the rate of deforestation in biodiversity hotspots. We quantified the effect of human population growth and development on rates of deforestation and analyzed the relationship between these causal factors in the 1980s and 1990s. We compared the averages of population growth, human development index (HDI, which measures income, health, and education), and deforestation rate and computed correlations among these variables for countries that contain biodiversity hotspots. When population growth was high and HDI was low there was a high rate of deforestation, but when HDI was high, rate of deforestation was low, despite high population growth. The correlation among variables was significant for the 1990s but not for the 1980s. The relationship between population growth and HDI had a regional pattern that reflected the historical process of development. Based on the changes in HDI and deforestation rate over time, we identified two drivers of deforestation: policy choice and human-development constraints. Policy choices that disregard conservation may cause the loss of forests even in countries that are relatively developed. Lack of development in other countries, on the other hand, may increase the pressure on forests to meet the basic needs of the human population. Deforestation resulting from policy choices may be easier to fix than deforestation arising from human development constraints. To prevent deforestation in the countries that have such constraints, transfer of material and intellectual resources from developed countries may be needed. Popular interest in sustainable development in developed countries can facilitate the transfer of these resources. Abstract (Spanish): Crecimiento Poblacional, Desarrollo Humano y Deforestacion en Sitios de Importancia para la Biodiversidad Resumen: La poblacion humana y sus actividades de desarrollo afectan a la tasa de deforestacion en sitios de importancia para la biodiversidad. Cuantificamos el efecto del crecimiento y desarrollo de la poblacion humana sobre las tasas de deforestacion y analizamos la relacion entre estos factores causales en las decadas de 1980 y 1990. Comparamos los promedios del crecimiento poblacional, el indice de desarrollo humano (IDH, que mide el ingreso, la salud y la educacion) y la tasa de deforestacion y calculamos las correlaciones entre estas variables para paises que contienen sitios de importancia para la biodiversidad. Cuando el crecimiento poblacional era alto y el IDH bajo, la tasa de deforestacion era alta, pero cuando el IDH era alto, la tasa de deforestacion era baja, a pesar de un crecimiento poblacional alto. La correlacion entre variables fue significativa para la decada de 1990 pero no para la de 1980. La relacion entre crecimiento poblacional e IDH tuvo un patron regional que reflejo el proceso historico del desarrollo. Con base en los cambios temporales en el IDH y en la tasa de deforestacion, identificamos dos causas de deforestacion: seleccion de politicas y restricciones de desarrollo humano. La seleccion de politicas que descuidan la conservacion puede causar la perdida de bosques aun en paises que estan relativamente desarrollados. Por otra parte, la falta de desarrollo en otros paises puede incrementar la presion sobre los bosques por satisfacer las necesidades basicas de la poblacion humana. La deforestacion resultante de la seleccion de politicas puede ser mas facil de reparar que la resultante de restricciones de desarrollo humano. Para prevenir la deforestacion en los paises que tienen tales restricciones, es posible que se requiera la transferencia de recursos materiales e intelectuales desde paises desarrollados. El interes popular en el desarrollo sustentable en paises desarrollados puede facilitar la transferencia de estos recursos. Author Affiliation: (*)Indian Forest Service, New Delhi, India ([dagger])Department of Biology, University of Massachusetts, Boston, MA 02125, U.S.A. ([double dagger])Ashoka Trust for Research in Ecology and the Environment, Bangalore, India Article History: Paper submitted December 6, 2004; revised manuscript accepted August 1, 2005. Article note: (s.) email sjha21@yahoo.com