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Inhaled corticosteroids are increasingly recommended at all stages of asthma in all age groups as a first-line treatment for controlling symptoms and minimizing oral corticosteroid dependence in chronic asthma owing to their anti-inflammatory and immunosuppressive effects. Despite the fact that they are highly effective, their use can be accompanied by systemic and local adverse effects. Systemic adverse effects are infrequent, but oral candidiasis, the most common oral fungal infection, is a frequently observed local adverse effect of inhaled corticosteroid use. This adverse effect may lead to discomfort and cause reduced patient compliance. In this review, clinical findings of oral candidiasis, potential pathogenity mechanisms following such therapy along with the specific prophylactic measures that should be undertaken to minimize this adverse effect are discussed extensively. Understanding the factors leading to increased risk can give the opportunity of focusing on the patients who need timely intervention.

Dens evaginatus (DE) is a developmental dental anomaly and is defined as a tubercle-like structure that may contain pulp tissue as well as enamel and dentin. Although it is usually associated with premolars, it is also seen in incisors (talon cusp). This anomaly, which is more common among Asians, may affect both genders and may be observed unilaterally or bilaterally. Clinically, it may cause complications such as caries, malocclusion, occlusal trauma, and pulp necrosis. Radiologically, the V-shaped radiopaque structure superimposed over the affected crown may mimic the appearance of a mesiodens, compound odontoma, or supernumerary tooth.Clinical and radiological examination of a 16-year-old male patient who admitted to our clinic with aesthetic concerns and treatment of decayed teeth was performed. In the intra-oral examination, a conical accessory cusp was noted on the lingual surface of the left maxillary central incisor. A typical V-shaped radiopaque structure superimposed on the affected crown was observed on the periapical radiograph taken from the relevant area. Cone beam computed tomography (CBCT) imaging was used to evaluate the restorative treatment options by examining the pulp extension in the relevant tubercle. The patient was referred to the Department of Restorative Dentistry for restoration of the retentive areas and caries.DE, which is a rare anomaly, should be evaluated together with clinical and radiological findings. Consideration of genetic transmission is quite important for early diagnosis. CBCT imaging will provide significant advantage to the clinician in preventive and minimally invasive applications., Dens evaginatus (DE) gelişimsel bir dental anomali olup, mine ve dentin dokusunun yanı sıra pulpa dokusunu da içerebilen tüberkül benzeri yapı olarak tanımlanmaktadır. Genellikle premolar dişlerle ilişkilendirilmekle birlikte, kesici dişlerde de görülmektedir (talon tüberkülü). Asya kökenlilerde daha sık rastlanan bu anomali, her iki cinsiyeti de etkileyebilmekte ve unilateral veya bilateral olarak izlenebilmektedir. Klinik olarak; çürük, maloklüzyon, oklüzal travma ve pulpa nekrozu gibi komplikasyonlara sebep olabilir. Radyolojik olarak, etkilenen kuron üzerine süperpoze olan “V” şeklindeki radyo-opak yapı mesiodens, kompound odontoma veya sürnumerer diş görüntüsünü taklit edebilir.Estetik kaygılar ve çürük dişlerinin tedavisi için kliniğimize başvuran 16 yaşındaki erkek hastanın klinik ve radyolojik muayenesi gerçekleştirilmiştir. İntra-oral muayenede, sol maksiller santral kesici dişin lingual yüzeyinde konik şekilli aksesuar tüberkül saptanmıştır. İlgili bölgeden alınan periapikal radyografide, etkilenen kuron üzerine süperpoze olmuş tipik “V” şekilli radyo-opak yapı izlenmiştir. İlgili tüberküldeki pulpa uzantısının incelenmesi ve restoratif tedavilerin bu doğrultuda şekillendirilmesi için konik ışınlı bilgisayarlı tomografi (KIBT) görüntülemeye başvurulmuştur. Hasta, retantif alanların ve çürüklerin restorasyonu için Restoratif Diş Tedavisi Anabilim Dalı’na sevk edilmiştir.Nadir rastlanan bir anomali olan DE, klinik ve radyolojik bulgularla birlikte değerlendirilmelidir. Genetik aktarımın göz önünde bulundurulması erken tanı açısından oldukça önemlidir. Koruyucu/önleyici ve minimal invaziv uygulamaların KIBT görüntüleme ile desteklenmesi klinisyene önemli avantaj sağlayacaktır.

Dental health care workers are subjected to various infectious disease agents that are present in patients' saliva and blood which make infection control and universal prevention methods indispensable to the dental practice given that some of these diseases cause loss of work and time for dental staff and patients; some of them cause serious morbidity; and some of them currently have a poor prognosis and no effective treatments. Although dental radiographic procedures are not invasive, and there are no incidents such as injuries caused by dental instruments, they are a potential infection source because of contamination with saliva and blood, and comprehensive infection control procedures also apply to the radiology clinic. In addition, contact with a large number of patients in dental schools and clinics in a short period of time, and the fact that radiographic procedures are performed in the same environment as other dental procedures in dental offices increase the significance of infection control in dental radiology. Major advances in computer technology have enabled digital imaging systems to develop rapidly and to become common in dental practice as an alternative to conventional film-based imaging. The use of digital sensors in dental radiology introduced unique infection control challenges and required the revision and modification of existing infection control techniques. In this review, studies concerning the risk of cross-contamination and challenges of infection control with digital image sensors are comprehensively reviewed and infection control protocols that should be followed in intraoral digital imaging using both direct and indirect systems are thoroughly examined.

Drug induced gingival overgrowth (DIGO) is a frequent adverse effect of systemic medications. Amlodipine, although accepted as a safe antihypertensive drug due to its longer duration of action with lower dose and fewer adverse reactions compared to other antihypertensive agents, is among the causative drugs. As the aetiology of hypertension is multifactorial, a fixed dose combination containing amlodipine and other antihypertensive agents is currently preferred by physicians as a new treatment approach. The aim of this article is to report two cases of perindopril arginine, indapamide, and amlodipine fixed dose combination induced gingival overgrowth with an emphasis on the specific clinical presentation. Intraoral examination revealed poor oral hygiene, excessive dental plaque accumulation, and erythematous, oedematous, lobulated, enlarged marginal and interdental gingivae prone to bleeding. It was noteworthy that a red band appearance was present on the enlarged labial marginal gingivae in the patients. One month after the drug substitution, proper oral hygiene education and plaque control, and non-surgical periodontal treatment, a marked regression in DIGO and accompanying inflammatory symptoms were observed. Medical and dental practitioners should be aware that antihypertensive drugs used alone or in combination with other agents have the potential to cause gingival overgrowth.

In recent years, dental treatment need in organ transplant candidates and recipients increased in proportion to the increased number of organ transplantations due to advances in immunosuppressive drugs and medical surgical technology. For the transplant candidates and recipients, dental treatment usually requires standard practice procedures that apply to the management of the severely medically compromised patient. However, there are no guidelines, clinical trials or outcome assessments on appropriate dental treatment for these patient groups. Moreover, medicine often forgets dentistry, as there is no consensus among medical transplant specialists as to whether dental infections pose a risk to organ transplant candidates and recipients. The aim of this article is to briefly review the most common oral manifestations in solid organ transplant candidates and recipients, and to suggest a specific dental management protocol to guide medical and dental professionals for general dental management before and after solid organ transplantation.

Background/purpose: Radiological examination is indispensable in the diagnosis and follow-up of cemento-osseous dysplasia (COD). The aim of this retrospective study was to describe a series of COD cases, identify the frequencies of COD subtypes, and investigate the demographic and radiological characteristics in relation to subtypes. Materials and methods: Cone beam computed tomography (CBCT) images/reports of patients with a diagnosis of COD were included in the study. The data collected included information on the age, sex, subtype of COD, location of COD, and region involved. Information regarding the internal density, effects on surrounding structures, and presence of concomitant lesions was also collected. The data obtained were evaluated statistically. Results: The study group included CBCT images of 142 patients (130 females (91.5%) and 12 males (8.5%)) with a mean age of 46.97 +/- 10.57 years. The mandible was involved in almost all cases (99.3%). The most common subtype was florid COD (51.4%) and lesions with hyper dense internal density (81.7%) were more commonly observed. Cortical thinning (78.2%) was a prominent feature. The frequency of root resorption in periapical COD cases (57.1%) was observed to be significantly higher (p < 0.05). All hypercementosis cases were associated with florid subtype (p < 0.05). In a minority of cases (6.3%), the lesions were associated with bone cysts and osteomyelitis. Conclusion: CBCT images clearly demonstrated the effect of COD lesions on surrounding structures. CBCT is an appropriate imaging modality for the diagnosis and follow-up of COD which is the most common fibro-osseous lesion in clinical practice. (c) 2021 Association for Dental Sciences of the Republic of China. Publishing services by Elsevier B.V. This is an open access article under the CC BY-NC-ND license (http://creativecommons. org/licenses/by-nc-nd/4.0/).

Cemento-ossifying fibroma, which is considered a benign mesenchymal odontogenic tumour of the jaws, is a type of fibro-osseous lesion characterized by slow growth and proliferation of fibrous cellular stroma containing osteoid, bone or cementum-like tissue. The aim of this study was to report a case of cemento-ossifying fibroma in the mandible with clinical, radiological, and histopathological findings and surgical treatment. A 37-year-old woman was admitted to our clinic with the complaint of gradually growing painless swelling in the right mandibular premolar area. Intra-oral examination revealed a bony hard and non-tender mass with intact overlying mucosa on the buccal and lingual aspects of the mandibular right premolar teeth. Periapical, panoramic, and cone beam computed tomography images revealed the presence of a multilocular hypodense lesion with bicortical destruction and expansion in the relevant area. Excisional biopsy of the lesion was performed and histopathological examination exhibited the definite diagnosis of cemento-ossifying fibroma. Clinical, radiological, and histopathological examination should be considered in the diagnosis and treatment planning of cemento-ossifying fibroma., Cemento-ossifying fibroma, which is considered a benign mesenchymal odontogenic tumour of the jaws, is a type of fibro-osseous lesion characterized by slow growth and proliferation of fibrous cellular stroma containing osteoid, bone or cementum-like tissue. The aim of this study was to report a case of cemento-ossifying fibroma in the mandible with clinical, radiological, and histopathological findings and surgical treatment.A 37-year-old female patient was admitted to our clinic with the complaint of gradually growing painless swelling in the right mandibular premolar area. Intra-oral examination revealed a bony hard and non-tender mass with intact overlying mucosa on the buccal and lingual aspect of the mandibular right premolar teeth. Periapical, panoramic, and cone beam computed tomography images revealed the presence of a multilocular hypodense lesion with bicortical destruction and expansion in the relevant area. Excisional biopsy of the lesion was performed and histopathological examination exhibited the definite diagnosis of cemento-ossifying fibroma.Clinical, radiological, and histopathological examination should be considered in the diagnosis and treatment planning of cemento-ossifying fibroma.

Odontogenic myxoma (OM) is a benign, slow-growing neoplasm of ectomesenchymal origin. The radiological features are variable including unilocular or multilocular radiolucency with a well-defined or diffuse border, making the differential diagnosis difficult. These facts pose potential challenges in reaching the correct diagnosis only with radiographic examinations. In this article, two cases of OM are presented and the varied clinical and radiological features and difficulties in differential diagnosis are discussed together with the application of computed tomography (CT) and cone beam computed tomography (CBCT).The presented cases are a 33-year-old female patient with the complaints of migration and mobility of maxillary left premolar teeth and a 30-year-old-male patient with the complaint of a firm, non-tender, fixed mass in the mandibular right posterior region. Periapical, panoramic, and CT/CBCT images revealed the presence of multilocular hypodense lesions with or without hyperdense foci in the relevant areas, and divergence and mobility of the associated teeth were also observed. Excisional biopsy and histopathological examination exhibited the definitive diagnosis of OM.Three-dimensional advanced imaging techniques such as CT and CBCT differ from two-dimensional periapical and panoramic radiographs in that they can demonstrate more characteristic radiographic findings and clearly display the tumour in three-dimensional accuracy and perspective. Therefore, the use of advanced imaging techniques is recommended as a useful tool in the diagnostic process of OM in order to display the borders and to help in investigation of the internal structure of the tumour.

Aim: This study was aimed to evaluate the cone beam computed tomography (CBCT) indications in paediatric and adolescent patients and to investigate their compliance with the guidelines set by the DIMITRA (dentomaxillofacial paediatric imaging: an investigation toward low-dose radiation induced risks) Project.Materials and Methods: CBCT images of paediatric and adolescent patients were selected and evaluated among a total of 12494 CBCT images reviewed retrospectively. Data regarding age, gender, referring department, field of view (FOV), and CBCT indications were recorded. Based on an adaptation of European DIMITRA Project recommendations, CBCT indications were categorized as impacted teeth, trauma, orofacial clefts, dental anomalies, bone pathology, syndromes, and other indications. Follow-up CBCT examinations and incidental findings were also recorded. Data were statistically analyzed at p, Amaç: Bu retrospektif çalışmada, pediatrik ve adolesan hastalarda konik ışınlı bilgisayarlı tomografi (KIBT) endikasyonlarının değerlendirilmesi ve DIMITRA (dentomaxillofacial paediatric imaging: an investigation toward low-dose radiation induced risks) Projesi ile belirlenen kılavuza uygunluğunun araştırılması amaçlanmıştır.Materyal ve Metot: Retrospektif olarak incelen toplam 12494 KIBT görüntüsü arasından pediatrik ve adolesan hastaların KIBT görüntüleri seçilmiş ve değerlendirilmiştir. Yaş, cinsiyet, sevk eden bölüm, görüntüleme alanı (FOV) ve KIBT endikasyonlarına ilişkin veriler kaydedilmiştir. Avrupa DIMITRA Projesi önerilerinin modifikasyonuna dayanarak KIBT endikasyonları gömülü dişler, travma, orofasiyal yarıklar, dental anomaliler, kemik patolojisi, sendromlar ve diğer endikasyonlar olarak kategorize edilmiştir. Takip KIBT incelemeleri ve tesadüfi bulgular da kaydedilmiştir. Veriler istatistiksel olarak p

Amac: Dental radyografilerin yas tayininde guvenle kullanilabilecegi yapilan calismalarla ortaya konmus olup uc boyutlu goruntuleme yontemlerinin son yillardaki gelisimi ile bu alanda bircok yeni calisma yapilmistir. Yapilan radyolojik yas tayini calismalarinda, cenelerin sag ve sol kadranlari arasinda belirgin simetri oldugu one surulmektedir. Bu calismanin amaci; mandibular premolar dislerdeki yapisal degisikliklerin konik isinli bilgisayarli tomografi (KIBT) goruntulerinde uc farkli radyolojik yas tayini yontemi ile degerlendirilerek sag ve sol kadranlar arasinda farklilik olup olmadiginin arastirilmasidir. Gerec ve Yontem: Marmara Universitesi Dis Hekimligi Fakultesi, Agiz, Dis ve Cene Radyolojisi Anabilim Dali’na basvuran hastalarin KIBT goruntuleri retrospektif olarak incelenmistir. Mandibular sag ve sol 1. ve 2. premolar dislerin mevcut oldugu 50 adet yuksek diagnostik kaliteye sahip KIBT goruntusunde mandibular premolar dislerin tumunde yapisal degisiklikler gorsel olarak (modifiye Gustafson metodu), lineer olcumlerle (Kvaal yontemi) ve hacim olcumleriyle (pulpa/dis hacim orani yontemi) degerlendirilmistir. Elde edilen veriler istatistiksel olarak degerlendirilmistir. Bulgular: Modifiye Gustafson metodu kullanilarak gerceklestirilen degerlendirmelerde; premolar dislerin her biri icin olusturulan coklu regresyon modellerinin tumu istatistiksel olarak anlamli (p

Aim: CAim: Candida species, although being a member of the oral flora, may exhibit pathological features under certain conditions. The aim of this study was to determine the distribution and biofilm production of Candida species that were isolated from denture related stomatitis (DRS) patients and to compare with healthy subjects. andida species, although being a member of the oral flora, may exhibit pathological features under certain conditions. The aim of this study was to determine the distribution and biofilm production of Candida species that were isolated from denture related stomatitis (DRS) patients and to compare with healthy subjects. Materials and Methods: The 56 non-smoker, systemically healthy, maxillary removabledenture wearer subjects included in this study and diagnosed as DRS(N=27) andhealthy(N=29). Samples fromthe palatal mucosal surface of patients were collected by sterile swabs during20 seconds. Cultivation and selective isolation of Candida species wereperformed on CHROMagar (CHROMagar® Candida, CHROMagar, Paris,France) at 37ºC for 2 days. Isolated Candida species were identified with APIID 32 C (bioMérieux®, France). Biofilm formation by Candida specieswere determined by a visual tube method. Results: The prevalence of the yeasts in the healthy group was found to be37.94%, while in the DRS group it was 100% (p

SUMMARY New flowable composites that may be bulk-filled in layers up to 4 mm are indicated as a base beneath posterior composite restorations. Sufficient radiopacity is one of the several important requirements such materials should meet. The aim of this study was to evaluate the radiopacity of bulk-fill flowable composites and to provide a comparison with conventional flowable composites using digital imaging. Ten standard specimens (5 mm in diameter, 1 mm in thickness) were prepared from each of four different bulk-fill flowable composites and nine different conventional flowable composites. Radiographs of the specimens were taken together with 1-mm-thick tooth slices and an aluminum step wedge using a digital imaging system. For the radiographic exposures, a storage phosphor plate and a dental x-ray unit at 70 kVp and 8 mA were used. The object-to-focus distance was 30 cm, and the exposure time was 0.2 seconds. The gray values of the materials were measured using the histogram function of the software available with the system, and radiopacity was calculated as the equivalent thickness of aluminum. The data were analyzed statistically (p SDR (Dentsply DeTrey) ≥ Filtek Bulk Fill (3M ESPE). To conclude, the bulk-fill flowable restorative materials, which were tested in this study using digital radiography, met the minimum standard of radiopacity specified by the International Standards Organization.

Candida-associated denture stomatitis is the most prevalent form of oral candida infections among the denture wearers. Generally, antiseptic oral rinses used in the treatment of these infections are considered as an adjunct or alternative antifungal treatment. Studies have suggested that the intraoral concentrations of antiseptics decrease substantially to the sub-therapeutic levels on account of the dynamics of the oral cavity. This condition yields the question about the minimum antiseptic concentration that effect the character or pathogenesis of Candida during treatment. The extracellular phospholipase and proteinase enzymes of Candida albicans are regarded to have a crucial role in the pathogenesis of human fungal infections. Therefore, the aim of this study was to investigate the effect of different sub-therapeutic concentrations of chlorhexidine gluconate, hexetidine and triclosan on the production of these enzymes by C. albicans strains isolated from 20 patients with denture stomatitis.Phospholipase test was done by using Sabouraud dextrose agar with egg yolk, proteinase test was done by using bovine serum albumin agar.Phospholipase test was done by using Sabouraud dextrose agar with egg yolk, proteinase test was done by using bovine serum albumin agar.Exoenzyme production of 20 strains which were brief exposured to sub-therapeutic concentrations of three antiseptic agents decreased significantly compared with the strains that were not exposured with antiseptic values (p0.05). There was significant difference between the sub-therapeutic concentrations of each of three antiseptics (p0.05). When the same concentrations of each antiseptic was compared, there were no significant differences between enzymatic activities (p0.05).The results of this study show that sub-therapeutic levels of each antiseptic may modulate candidal exoenzyme production, consequently suppressing pathogenicity of C. albicans.

Background: The eye lens and thyroid gland are sensitive to radiation and have a risk of being exposed to primary beams and scattered radiation during dental radiographic examinations. Objectives: The present study was aimed to evaluate the effectiveness of bismuth shielding in decreasing eye lens and thyroid radiation dose in periapical radiography (PR), orthopantomography (OPTG), and cone beam computed tomography (CBCT) examinations. There is no information in relevant literature regarding the use of bismuth shielding in dental radiology. Materials and Methods: Dose measurements for PR, OPTG and CBCT were conducted by placing thermoluminescent dosimeter chips on the eye and thyroid location in a standard head phantom. Each one of the scan techniques was performed without any bismuth shielding, and they were then repeated with bismuth shielding in place. The percent dose reduction from bismuth shielding was calculated by dividing the dose measured with bismuth shielding by the dose measured without bismuth shielding. Results: The eye dose was observed to decrease in bismuth shielding group in PR, however it was not statistically significant. The thyroid dose was found to be significantly decreased in PR (P < 0.05). In OPTG and CBCT scans, both the dose to the eye and the thyroid gland was observed to increase by using bismuth shielding. Among these, only the increase in the eye dose in CBCT was not statistically significant (P > 0.05). Conclusion: This study demonstrated higher thyroid and eye lens dose with the use of bismuth shielding in OPTG and CBCT scanning. However, due to the significantly decreased thyroid dose in PR, it may be recommended as an alternative to leaded shielding in periapical radiographic examinations.

Introduction The aim of this study was to evaluate observer variations and observer reproducibility in the interpretation of periapical health using the Strindberg system, the periapical index (PAI), and the probability index for radiologic assessment of periapical health. Methods Four observers read digital periapical images to evaluate the periapical health of 200 root-filled teeth. Each observer evaluated a tooth twice by using the Strindberg system, twice by using the PAI, and twice by using the probability index. Each observation session was held at 1-month intervals. Three scores were used for the evaluations conducted by using the Strindberg system. Both the PAI and the probability index were considered on 5-point scales and were also dichotomized. SPSS for Windows 15.0 software (SPSS Inc, Chicago, IL) was used for data analysis, and intra- and interobserver agreements were described by using kappa statistics. Results The average kappa values of intra- and interobserver agreement calculated for the Strindberg system were 0.53 and 0.36, respectively. The corresponding average kappa values were calculated as 0.48 and 0.39 for the PAI and 0.45 and 0.30 for the probability index. The highest mean proportion values of intra- and interobserver agreement were observed for the dichotomization of the PAI (88.9% and 87.0%, respectively) followed by the dichotomization of the probability index (86.8% and 82.9%, respectively). Conclusions The Strindberg system has lower intraobserver variation compared with the PAI and the probability index, whereas PAI has lower interobserver variation compared with the Strindberg system and the probability index. The dichotomization of the PAI and the probability index provided higher intra- and interobserver agreement values in the radiologic assessment of periapical health.

The dentinogenic ghost cell tumor is a rare solid variant of the calcifying odontogenic cyst. A 77-year-old man presented with a gingival mass on the alveolar crest mucosa of canine to first premolar of the right mandibular region. After clinical and radiological examination, the pre - diagnosis was peripheral ossifying fibroma. An incisional biopsy was performed, and the specimen was submitted for histopathologic evaluation. The lesion was characterized histopatholocially by ameloblastoma-like odontogenic epithelial proliferation, presence of ghost cells and dentinoid ma - terial. It was finally diagnosed as peripheral dentinogenic ghost cell tumor after excision with a margin of sound bone. In this report, a rare new case is described and the relevant literature is briefly reviewed.

Gumru B, Tarcin B, Pekiner FN, Ozbayrak S Retrospective radiological assessment of root canal treatment in young permanent dentition in a Turkish subpopulation. International Endodontic Journal, 44, 850–856, 2011. Abstract Aim To determine the technical quality of root fillings as well as the periapical status of root filled teeth and non-root filled teeth in young permanent dentitions using a retrospective analysis of orthopantomographs (OPTGs) in a Turkish subpopulation. Methodology Included in this study were the digital OPTGs taken as a part of diagnostic and planning procedures for all 19-year-old adolescents who attended the Faculty of Dentistry, Marmara University (Istanbul, Turkey) for the first time during the period from June 2007 to May 2009. The periapical status of all teeth and the technical quality of the root fillings were assessed by radiographic criteria. Statistical analysis was performed by the Mann–Whitney U, chi-squared, Fisher’s exact and Cohen’s kappa tests. Results The survey involved OPTGs of 1077 19-year-old adolescents: 663 (61.6%) women and 414 (38.4%) men. Of the 28974 teeth examined, 459 (1.6%) were root filled, of which 193 (42.0%) had radiological signs of apical periodontitis (AP), and 454 (1.6%) were non-root filled teeth with AP. No significant difference was found between women and men regarding the number of teeth present, the number of root filled teeth and the number of non-root filled teeth with AP (P > 0.05). The most commonly treated teeth were molars (54.2%), followed by pre-molars (27.0%) and incisors (18.8%). Length was adequate in 57.3%, and homogeneity was adequate in 50.5% of the root fillings. Statistically, both the length and the homogeneity of the root fillings were significantly associated with periapical status individually (P

Objectives: To investigate the quality of root fillings and coronal restorations and their association with periapical status in an adult Turkish subpopulation.Methods: A total of 400 subjects were examined. Panoramic radiographs of all participants and additional periapical radiographs of affected teeth were processed. The frequency of root canal treatment and the periapical status of all root filled teeth were evaluated. The relationship between the radiographic quality of root fillings and coronal restorations was examined by chi-squared statistical analysis.Results: A total of 9460 teeth were examined. The total number of root filled teeth was 890 (9.39%), and 658 (73.9%) had apical periodontitis (AP). There was a significant correlation between the presence of periapical pathology and inadequate root canal fillings (P Conclusions: The results demonstrate a low prevalence of root-filled teeth and poor quality of coronal restorations and root fillings consistent with a high prevalence of apical periodontitis in a Turkish subpopulation. (Eur J Dent 2010;4:17-22)

BACKGROUND: Burning mouth syndrome (BMS) is considered a syndrome with an unknown cause. Roles of various trace elements and cytokines in saliva have been implicated in the development of BMS. The aim of the present study was to compare the levels of salivary trace elements [magnesium (Mg), zinc (Zn), copper (Cu)] and interleukin (IL)-2 and IL-6, and to search for a correlation between depression ⁄anxiety and salivary trace elements and cytokines in BMS patients and controls. METHODS: Thirty patients with BMS and 30 matched healthy controls participated in the study. Unstimulated saliva was collected from participants and salivary flow rates were determined. Mg, Zn and Cu levels were determined by atomic absorbance spectrophotometry. Cytokine immunoassay kits were used to determine the concentration of IL-2 and IL-6 in the whole saliva samples. Anxiety and depression were analyzed by means of the Speilberger State-Trait Anxiety Inventory (SAI-TAI) and Zung Self-Rating Depression Scale. RESULTS: Although subjects in the control group had significantlyhighermeanlevelsforMgcomparedwithBMS patients (P < 0.01), no statistically significant differences were observed in relation to Zn and Cu levels between the two groups (P < 0.001). There were no statistically significant differences in IL-2 and IL-6 levels of BMS and control groups, but subjects in BMS group had slightly, not significantly,highermeanlevelsforIL-6comparedwithcontrols. SubjectsinBMSgrouphadsignificantlyhighermeanvalues for TAI compared with controls (P < 0.05). There were no statistically significant differences in relation to salivary levels of Mg, Zn, Cu, IL-2, IL-6 and depression ⁄anxiety between BMS and control groups. CONCLUSIONS: The results of our study indicate that Mg levels could have an impact on symptoms of BMS and further studies are necessary to determine the importance of cytokines in the pathogenesis of BMS. J Oral Pathol Med (2009) 38: 269–275

Background: Burning mouth syndrome is a disorder usually associated with an unexplained, prolonged sensation of burning inside the oral cavity. Although the etiology is unknown, neural and psychologic factors and cytokines may be implicated in the pathogenesis of burning mouth syndrome. The aim of this study was to investigate the relationship between serum cytokine and T regulatory cell levels in patients with burning mouth syndrome with regard to depression and anxiety. Methods: Thirty patients with burning mouth syndrome and 30 matched controls participated in the study. Serum cytokine levels were measured with cytometric bead array and T regulatory cells were defined as CD4+CD25+Foxp-3+ cells by flow cytometry. The level of anxiety and depression were analyzed by means of the Speilberger State-Trait Anxiety Inventory and Zung Self-Rating Depression Scale. Visual analogue scale was used in the quantification of burning levels of patients. Results: Serum IL-2 and TNF-α levels were significantly decreased in patients with burning mouth syndrome compared with controls [mean 16.79 ± 8.70 vs. 37.73 ± 41.05 pg / ml (P

Aim: The aim was to examine the technical quality of root fillings and periapical status of root‑filled and nonroot‑filled teeth restored with crowns and bridge retainers through a retrospective analysis of orthopantomographs (OPTGs) in an adult Turkish subpopulation.Materials and Methods: In this study, the digital OPTGs of adult patients between the ages of 20 and 70 who appealed to the Endodontics Endodontics Department of the Dentistry Faculty at Marmara University (Istanbul, Turkey) for the first time to have their endodontic treatment needs met were used. The periapical health of all teeth restored with crowns and bridge retainers, and the technical quality of the root fillings on abutment teeth were evaluated by radiographic criteria.Results: The survey was carried out using the OPTGs of 1000 adult patients composed of 590 (59.0%) women and 410 (41.0%) men. 4656 (20.9%) of the totally examined 22280 teeth were with crowns and bridge retainers. 986 of the total abutment teeth were root‑filled and 458 (46.5%) of them had apical periodontitis (AP) while 3670 of the total abutment teeth were nonroot‑filled and 930 (25.3%) of them were with AP. The most commonly treated teeth were premolars (33.8%), followed by molars (26.2%), incisors (23.3%) and canines (16.7%). Technical quality was proved to be adequate in 27.5% of the root fillings. A higher frequency of AP was related to inadequate root fillings (P < 0.01).Conclusion: The frequency of root‑filled abutment teeth with AP, nonroot‑filled abutment teeth with AP, and technically inadequate root‑fillings among teeth with crowns and bridge retainers was high in the selected adult population.Keywords: Abutment teeth, apical periodontitis, endodontics, epidemiology, radiology

Objectives: Although several detailed studies concerning the patient profile and clinical features of oral lichen planus have been undertaken all over the world in different populations, a similar study has not yet been conducted in a Turkish population. The purpose of this retrospective study was to describe the demographic and clinical characteristics of a group of patients with oral lichen planus in Turkey. Study Design: Charts of 370 patients, from the archive of Oral Diagnosis and Radiology Department of Marmara University Faculty of Dentistry (Istanbul, Turkey), with histologically confirmed clinical diagnosis of oral lichen planus in the period 1990-2010 were retrospectively reviewed. Results: Of the 370 patients, 260 (70.3%) were women and 110 (29.7%) were men. The mean age was 49.84±13.41 years (range of 16-83). The lesions were asymptomatic in 63 patients (17%). Nearly half of the patients (47.6%) had multiple sites of involvement. Predominantly red forms were the most frequent, affecting 60.5% of patients. Approximately 17% of the patients had symptoms of possible extraoral involvement. No evidence suggesting a connection between oral lichen planus and tobacco or alcohol use was found. Only one out of the 370 cases had histologically proven malignant transformation. Conclusions: The patient profile and clinical features of oral lichen planus in Turkey were generally similar to those described in other populations. The preponderance of the red forms and also the fact that majority of patients referred themselves to our clinic highlighted the lack of awareness among Turkish health care providers about lichen planus.

Burning mouth syndrome is a disorder usually associated with an unexplained, prolonged sensation of burning inside the oral cavity. Although the etiology is unknown, neural and psychologic factors and cytokines may be implicated in the pathogenesis of burning mouth syndrome. The aim of this study was to investigate the relationship between serum cytokine and T regulatory cell levels in patients with burning mouth syndrome with regard to depression and anxiety.Thirty patients with burning mouth syndrome and 30 matched controls participated in the study. Serum cytokine levels were measured with cytometric bead array and T regulatory cells were defined as CD4(+)CD25(+)Foxp-3(+) cells by flow cytometry. The level of anxiety and depression were analyzed by means of the Speilberger State-Trait Anxiety Inventory and Zung Self-Rating Depression Scale. Visual analogue scale was used in the quantification of burning levels of patients.Serum IL-2 and TNF-alpha levels were significantly decreased in patients with burning mouth syndrome compared with controls [mean 16.79 +/- 8.70 vs. 37.73 +/- 41.05 pg / ml (P0.05) and mean 39.09 +/- 29.40 vs. 70.83 +/- 42.44 pg / ml (P0.01) respectively].IL-2 and TNF-alpha might play a role in burning mouth syndrome. Burning mouth syndrome may occur as a sign of predisposition to autoimmunity. Presence of low levels of CD28(+) supports the provision that BMS might be a pre-autoimmune disease.

En coup de sabre is a type of linear scleroderma which presents on the frontal or frontoparietal scalp. En coup de sabre in children is associated with asymmetric growth and progressive facial disfigurement. The purpose of this report was to present the case of a 4-year-old girl with a 2-year history of en coup de sabre. The clinical presentation and radiographic findings are discussed.

The aim of this study was to evaluate the correlation between frequency and phospholipase activity of Candida species and denture stomatitis according to Newton’s classification. Seventy-five complete denture wearers were evaluated for the presence of yeasts on the palatal mucosa by culture method. In addition, the number of yeast isolates producing phospholipase and amount of this enzyme were determined using egg yolk agar plate method. According to Newton’s classification, 25 denture wearers were with healthy palatal mucosa while 50 were with any types of denture stomatitis. The frequency of yeasts was linked to whether subjects had Type II or Type III, but not Type I denture stomatitis. Candida albicans was the most frequently isolated species in denture wearers with and without clinical signs of denture stomatitis and it was the only species produced phospholipase. Although the amount of phospholipase produced by the C. albicans isolates from denture wearers in control and Type II and III DS groups was not significantly different, there was statistically significant difference in the number of C. albicans isolates producing phospholipase between patients with and without clinical signs of DS.

The extracellular phospholipases of Candida albicans are considered to play a significant role in the pathogenesis of human infections. Therefore 23 clinical oral isolates of C. albicans from patients with denture stomatitis and 22 commensal oral isolates obtained from the palatal mucosa of healthy subjects were assayed for phospholipase activity. It is generally accepted that chlorhexidine gluconate is an appropriate adjunct or an alternative to antimycotic therapy in the management of oral candidiasis. However, the intraoral concentrations of this antiseptic fluctuate considerably due to the dynamics of the oral cavity. So the second main objective of this study was to investigate the effect of brief exposure (30 min) to two sub-therapeutic concentrations (0.002% and 0.0012%) of chlorhexidine gluconate on the value of phospholipase production (Pz) of C. albicans.An in vitro phospholipase production was done by plate assay method using an egg yolk-agar medium.No significant differences were found in the number of C. albicans isolates producing phospholipase between two groups. However, the mean value of Pz produced by the isolates from patients with denture stomatitis was significantly (p0.05) higher than the commensals. Exposure of the isolates to 0.002% and 0.0012% chlorhexidine led to a significant (p0.001 and p0.01, respectively) reduction in the amount of phospholipase.The results of this study imply that sub-therapeutic levels of chlorhexidine may modulate candidal phospholipase activity, thereby suppressing pathogenicity of C. albicans.

Objective: The aim of this study was to assess the radiopacity of a relatively new mineral trioxide aggregate (MTA)-based root-canal filling material and to compare it with four currently used root-canal filling materials using a digital imaging system.Methods: The root-canal filling materials tested were MTA Fillapex, Adseal, AH Plus, Endomethasone and gutta-percha cones. Standard disks of five different root-canal filling materials were exposed together with an aluminum stepwedge calibrated in millimeters. For the radiographic exposures, a storage phosphor plate (size 4; 5.7x7.6 cm) and an x-ray machine at 70 kVp and 8 mA were used. The object-to-focus distance was 30 cm, and the exposure time was 0.2 sec. The grey values of the test materials were measured digitally using the system’s own software and compared with the stepwedge to find the equivalent thickness of aluminum. The data were analyzed statistically with significance levels set at p, Amaç: Bu çalışmanın amacı son zamanlarda kullanıma giren mineral trioksit agregat (MTA) esaslı bir kök-kanal dolgu materyali olan MTA Fillapex’in radyo-opasitesinin dört farklı kök-kanal dolgu materyali ile dijital görüntüleme yöntemi kullanılarak karşılaştırılmasıdır.Yöntemler: Çalışmada kök-kanal dolgu maddesi olarak MTA Fillapex, Adseal, AH Plus, Endomethasone ve güta-perka kon kullanılmıştır. Her bir kök-kanal dolgu materyalinden hazırlanan disk şeklindeki standart numuneler ve alüminyum penetrometre fosfor plaka (size 4; 5.7x7.6 cm) üzerine konarak 70 kVp, 8 mA ve 0.2 sn ışınlama parametreleri ile dijital radyografileri elde edilmiştir. Obje-ışın mesafesi 30 cm olacak şekilde ayarlanmıştır. Test edilen materyallerin grilik değerleri sistemin kendi yazılımı ile dijital olarak ölçülmüş ve eşdeğer alüminyum kalınlığını bulmak amacıyla penetrometre ile karşılaştırılmıştır. Elde edilen bulgular istatistiksel olarak, anlamlılık p

Endodontide teshis, tedavi planlamasi ve tedavi sonuclarinin degerlendirilmesinde radyografik incelemeden buyuk oranda istifade edilmektedir. Ister rontgen filmi ile ister dijital sensorler ile cekilmis olsun, endodontik problemlerin tedavisinde kullanilan periapikal radyografiler iki boyutlu olmalari, geometrik distorsiyon, anatomik yapilarin superpozisyonu ve sadece o andaki durumu yansitmalari nedeniyle sinirli bilgi saglamaktadir. Bu derlemede periapikal radyografilerin sahip oldugu kisitlamalar gozden gecirilmekte ve endodonti pratiginde konvansiyonel radyografilerin tamamlayicilari olarak onerilen alternatif ileri goruntuleme tekniklerine deginilmektedir. Bu goruntuleme tekniklerinin avantaj ve dezavantajlari da kisaca tartisilmaktadir. Anahtar sozcukler: Bilgisayarli tomografi, konik isinli bilgisayarli tomografi, endodonti, manyetik rezonans goruntuleme, periapikal radyografi, ultrason ABS TRACT Imaging in endodontics: an overview of conventional and alternative advanced imaging techniques

Amaç: Çocuk ve yetişkin hastalarda konik ışınlı bilgisayarlı tomografi (KIBT) endikasyonlarının değerlendirilerek DIMITRA ve SEDENTEXCT projeleri ile ortaya konan kılavuzlara uygunluğunun araştırılmasıdır. Gereç ve Yöntem: Marmara Üniversitesi Diş Hekimliği Fakültesi’ne başvuran hastaların KIBT görüntüleri retrospektif olarak değerlendirilmiştir. Yaş, cinsiyet, istek yapan bölüm, FOV ve endikasyon verileri kaydedilmiştir. Endikasyonlar; DIMITRA, ve SEDENTEXCT projeleri ile ortaya konan kılavuzların modifikasyonuna dayanarak sınıflandırılmıştır. Takip KIBT incelemeleri ve tesadüfi bulgular kaydedilmiştir. Elde edilen veriler p