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The revolutionary development in digital theory and technology calls for non-trivial decisions in bridging between the virtual and real worlds. The field of conservation of cultural heritage thus provides various challenges, especially with regards to learning, study and investigation of tangible heritage through applications of intangible ICT technologies. This paper examines the interaction between e-learning, and the actual on-site learning and study of historic buildings and sites, with an emphasis on their visual characteristics. In this context, the paper presents some aspects of application of a methodology which allows basic documentation, monitoring and primary analysis of data on cultural (built) heritage sites by general public through educational process enabled by an e-learning platform., peer-reviewed

This article deals with the delicate relationship between young students and Archaeological Cultural Heritage. Normally, young people are not really attracted by those which consider as “just old stones". The reason lays in the fact that they are generally not taught and involved in a proper way to archaeology and Cultural Heritage. The Project ELAICH (Educational Linkage Approach In Cultural Heritage), a 3-year EU funded project (2009-2012), aimed to raise awareness of Cultural Heritage among young people through the development of all innovative educational approach. Besides traditional lectures, the ELAICH course included in fact the "intellectual in-situ work" focused on the study of selected archaeological sites. This paper takes into consideration two courses, held in Athens and in Malta during the ELAICH project, highlighting the direct involvement of young people in the study of the historical sites. in the understanding and in the appreciation of Archaeological Heritage., peer-reviewed

Regalzier is one of the most common types of plasterwork on medieval buildings in Venice until the 15th century but remained popular also during the next centuries in the north of Italy. Despite the widespread occurrence of this kind of finishing treatment, the information about the materials and the techniques used to create it is still scarce. For this reason and thanks to growing interest in traditional building construction techniques, a set of 21 samples were collected from a number of decorative elements and brick walls belonging to historical buildings of the 15th century in Venice. The samples were investigated by means of Scanning Electron Microscopy–Energy Dispersive X-ray microanalysis (SEM-EDX), Fourier Transform Infrared spectroscopy (FTIR), Thermal Analysis (TG-DSC) and Raman spectroscopy. The results allowed the characterization of the materials, contributing to the knowledge of traditional building construction techniques. This information is also important when considering the choice of proper restoration treatments, according to the recent concepts of sustainability, compatibility and use of local materials. Riassunto Le decorazioni ad affresco, le stesure di intonaci a marmorino e il “regalizier” erano tra le più diffuse finiture delle superfici in laterizio che caratterizzavano l’edilizia medievale. A Venezia era particolarmente diffusa la tecnica di finitura a “regalzier”, di cui rimangono poche testimonianze e poche informazioni circa i materiali impiegati. Per questo, e grazie al crescente interesse verso le tecniche dell’edilizia tradizionale e locale, sono stati prelevati 21 campioni di “regalzier”, provenienti da elementi decorativi e murature in laterizio di edifici veneziani del XV secolo. I campioni sono stati caratterizzati con microscopia ottica ed elettronica (SEM-EDX), spettrofotometria FT-IR, analisi TG-DSC e spettroscopia Raman. I risultati ottenuti, oltre a contribuire alle conoscenze sui materiali e sulle tecniche dell’edilizia tradizionale veneziana, permettono di scegliere metodologie adeguate per la conservazione delle testimonianze di questi trattamenti, in accordo anche con il recente concetto di “restauro sostenibile”, in termini di compatibilità e utilizzo di materiali locali. Résumé Les décorations en fresque, les étalements de crépi marmorisé et le « regalzier » étaient parmi les finitions plus diffusées des surfaces en brique qui caractérisaient la construction médiévale. À Venise la technique de finition à « regalzier », dont il ne reste que peu de témoignages et peu d’informations quant aux matériaux employés, était particulièrement diffusée. Pour cette raison, et grâce au croissant intérêt vers les techniques de la construction traditionnelle et locale, 21 échantillons de « regalzier », provenant d’éléments décoratifs et de maçonneries en brique d’édifices vénitiens du XVème siècle, ont été prélevés. Les échantillons ont été caractérisés avec un micro-espion optique et électronique (SEM-EDX), une spectrophotométrie FT-IR, une analyse TG-DSC et une spectroscopie Raman. Les résultats obtenus, en plus de contribuer aux connaissances sur les matériaux et sur les techniques de la construction traditionnelle vénitienne, permettent de choisir des méthodologies adéquates à la conservation des témoignages de ces traitements, en accord aussi avec le récent concept de « restauration soutenable », en termes de compatibilité et d’utilisation de matériaux locaux. Zusammenfassung Freskenmalereien, der „Intonaco marmorino“ genannte und dem Marmor ähnliche Verputz sowie die Fugenmalerei „Regalzier“ zählten im Mittelalter zu den weit verbreitetsten Finishs von Ziegelflächen. In Venedig war insbesondere die „Realzier-Technik“ sehr verbreitet, von der es leider nur noch wenige Zeugnisse gibt. Aber auch zu den verwendeten Materialien liegen nur sehr spärliche Informationen vor. Aus besagtem Grund und dank des wachsenden Interesses für traditionelle sowie lokale Bautechniken wurden jetzt 21 von Dekorelementen und Ziegelmauern venezianischer Gebäude aus dem 15. Jh. stammende „Regalzier-Proben“ entnommen. Die Proben wurden auf der Grundlage der optischen und elektronischen Mikroskopie (SEM-EDX), der FT-IR-Spektrofotometrie, der TG-DSC-Analyse und der Raman-Spektroskopie gekennzeichnet. Die somit erzielten Ergebnisse tragen nicht nur zum Verständnis der im traditionellen venezianischen Bauwesen zur Anwendung gekommenen Materialien und Techniken bei, sondern ermöglichen es, in Übereinstimmung mit dem relativ neuen Konzept der die Kompatibilität und Verwendung lokaler Materialien umfassenden „nachhaltigen Restaurierung“, zweckmäßige Methoden zur Erhaltung derart behandelter Zeugnisse zu wählen. Resumen Las decoraciones al fresco, la aplicación de revoques con efecto “marmorino” y el “regalzier” eran algunos de los acabados más frecuentes para las superficies en ladrillos que caracterizaban la construcción medieval. En Venecia estaba muy difundida la técnica de acabado “regalzier”, de la cual quedan pocos ejemplos y escasas informaciones sobre los materiales utilizados. Para ello, y gracias al creciente interés por las técnicas de la construcción tradicional y local, se han sacado 21 muestras de “regalzier” procedentes de elementos decorativos y mamposterías en ladrillos de edificios venecianos del siglo XV. Las muestras han sido caracterizadas a través de la microscopía óptica y electrónica (SEM-EDX), la espectrofotometría FT-IR, el análisis TG-DSC y la espectroscopia Raman. Los resultados logrados, además de aumentar los conocimientos sobre los materiales y las técnicas de la construcción tradicional veneciana, permiten elegir metodologías adecuadas para la conservación de vestigios de estos tratamientos, en línea también con el reciente concepto de la “restauración sostenible”, desde el punto de vista de la compatibilidad y el uso de materiales locales., Conservation Science in Cultural Heritage; Vol 12 (2012); 313-331

The conditions of historical brickwork in Venice are very peculiar indeed because the presence of seawater influences, directly or indirectly, the wall systems. We have initiated a study concerning the physical and chemical effects of water on the brick walls along the canals, which are usually submerged during the sea high tide. The situation examined is the worst one, since both the cyclic contact of brickwork with water and the physical effect of wave movements occur concurrently. Chemical analyses and porosity measurements have been performed on samples taken from walls of different age and exposed differently to the tidal waters. Tests have been performed on, the samples at various depths, in order to evaluate the changes in the parameters and to define the relationships among the physical and chemical processes leading to the decay of the material.