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Fluorescent pseudomonad is one of the biocontrol agents against plant pathogens. Various compounds reportedly can be produced by fluorescent pseudomonad, including chitinase, β-1,3-glucanase, HCN, siderophore, antibiotics, Indole Acetic Acid (IAA), phosphate solvent compounds, and 2,4-diacetylphloroglucinol (DAPG). In this study, it was identified and characterized six isolates of fluorescent pseudomonad (PfPj1, PfPj2, PfKd7, PfCas, PfCas3, and LAHp2). All isolates were isolated from the rhizosphere of various types of plants. The results showed that six isolates were identical to Pseudomonas aeruginosa (93-94%). All bacterial isolates tested were able to produce siderophore, HCN, and solubilize phosphates. The highest siderophore was produced by isolate PfPj2. Whereas isolate PfKd7 had the highest at HCN production and the ability to dissolve phosphates.

Traditional rice (Oryza sativa L.) landraces provide many essential genes for improving yield, disease resistance, abiotic stress tolerance, and other parameters for future rice breeding. This study aimed to analyze the genetic diversity and determine the phylogenetic position of the traditional rice landraces from the tidal swamp areas of South Kalimantan, Indonesia, compared to other rice germplasm, including wild relatives, obtained from the GenBank database, using a cpDNA-rbcL marker. In this case, six traditional rice landraces from this region were collected and analyzed molecularly using the rbcL marker and compared with 16 similar others and 25 wild relatives from the GenBank database. The genetic diversity of this germplasm was determined using the nucleotide diversity index (π), whereas the phylogenetic analysis by maximum likelihood with bootstrap for 1 000 replicates. The principal component analysis (PCA) was employed to confirm this grouping. Based on this marker, the traditional rice landraces have a genetic diversity of 0.38, lower than intra-species and inter-species levels, i.e., 0.44 and 0.83, respectively. The phylogenetic analysis shows that this germplasm has separated from most O. sativa rice cultivars and their wild relatives, except for the ‘GBVN’ and ‘NARC’ (comparison cultivars obtained from GenBank). This information has substantial implications for future rice breeding and conservation efforts, locally and globally.

Wounds are caused by skin injuries that damage the soft tissue. Wound healing is a dynamic process that involves a series of interconnected cellular and molecular processes that result in the restoration of anatomic continuity and function. Herbal therapy has been gaining popularity recently because of plants' usefulness in treating ailments with hardly any negative effects. Over the years, a variety of plant items have been developed and utilized to heal wounds. Throughvarious mechanisms, herbal extracts aid in blood clotting, infection prevention, and wound healing. This review provides a comprehensive look at herbal therapy's potential for hastening wound healing, as well as its antioxidant, anti-inflammatory, and anti-microbial properties that can be manifest in the treatment of injuries, as well as a first attempt at developing new wound-healing formulations with high potency for human use. Furthermore, we have highlighted medicinal plants as natural antioxidant resources in wound repair and healing.

Tahıllar ile ilişkili toprak kökenli patojenler Dünya genelinde önemli verim kayıplarına sebep olmaktadır. Toprak kökenli patojenler içinde Heterodera filipjevi ve Fusarium culmorum tahılların kök ve kökboğazı’ na saldıran iki ana yıkıcı etmendir ve Türkiye' de en yaygın türler olarak rapor edilmiştir. 1931-2013 yılları arasında tescil edilmiş buğday, yulaf, tritikale ve çavdardan oluşan toplam 245 Türk tahıl çeşidi; Fusarium culmorum ve Heterodera filipjevi' ye karşı dayanıklılıkları için test edilmişlerdir. Çeşitler, iki ardışık büyüme sezonu boyunca kontrollü ve/veya tarla koşullarında taranmışlardır. Ekmeklik buğday 'Murat-1' her iki patojen için de en dayanıklı çeşit olarak belirlenmiştir. Durum buğdayı 'Yelken 2000' ve 'Yılmaz 98' sırasıyla F. culmorum ve H. filipjevi'ye karşı dayanıklılık açısından en umut verici çeşitler olarak bulunmuşlardır. Tritikale 'Presto' ve 'Melez 2001' fide aşamasında Fusarium culmorum’ a karşı orta derecede dayanıklı iken 'Umranhanim' yetişkin bitki döneminde orta derecede dayanıklı olarak sınıflandırılmıştır. Bu çalışmanın bulguları, bu genotiplerin yeni genotip geliştirilmesi için melezlemede hala kullanılması nedeniyle küresel buğday ıslah programları için önemlidir., Soilborne pathogens associated with cereals cause significant yield losses throughout the world. Among soilborne pathogens Heterodera filipjevi and Fusarium culmorum are two main destructive causal agents that attack the roots and crowns of cereals and have been reported as the most prevalent species in Türkiye. A total of 245 Turkish cereal varieties consisting of wheat, oat, triticale and rye which were registered between 1931 to 2013; were tested for their resistance to Fusarium culmorum and Heterodera filipjevi. The varieties were screened under controlled and/or field conditions for two successive growing seasons. The bread wheat ‘Murat-1’ was the most resistant variety for both pathogens. The durum wheats ‘Yelken 2000’ and ‘Yılmaz 98’ were found the most promising varieties for resistance to F. culmorum and H. filipjevi, respectively. The triticale ‘Umranhanim’ ranked moderately resistant at adult plant stage while ‘Presto’ and ‘Melez 2001’ were ranked moderately resistant at seedling stage for Fusarium culmorum. The findings of this study are important for the global wheat breeding programs as those genotypes are still being used in crosses for new genotype development.

In this study, an in vitro propagation protocol of Poncirus trifoliata L. (Raf.) rootstock, which is one of the main rootstocks used in citrus, was created. Monocular node parts of the plant, which is the source of explant, were cultured in MS nutrient media containing BAP at dissmilar concentrations (0.5-1.0-2.0 mg/l). Afterward, it was observed that shoot appearance and tillering were achieved in the node explants cultured in MS nutrient medium comprising 1.0 mg/l BAP. The shoots were removed to a new culture in MS nutrient media containing NAA and IBA for rooting. While 30% rooting was achieved in the rooting medium, 62% of the rooted plantlets were acclimated to external conditions. 2 mg/l BAP and 2 mg/l silver nitrate (AgNO3) doses were supplied to the MS medium. The results of this study were obtained and a compound was found to the yellowing and leaf fall problem. As a result, in vitro propagation of Poncirus trifoliata, which is among the important citrus rootstocks, was tried, and its rooting ability was investigated in different nutrient media concentrations after shoots were obtained from different explants.

Phenotypic characterization has been recognized as very important for the identification and selection of promising lines in improvement programs. This study aimed at characterizing and selecting early-maturing and high-yielding African yam bean (AYB) mutant lines at M2 generation. The experiment was carried out at the experimental field of the Institute of Agricultural Research and Training, Nigeria. The experimental design used was a randomized complete block design with three replications. Nineteen promising AYB M2 mutant lines were selected with their four parents (making 23 lines) and further evaluated for agronomic characters in the field. The results obtained revealed that coefficients of variation ranged from 3.23% (maturity) to 141.81% (seed yield/plant). The M2 mutant lines flowered and matured earlier than their parents and outyielded their parents by 62.64%. The principal component (PC) showed that the first four PCs accounted for 75.54% of the total variation. The first PC accounted for first flowering, 50% flowering, first podding, and 50% podding. The second PC was responsible for pod yield/plant and seed yield/plant, whereas peduncle length and pod length were associated with the third PC, while the fourth PC was responsible for maturity. The breeding lines were delineated into three heterotic groups with cluster I had three lines; members had the highest pod yield/plant (60.22 g), seed yield/plant (27.33 g), and early-maturing. Cluster II consisted of 17 lines with moderate pod yield/plant, seed yield/plant, and longest pod length. Cluster III contained three mutant lines; exhibited the lowest pod yield/plant, seed yield/plant, and longest peduncle. A highly significant association existed between seed yield/plant and pod yield/plant (r = 0.97**), but negatively correlated with first flowering (r=-0.23*) and 50% first flowering (r=-0.24*). Therefore, AYB lines identified could be utilized by plant breeders/geneticists to develop AYB varieties that are early-maturing and high-yielding in improvement programs.

Oscillatoria limosa is a well-known member of blue-green algae, usually found in open water reservoirs. Ecologically it plays very important roles, like releasing Oxygen and being a supportive alternative source of food for aqua fauna. In research, it is being investigated as a medicinal organism for cancer and infectious diseases. In the current study, we have determined the medicinal and ecological importance of Oscillatoria limosa particularly found in the vicinity of district Jamshoro 76080, Sindh, Pakistan. For this purpose, four different solvent extracts of 20% (w/v) dried powder of organism were used to determine the presence of bioactive compounds, phytochemicals, antimicrobial activities, and antioxidant properties through previously well-reported methods. The obtained results of this study prove the presence of phenolic acid, flavonoids, total proteins, total sugar, reducing sugar and one free amino acid, and phytochemicals like alkaloids, phytosterol, tannin, terpenoids, glycosides, and saponin in samples. In this study, remarkable antioxidant properties ranging from 0.248 to 1.080 mg ml-1 were observed in all the samples. The antibacterial activities against S. aureus, A. tumefaciens, K. aureus, E.coli, and P.aeruginosa, and antifungal activities against A. niger, P. notatum, and Rhizopus were observed, which proves it a good antimicrobial organism. It may be concluded from this study that Oscillatoria limosa of local vicinity is a potential organism of interest for biotechnological and pharmaceutical industries as an antitumor, antimutagen, free radical scavenger, and possess antimicrobial properties against various kind of bacteria and fungi.

In this study, in vitro biological activities and total phenol/flavonoid contents of methanol extract (ISM) and its hexane (ISH), chloroform (ISC), ethyl acetate (ISEA) and aqueous methanol (ISAM) fractions obtained from aerial parts of Inula salicina were investigated. ISEA showed the highest antioxidant activity against DPPH and ABTS radicals with an IC50 value of 0.014 mg ml-1for both assays. ISEA exhibited a good anti-inflammatory activity with an IC50 value of 0.060 mg ml-1. ISEA was found to exhibit a moderate level of antidiabetic activity against α amylase enzyme with an IC50 value of 0.290 mg ml-1. ISEA and ISM presented low and moderate inhibitory activity against acetylcholinesterase and butyrylcholinesterase enzymes with IC50 values of 0.577 and 0.279 mg ml-1, respectively. ISC with MIC values of 78 and 156 µg ml-1 displayed a significant antimicrobial activity against Staphylococcus aureus and S. epidermidis, respectively. Almost all extracts had moderate effect against Candida species. The highest total phenolic and flavonoid contents were determined in ISEA with 574.8 mg GAE (gallic acid equivalent) g-1 extract and 30.48 mg QE (quercetin equivalent) g-1 extract, respectively. These results showed that ISEA had a good antioxidant and anti-inflammatory activity with moderate α-amylase and butyrylcholinesterase inhibitory activity. Also, ISC exhibited a significant antimicrobial activity against Staphylococcus species.

The present study investigated to evaluate the potential of liquid chitosan of three concentrations (0.5, 1 and 2%) on Meloidogyne incognita (Kofoid and White, 1919) Chitwood, 1949 in vitro and on tomato under controlled conditions ((24 ± 1 °C, 60 ± 5% humidity). In vitro assay, the effect of the liquid chitosan concentrations on suppressing of hatching from eggs and second juvenile larvae (J2) mortality was determined. The reducing effect of the concentrations on the number of gall and egg mass on tomato roots and the J2 density in the soil was evaluated under controlled conditions. All concentrations suppressed hatch and increased J2 mortality more than control in vitro. The most effective concentration was found at 2% in vitro and its nematicidal effect on egg and J2 was over 70%. The results demonstrated that 0.5, 1 and 2% concentrations were significantly decreased gall/root, egg mass/root and J2 in soil compared to negative control under controlled conditions. No statistically significant difference was found between the nematicidal effects of the concentrations on the gall and egg mass (P≤0.05). It has been determined that 1 and 2% concentrations better suppress the J2 in soil than 0.5%. Although the nematicidal effect of 2% concentration was high in vitro and under controlled conditions, it was determined that it negatively affected plant biomass. Also, only 1% concentration of chitosan application controlled M. incognita on tomato by 58%. The present results show that the use of 1% liquid chitosan concentration against M. incognita will be more effective.

This study was conducted on 229 chickpea (Cicer arietinum L.) samples collected from coastal and transitional zones with the aim to characterize populations based on 18 qualitative characters, reveal morphological similarities and evaluate the possibility for variable reduction. An augmented experimental design was applied in the study in which a total of 229 samples and 7 control cultivars were characterized. Combined cluster analysis of the experimental material determined 2 main groups that were distributed as 14 subgroups. 131 homogeneous and 98 heterogeneous samples were determined and divided into two groups. Each group was subjected to cluster analysis and the hierarchical distance and genetic differences among the genotypes were determined. The principal component analysis demonstrated that the first 7 main components could explain 69.7% of the total variability in the population. Weighted effect of the seven principal components in explaining the total variation was determined as 20.5%, 15.3%, 7.7%, 7.2%, 6.8%, 6.3% and 5.9%, respectively., Bu araştırma, sahil ve geçit kuşağından toplanmış 229 nohut (Cicer arietinum L.) populasyonunu 18 kalitatif özelliğe göre karakterizasyonu, populasyonların morfolojik benzerliklerini ve değişkenler için boyut indirgeme durumunu incelemek amacıyla yürütülmüştür. Deneme Augmented deneme desenine göre kurulmuş, toplam 229 örnek ve 7 kontrol çeşidinin karakterizasyonu tamamlanmıştır. Tüm materyali içeren birleşik kümeleme analizinde 2 ana gurup ve bu iki ana gurubun 14 alt gurup şeklinde dağılım gösterdiği belirlenmiştir. Homojen 131 örnek ve heterojen yapıda 98 örnek belirlenerek iki guruba ayırılmıştır. Her bir gurup kendi içerisinde kümeleme analizine tabi tutulmuş ve genotiplere ait hiyerarşik uzaklık dereceleri belirlenerek farklılıkları ortaya konmuştur. Yapılan temel bileşen analizinde ilk 7 ana bileşenin populasyondaki toplam değişkenliğin %69.7’sini açıklayabildiği belirlenmiştir. İlk yedi ana bileşenin toplam varyasyonu tanımlamadaki ağırlıklı etkileri, sırası ile %20.5, %15.3, %7.7, %7.2, %6.8, %6.3 ve %5.9 olarak belirlenmişti

Castor bean has not been well studied in different genotypes and geographic zones despite its application in industry and medicine. Recently, the use of castor beans as biodiesel and industry makes this plant a point of interest for researchers. However, more studies are needed for evaluating genotypes from different ecologies. The effect of climatic zones, Adana and Mersin, on the fatty acid profile of chaster bean seed oils was investigated. It was found that locations significantly influenced the fatty acid content. The main fatty acid was ricinoleic acid with 84.63% and 86.87% in both Adana and Mersin locations, respectively. Despite ricinoleic acid, Adana had higher concentrations of Palmitic acid (1.97%), Stearic acid (2.1%), Oleic acid (4.4%), and Palmitoleic acid (2.29%) whereas Linolenic acid (5.83%), and Ricinoleic acid (86.87%) was high in Mersin. These results showed that climate affects the fatty acid contents of studied caster oil. This study will help in the selection of proper caster oil cultivars not only in these regions but in other regions of the world as well.

In recent years, oat plant especially for hay yield is on demand in Turkey. In this study, 167 oat landraces originated from Turkey were evaluated for germination and some early seedling stage traits and genotyped by 6K SNP Chip assay to detect candidate markers using association mapping analysis. Principal component analysis (PCA) were also performed to determine relationships among investigated traits. The variation in local oat genotypes for germination and other investigated traits was found significant at the 5% significance level, except for germination rate (GR). The values for germination rate was found between 52-76% and 52-100% for germination ratio, while 12.33 to 45 mm for coleoptile length and 8 to 21 mm for radicle length. On the other hand, plumula length varied between 2 to 28.45 mm and 1301.33 to 5494.40 for seed vigor index. In the research, PC1 and PC2 value was found 41.5% and 21.5%, respectively, explaining the 63% of the total variation. Germination rate and germination ratio (GP) were positively and significantly correlated with the other investigated traits. According to the results of the association mapping analysis a total number of 43 candidate markers were observed, 10 candidate markers for germination rate, five candidate markers for germination ratio (GP), five markers for radicle length (RL), eight markers for coleoptile length (CL), seven markers for plumula length (PL) and eight markers for seed vigor index (SVI). These candidate markers identified in this study for germination and early seedling stage traits could be used in future studies.

Summer asphodel (Asphodelus aestivus Brot.) has an underground storage organ that enables the plant tosurvive extreme conditions and contains alkaloids that are toxic to the livestock in rangelands. For this reason,the experiment was carried out in the rangeland of Aydin province (Turkey) in order to determine the mosteffective methods of weed management where there is an increase in the summer asphodel (Asphodelus aestivusBrot.) population. In the study, the effects of 8 different control methods (control, mowing, fertilization,paraquat, glyphosate, 2,4-D, 2,4-D + Picloram, grubbing) on yield, quality and botanical composition wereinvestigated. Result of the findings in this study shows that the grasses increased more in vegetation. The highestvalues of hay yield were observed in paraquat and fertilization applications. High values of crude protein yieldwere found in fertilization and grubbing applications. The lowest population of summer asphodel (Asphodelusaestivus Brot.) was obtained grubbing and paraquat applications. Together with these results, grubbing,fertilization, paraquat and glyphosate applications come to the fore. However, due to the high workforce, it issignificant to choose an application considering the size of the rangeland and the population of the indicatorweed species.

In order to evaluate the antioxidant activity of wheat in salinity stress conditions, an experiment with 27 wheatgenotypes grown on two types of soil was conducted: solonetz (increased salinity) and chernozem (control),during two vegetation seasons (2015/2016 and 2016/2017). Analysis of DPPH radical scavenging activity andphenolic content (PC) were performed in different phenophases of wheat (tillering, stem elongation andheading). Genotypes showed significantly higher DPPH radical scavenging activity (9.82 mg trolox equivalents(TE) per mg of dry matter (d.m.)) and PC (8.15 mg gallic acid equivalents (GAE) per mg d.m.) under salinitystress conditions compared to values obtained on control (8.52 mg TE mg-1 d.m. and 7.13 mg GAE mg-1 d.m.,respectively). All analyzed factors (genotype, soil type and year) had the highly significant influence onphenotypic variation of grain yield. Salinity stress reduced grain yield by 30%, whereas drought stress in2016/2017 vegetation season reduced grain yield by 20%. Highly significant and positive correlations arepresent between grain yield and parameters of antioxidant activity in all growth stages of wheat and both soilconditions. Therefore, it could be possible to select salinity tolerant genotypes in early growth stages. DPPHscavenging activity and total phenolic content are in highly significant and positive correlation in all growthstages, which indicates that antioxidant activity is highly derived by phenolics.

The aim of this study was to determine the general combining ability (GCA) of the parents and the specific combining ability of their hybrid combinations and to evaluate the hybrid vigor of F1 by investigating the genetic structure of the lines and testers. The study was carried out in randomized complete blocks design with three replications in the trial site of Nazilli Cotton Research Institute in 2015 and 2016 years. 28 F1 hybrids (4 lines and 7 testers) were used as material which developed from line x tester method. Investigated properties except fiber length in the created populations were influenced by non-additive gene effect. The values of heterosis for the seed cotton weight per boll, earliness ratio, ginning percentage, fiber length and micronaire were found positive while seed cotton yield was negative. In the established populations, the investigated traits except fiber length were affected by the non-additive gene effect. Seed cotton weight per boll earliness ratio, ginning percentage, fiber length and micronaire were positive while seed cotton yield was found negative. For seed cotton yield Gloria, TMN 199 and ZN 1018; for earliness ratio TMN 199, GW 2357 and TMN 170; for seed cotton weight per boll GW 2357 and Gloria; for seed index İpek 607; for ginning percentage TMN 199, TMD 139 ZN 1018; for fiber length Gloria, Flash, İpek 607 and UA 48; for fiber fineness İpek 607 and TMD 139; for fiber strength Gloria and UA 48 were found the best parents and also performed the best overall combining abilities for these traits. TMN 199 x İpek 607, TMN 199 x UA 48, Flash x GW 2357, Gloria x İpek 607, Gloria x UA 48 and ST 468 x ADN 712 for seed cotton yield; TMN 199 x TMN 170 for earliness ratio; Flash x GW 2357 and Gloria x İpek 607 for seed cotton weight per boll; TMN 199 x GW 2357 and Gloria x ADN 712 for seed index; Gloria x TMD 139, TMN 199 x TMN 170, Flash x ZN 1018 and ST-468 x TMN 139 for ginning percentage; Flash x ADN 712 and ST-468 x İpek 607 for fiber length; ST-468 x İpek 607 for fiber micronaire; TMN 199 x UA 48, Flash x İpek 607, ST-468 x GW 2357 and ST-468 x UA 48 for fiber strength were indicated the most promising hybrids and had the best overall combining abilities.

Carbohydrates such as fructans can be involved in priming or defence stimulation, and hence potentially provide new strategies for crop protection against biotic stress. Chicory (Cichorium intybus) is a model plant for fructan research and is a crop with many known health benefits. Using the chicory-Botrytis cinerea pathosystem, we tested the effectiveness of fructan-induced immunity, focussing on different plant and microbial fructans. Sugar dynamics were followed after priming and subsequent pathogen infection. Our results indicated that many higher plants might detect extracellular levan oligosaccharides (LOS) of microbial origin, while chicory also detects extracellular small inulin-type fructooligosaccharides (FOS) of endogenous origin, thus differing from the findings of previous fructan priming studies. No clear positive effects were observed for inulin or mixed-type fructans. An elicitor-specific burst of reactive oxygen species was observed for sulfated LOS, while FOS and LOS both behaved as genuine priming agents. In addition, a direct antifungal effect was observed for sulfated LOS. Intriguingly, LOS priming led to a temporary increase in apoplastic sugar concentrations, mainly glucose, which could trigger downstream responses. Total sugar and starch contents in total extracts of LOS-primed leaves were higher after leaf detachment, indicating they could maintain their metabolic activity. Our results indicate the importance of balancing intra- and extracellular sugar levels (osmotic balance) in the context of 'sweet immunity' pathways. ispartof: JOURNAL OF EXPERIMENTAL BOTANY vol:73 issue:12 pages:4214-4235 ispartof: location:England status: published

Phytoplasma infections are able to limit the lettuce growth around the world. The alterations of biochemical contents in the host physiology following phytoplasma infection in lettuce remain to be elucidated. In this study, changes in total protein and chlorophyll content, proline, malondialdehyde (MDA) accumulation, peroxidase (POD) and catalase (CAT) enzyme levels were investigated in leaves of lettuce plant after Candidatus Phytoplasma asteris infection. Symptoms observed in plants infected with phytoplasma were yellowing, little leaf, stunting, and a general decline. Phytoplasma agent detected in all infected lettuce by PCR-RFLP studies. Total protein and chlorophyll contents of phytoplasma-infected plants were lower than those of healthy control. Proline, MDA accumulation, POX and CAT enzyme activities were increased in infected plants as compared to those of control. The results show that phytoplasma infection can modify the host physiology of lettuce. In conclusion, this study indicated that the previously identified Ca. P. asteris was still pathogen with no changes in its DNA sequence and it was able to reduce the quality parameters of the lettuce plant and possess potential danger to the lettuce growing areas., Dünya genelinde marulda verimi sınırlayan fitoplazma infeksiyonları görülmektedir. Marul bitkisinde fitoplazma etmeninin konukçu fizyolojisinde meydana getirdiği biyokimyasal bileşenlerindeki değişimler anlaşılmaya devam etmektedir. Bu çalışmada Candidatus Phytoplasma asteris tarafından etkilenen marul bitkisinin yapraklarındaki total protein ve klorofil içeriği, prolin, malondialdehid (MDA) birikimi, peroksidaz (POD) ve katalaz (CAT) enzimlerindeki değişimler incelenmiştir. Fitoplazma ile infekteli bitkilerde gözlenen simptomlar sararma, küçük yaprak, bodurlaşma ve genel olarak bitkinin ölümü biçiminde olmuştur. PCR-RFLP çalışmalarıyla tüm infekteli marul bitkilerinde fitoplazmanın varlığı doğrulanmıştır. Fitoplazma ile infekteli bitkilerde toplam protein ve klorofil içeriği sağlıklı kontrol bitkilerine kıyasla azalmıştır. Prolin, MDA birikimi, POX ve CAT enzim aktivitesi infekteli bitkilerde artış gösterirken; sağlıklı kontrol bitkilerinde önemli düzeyde azalmıştır. Sonuçlar, fitoplazma infeksiyonunun konukçu fizyolojisini modifiye edebileceğini göstermiştir. Sonuç olarak bu çalışma, Ca. P. asteris’in marulu infekteleyen DNA dizisi değişmeyen bir patojen olduğu, etmenin marul bitkisinde kalite parametrelerini düşürdüğü ve marul yetiştirilen alanlarda potansiyel tehlike olabileceğini ortaya koymuştur.

© 2023 by the authors.The members of the genus Hypericum have great potential to develop functional uses in nutraceutical and pharmaceutical applications. With this in mind, we aimed to determine the chemical profiling and biological properties of different extracts (ethyl acetate, methanol and water) from two Hypericum species (H. montbretii and H. origanifolium). We combined two approaches (LC-DAD-MS and LC-NMR) to identify and quantify chemical compounds of the extracts. Antioxidant properties (free radical quenching, reducing power and metal chelating) and enzyme inhibitory effects (cholinesterase, tyrosinase, amylase and glucosidase) were determined as biological properties. The tested extracts were rich in caffeic acid derivatives and flavonoids, and among them, 3-caffeoyl quinic acid and myricetin-3-O-rhamnoside were found to be the main compounds. The total phenolic and flavonoid levels were determined to be 50.97–134.99 mg GAE/g and 9.87–82.63 mg RE/g, respectively. With the exception of metal chelating, the methanol and water extracts showed stronger antioxidant properties than the ethyl acetate extracts. However, different results were obtained for each enzyme inhibition assay, and in general, the ethyl acetate extracts present more enzyme-inhibiting properties than the water or methanol extracts. Results from chemical and biological analyses were combined using multivariate analysis, which allowed establishing relationships between composition and observed effects of the Hypericum extracts based on the extraction solvents. To gain more insights between chemical compounds and enzyme-inhibiting effects, we performed molecular docking analysis. We observed favorable interactions between certain compounds and the tested enzymes during our analysis, confirming the data obtained from the multivariate approach. In conclusion, the obtained results may shed light on the road from natural sources to functional applications, and the tested Hypericum species may be considered potential raw materials, with promising chemical constituents and biological activities.

Guava (Psidium guajava L.), dünyada nemli tropikten subtropik koşullara kadar çok geniş bir ekolojide yetiştirilmektedir. Türkiye’de ise Akdeniz bölgesinin sahil kesiminde hobi ve kısmen de ticari olarak yetiştirilmeye başlamıştır. Ticari yetiştiricilik, Mersin’in Silifke, Antalya’nın ise Gazipaşa ve Alanya ilçelerinde yaygındır. Bununla birlikte, yola dayanımının sınırlı olması, bu meyve türünün dünyada olduğu gibi Türkiye’de de gıda endüstrisinde değerlendirilmesini gündeme getirmiştir. Gıda endüstrisinde aroma, reçel, marmelat ve meyve suyu sanayinde kullanılma şansı bulunmaktadır. Bu nedenle hazırlanan bu derlemede, guavanın morfolojik ve biyolojik özellikleri, ekolojik istekleri, önemli çeşitleri, çoğaltma yöntemleri, kültürel uygulamalar, besin değeri, kullanım alanları, sağlık açısından önemi, derim ve depolama vb. konulara yer verilmiştir.

This study was conducted in 2015 and 2016 in Eskisehir Osmangazi University, Faculty of Agriculture, Field Crops Department experimental field. The aim of this study was to determine the performance of yield and quality of lemon balm (Melissa officinalis L.) populations obtained from the natural vegetations of different provinces of Turkey at ecological conditions of Eskisehir. The study was designed in the Randomized Complete Block Design with three replications. As plant materials, eleven populations gathered from Tokat-2 (Geyraz), Burdur, Bilecik, Ankara, Malatya, USA, Bursa, Germany, Tokat-1 (Erbaa), Tokat-3 (Resadiye) and Kutahya were used in the study. In the study, plant height, fresh herb yield, dry herb yield, dry leaf yield, essential oil content and essential oil yield values of genotypes were determined. The determined values varied between 34.22-55.38 cm, 17.66-29.18 t ha-1, 3.75-7.23 t ha-1, 2.46-4.53 t ha-1, 0.06-0.24% and 2.88-17.14 l ha-1, respectively. GC/MS analyzes in lemon balm samples revealed that geranial, neral, β-caryophyllene and caryophyllene oxide were the main components in all of the samples.

We investigated the effects of fire, grass and acacia age on the relative growth rate (RGR), relative neighbour effect (RNE), height and biomass of acacia and grass in the greenhouse condition. The experiment was arranged a completely randomized design with 10 replicates. Grass and shrubs were grown 17 weeks after establishment, thereafter, fire was applied, and observations were done 16 weeks later. Old grass tussock suppressed acacia seedling and sapling, but young grass facilitated acacia seedling and sapling. Young acacia suppressed the young grass but older acacia facilitated the growth of mature grass tussocks. After remove of biomass and the application of fire there was no significant effect but the height and biomass of all acacia seedlings were negatively affected by grasses In contrast to acacia, the effects of fire on the grass tussocks were reduced the above ground biomass.

The cannabis plant is essentially a variety of the Cannabis Sativa L. plant. It is used in the textile, energy, automotive and cosmetics. The use of oil derived from hemp seeds has become widespread in cosmetics. Hemp seed oil does not contain Δ9-tetrahydrocannabinol (Δ9-THC) and it is used in the production of food, biodiesel and polymers as well as cosmetics. In this study, different concentrations of hemp seed oil were used in cream and soap formulations, which are among the cosmetic products, and effect on skin hydration, sebum and transepidermal water loss (TEWL) on the skin was investigated. At the same time, the foaming test was applied to soaps containing different concentrations of hemp seed oil to see effects of soap foam performance. To analyse these, a rinse-off and leave-on product were selected. In soap formulations, there is positive effect on skin hydration and TEWL with sebum decrease. The most important change in cream formulations with respect to bar soap formulations is the increases in sebum. The effects of hemp seed oil on soap foam performance were examined. As a result of the study, its effect on the foam of the soap base which is used in this study is positive.

Eggplant (Solanum melongena L.) is widely consumed vegetables like potato and tomato. Worldwide, the eggplant is cultivated in all regions and Turkey is the fourth largest eggplant-producer. It is a rich source of minerals and as a low-calorie fruit. Eggplant plays a vital role having high phenolic content which enhance the radical absorbing capacity. Objective of this study was to evaluate the effect of tomato spotted wilt orthotospovirus (TSWV) on five different eggplant cultivars (Kemer, Aydın Siyahı, Halep Karası, Topan and Silindirik) under greenhouse conditions. Eggplant cultivars were mechanically inoculated with TSWV isolates and tested by DAS-ELISA method. According to DAS-ELISA and visible virus-like symptoms, all tested cultivars were susceptible to TSWV infection and showed typical tospo-like symptoms including concentric ringspot, necrosis, chlorotic ringspot, and necrotic ringspot. The highest infection rate was observed in Kemer (58%) followed by Topan (52%) whereas, the lowest infection rate was noticed in Silindirik (38%). Infection of TSWV caused significant (p≤0.05) reduction in fruit number (32.99-59.34%), fruit length (17.12-49.76%), fruit diameter (12.44-38.30%), fruit weight (31.31-67.70%), flesh thickness (18.11-46.05%), total soluble solid (16.83-40.69%), fruit color, fruit firmness (4.88-29.25%) and yield (50.22-84.22%) in infected plants. According to the results obtained, the cultivar Silindirik performed better performance against TSWV among all the tested cultivars. Whereas the performance of the Kemer and Topan was poor making them more sensitive to TSWV. These results will help breeders for the development of TSWV resistant varieties by using these tolerant cultivars.

The present study investigates the role of exogenously applied proline on cadmium (Cd) accumulation in common wheat (Triticum aestivum L.) tissues. Seedlings were subjected for 4 days to different exogenous proline levels (0, 1, 10, and 20 mM) under Cd stress (1000 μM of Cd(NO3)2·4H2O). The concentration of Cd, Ca, Mg, and K was determined by inductively coupled plasma optical emission spectrometry (ICP-OES). Exogenous proline caused significant changes in the growth of wheat cultivar under Cd stress. In addition, the growth of wheat under Cd stress increased by the addition of 1 mM proline. According to the analysis results, Cd accumulation in wheat seedlings showed that the increment of exogenous proline treatments (except Cd+Pr1) in the water resulted in a decrease of Cd content in roots and shoots. Under Cd treatment (not applied proline), the contents of Ca, K, Mg, and Na decreased in roots by 22.1, 70, 17.7, and 10.1% and in shoots by 29.6, 32.2, 19.1, and 5.3%, respectively. Nevertheless, K content decreased in roots and shoots under all Cd and exogenous proline treatments.

The study aimed to assess genetic diversity among Jerusalem artichoke (Helianthus tuberosus L.) accessions using ISSR (Inter Simple Sequence Repeat) markers. Twenty-five Jerusalem artichoke accessions collected from the different regions of Turkey have been used for molecular analysis. Nine primers used in the study produced a total of 62 bands. A total 57 of these are polymorphic. 57 of them resulted in polymorphic. Allele's average number was 6.33. Polymorphic information content (PIC) varied between 0.219 and 0.340. Examined accessions were classified into two main groups in a dendrogram. Genetic similarities varied from 0.001 to 0.815, with an average of 0.292. Also, Principal Coordinate Analysis (PCoA) of molecular data was conducted. These findings present valuable diversity data for recognizing the Jerusalem artichoke germplasm, preserving genetic richness, and determining parents for genetic enhancement.

Araştırma, asmada (Vitis vinifera L.) adventif köklerin gövde dokularından farklılaşmasını mikroskobik düzeyde belirlemek amacına yönelik olarak temel bir çalışma niteliğinde gerçekleştirilmiştir. Köklendirme ortamında bekletilen Cabernet Sauvignon çeşidinin çelikleri kalınlıklarına (çap 1 cm’nin altı veya üstü) göre ayrılıp bazal kısımlarından 4-5 cm uzunluğunda kesilerek FAA (formalin %10, etanol %50 ve glasiyel asetik asit %5) ortamında muhafaza edilmiştir. 60-90 μm kalınlığında kesitlere ayrılan örnekler safranin ile boyanmıştır. Adventif köklerin gövde kesitini oluşturan dokuların iki farklı bölgesinden farklılaştığı tespit edilmiştir. İnce dal parçalarında (çap1cm) ise daha içte ve öze yakın bölgelerdeki hücre gruplarından farklılaşmıştır. Düzensiz bir hücre yığını halinde oluşan kallus, kambiyumuma bitişik floem bölgesinden gelişmektedir. Birbirlerinden bağımsız şekillenen adventif kök ve kallus oluşumunun aynı zaman aralığında olduğu gözlenmiştir., The research was carried out as a basic study to determine localization of adventitious roots differentiated in the stemtissues of the grapevine (Vitis vinifera L.) at the microscopic level. The cuttings of Cabernet Sauvignon kept in rooting medium were grouped by their thickness (more or less than 1 cm in diameter) and 4.5 cm long basal parts were kept in FAA (formalin 10%, ethanol 50% and glacial acetic acid 5%). Samples cut into sections with a thickness of 60-90 μm were stained with safranin. It was determined that the adventitious roots are differentiated from two different regions of the stem tissues. In the thin samples (diameter 1cm) they were differentiated from the cells in more inner region close to pith. Callus, formed as an irregular cell mass, is developed from the phloem region adjacent to the cambium. Formation of adventitious root and callus, which are shaped of independently each other, is within the same time frame.

Bu çalışma, Mardin Artuklu ve Batman Beşiri ekolojik koşullarında ikinci ürün olarak bazı at dişi mısır çeşitlerinin verim ve bazı unsurlarına yönelik performanslarının belirlenmesi amacı ile yürütülmüştür. Deneme, 2020 yılında Mardin ve Batman ekolojik koşullarında ikinci ürün olarak, 10 adet çeşit bitkisel materyal olarak kullanılarak, tesadüf blokları deneme deseninde 3 tekrarlamalı olarak kurulmuştur. Çalışmada, bitki boyu (cm), ilk koçan yüksekliği (cm), koçan sırasında tane sayısı (adet); koçanda sıra sayısı (adet), hektolitre ağırlığı (kg), tane verimi (kg/da), tane protein oranı (%) ve tanede yağ içeriği (%) özellikleri incelenmiştir. İncelenen tüm özelliklerde lokasyon ve çeşitler arasındaki farklılıklar istatistiki olarak önemli bulunurken, koçan sırasında tane sayısı, hektolitre ağırlığı ve tane verimi özelliklerinde interaksiyon arasındaki farklılıklar istatistiki olarak önemli bulunmuştur. İkinci ürün koşullarında incelenen tüm özelliklerde genetik yapı ve çevre koşullarının oldukça etkili olduğu; Mardin lokasyonu erkenci mısır çeşitlerin, Batman lokasyonlarında ise çok erkenci mısır çeşitlerin daha iyi performans gösterdiği sonucuna varılmıştır. MAY M16G44, P0573, P32T83 ve Capuzi çeşitleri Mardin lokasyonunda, Arabat, Chonhar, Kakhovskyi, Skadovski, SY Tuscany ve Tronca çeşitlerinin ise Batman lokasyonunda ikinci ürün olarak yetiştirilmesi önerilmektedir.

Arılar (Hymenoptera: Apoidea: Apiformes), tarımsal ekosistemlerin en temel bitki tozlaştırıcılarıdır ve pek çok tarımsal üründen alınan verimin arttırılması noktasında anahtar rol oynarlar. Modern meyve yetiştiriciliğinin en önemli amacı kaliteli ve yüksek kantitede ürün elde etmektir. Yabancı tozlanan bitkilerin hemen hemen hepsinde, kendine tozlanan bitkilerin ise pek çoğunda arıların yapmış olduğu tozlaşma, verim artışına neden olurken, ürünün kalitesini de artırmaktadır. Tozlaşmanın hiç olmaması kadar yetersiz olması da ürün kalitesini etkilemektedir. Palaearktik coğrafyada, Türkiye arı faunası zenginliğine yakın başka bir ülke bulunmamaktadır. Dünya üzerinde bilinen arı türlerinin neredeyse %10’u Türkiye'de yayılış göstermektedir. Bilinenin aksine bu arı türlerinin %95’ı soliterdir, yani bireysel yaşarlar, koloni oluşturmazlar. Uygulamada bal arısı, meyve ağaçlarının ana tozlaştırıcısı olarak ele alınmakla birlikte, Türkiye’de bugüne kadar ılıman iklim meyve ağaçlarının çiçeklerini ziyaret eden ve büyük bir kısmı soliter olan 151 arı türü tespit edilmiştir. Meyve bahçelerinde diğer arı türlerinin polinasyon etkinliğinden faydalanmak, bal arısının etkinliğine ilave bir destek sağlamaktadır. Özellikle birbirine uyumlu çeşitler arasında faaliyet gösteren, daha az sayıda bireyle temsil edilmesine rağmen daha fazla çiçek ziyaret eden, günün daha erken saatlerinde uçuş aktivitesine başlayıp geç saatlere kadar devam ettiren soliter arı türlerinin varlığı, verimi arttırmada kilit rol oynamaktadır. Soliterleri meyvecilikte önemli kılan bir diğer husus, badem ve kiraz gibi erken ilkbaharda çiçeklenen meyve çeşitlerinin tozlaşmasında özellikle bal arısının tozlaştırıcı aktivitesinin sınırlandığı olumsuz hava koşullarında dahi aktivitelerini sürdürebilen türleri barındırmasıdır.

© 2022 Informa UK Limited, trading as Taylor & Francis Group.There are many studies in the literature on thymoquinone (TQ)-related cancer cells and models, and there is no relevant study investigating the efficacy of the oxime derivative of TQ (TQ-Ox). This study synthesized TQ-Ox and examined its cytotoxic, genotoxic and apoptotic properties in ovarian cancer cells. The structure TQ-Ox was confirmed with NMR. The cytotoxicity by luminometric ATP, intracellular reactive oxygen species (iROS) by fluorometric, intracellular calcium (iCa2+) by fluorometric, mitochondrial membrane potential (MMP) by flow cytometry, glutathione (GSH) levels with GSH/GSSG-Glo assay, DNA damage by comet assay, and apoptosis by acridine orange/ethidium bromide dye were determined. Concentrations of TQ-Ox were statistically increased cytotoxicity, DNA damage, apoptosis, iROS, and iCa2+ in a concentration-dependent manner (p < 0.001). Besides, MMP and GSH levels also decreased statistically significantly (p < 0.001) with increasing concentrations. TQ-Ox would be an effective treatment option by increasing cytotoxicity, genotoxicity, and apoptosis in ovarian carcinoma.

Bu araştırma, Sivas ilinin Yıldızeli ve Şarkışla ilçe ve köylerinde doğal olarak bulunan alıç genotiplerinde seleksiyon ıslahının ilk aşaması olarak 2018-2019 yıllarında gerçekleştirilmiştir. Çalışma alanında tespit edilen toplam 4497 alıç genotipi içerisinden ön seleksiyonla belirlenmiş olan sağlıklı, verimli ve iri meyveli 39 alıç genotipi birinci yıl göreceli olarak verim ve meyve iriliği (ağırlığa göre) kriterlerine göre değiştirilmiş tartılı derecelendirme yöntemi ile analiz edilmiştir. Bu analiz ile 39 alıç genotipi içerisinden seçilen 12 alıç genotipinde ikinci yıl fenolojik ve morfolojik gözlemlerin yanında bazı meyve özellikleri de incelenmiştir. Bunlar ortalama meyve ağırlığı (g), meyve eni (mm), meyve boyu (mm), tohum sayısı (adet/meyve), 100 adet tohum ağırlığı, suda çözünebilir kuru madde (SÇKM) (%), toplam kuru madde (%), pH ve titre edilebilir asitliktir (TA) (%). Genotiplerin hasat tarihleri 23-28 Eylül arasındadır. Seçilmiş 12 alıç genotipinde ikinci yılda ortalama meyve ağırlıkları 3,0-6,2 g, meyve boyu 13,1-17,7 mm, meyve eni 14,7-20,6 mm, tohum sayısı 2,9- 5,1 adet/meyve, SÇKM %16,20-26,3, 100 adet tohum ağırlığı 7,12-20,3 g, toplam kuru madde %30,61-46,85, pH 3,30-3,85, TA %0,82-2,75 arasında bulunmuştur. Değiştirilmiş tartılı derecelendirme analizi ile bu genotiplerden en yüksek puanı alan 58YLDZ19, 58YLDZ20, 58YLDZ17 ve 58ŞRKL02 alıç genotipleri seleksiyonun ilk aşamasında ümitvar çeşit adayları olarak bulunmuştur., This research was carried out in 2018-2019 as the first stage of selection breeding in hawthorn genotypes found naturally in Yıldızeli and Şarkışla districts and villages of Sivas province. Among the total 4497 hawthorn genotypes identified in the study area, 39 healthy, productive and large-fruited hawthorn genotypes, which were determined by pre-selection, were analyzed in the first year with the modified weighted ranking method according to relative yield and fruit size ((by weight) criteria. By means of this analysis, 12 hawthorn genotypes selected from 39 hawthorn genotypes were examined for phenological and morphological observations as well as some fruit characteristics in the second year. These were average fruit weight (g), fruit width (mm), fruit length (mm), number of seeds per fruit, 100 seeds weight (g), soluble solid content (SSC) (%), total dry matter (%), pH and titratable acidity (%). The harvest dates of the genotypes were between September 23-28. In 12 selected hawthorn genotypes, average fruit weights were 3.0-6.2 g, fruit length 13.1-17.7 mm, fruit width 14.7-20.6 mm, number of seeds 2.9- 5.1 seeds/fruit, SCC 16.20-26.3%, 100 seeds weight 7.12-20.3 g, total dry matter 30.61-46.85%, pH 3.30-3.85, TA 0.82-2.75% in the second year. The hawthorn genotypes 58YLDZ19, 58YLDZ20, 58YLDZ17 and 58ŞRKL02, which received the highest scores among these genotypes by the modified weighted ranking method, were suggested as promising cultivar candidates in the first stage of selection.

Centaurea kilaea Boiss. (Syn: Acosta kilaea (Boiss.) Holub) is a perennial endemic plant native to the Black Seacoast of northwestern Turkiye, and is listed among the endangered species in the Red DataBook of Plants ofTurkey. C. kilaea has undergroun stolons, stem is oblique or upright, 40-80cm long and richly branched at the top.Leaves may be lyrate or pinnatisect, with dense white or gray hairs. Flowers are purple and they bloom in June –August. Achenes can be 1.3-4.4 mm long, 0.3-2.0 mm wide, and pappus 1.5-4.5 mm long. They show a widedistribution in sand dunes at altitudes of 1-20 m starting from the sea coast, and can be seen as far as severalhundred meters inland.C. kilaea, like other endemic plants, is a plant that has adapted to the special ecological and physical characteristicsof the regions where it grows. One of the ways to better understand the distribution of this plant is to profile themineral element and heavy metal levels of the soil where it grows and to compare the levels of the same elementsin different organs of the plant with the levels in the soil. Based on this idea, the root, stem and leaf parts from 6different samples and 2 different C. kilaea populations were dried and the level of 15 different elements (Al, B,Ca, Cd, Cr, Co, Cu, Fe, K, Mg, Mn, Na, Ni, Pb, Zn) in these organs was measured with ICP-OES (InductivelyCoupled Plasma – Optical Emission Spectroscopy). The measurements were compared with the soil samples takenfrom the same regions and the accumulation and tolerance level of the plant was evaluated.When we examine the soil values, levels of Na, Co and K elements were quite low; Cd, Mn, Pb and Ni elementswere within the lower limit; and B, Ca, Cr and Cu elements are at normal values. It has also been observed thatMg and Zn levels are at the upper limits and Al element is found in excess in the soil samples.For plant parts, Al, B, Ca, Cd, Co, Fe, Mg, Mn, Na, Ni, Pb and Zn contents of all plant parts from both locationswere within the normal limits. Cr and Cu levels were found to be higher than expected and accumulated in leafand root samples. K levels were under normal values in soil samples where as greatly elevated in plant parts asexpected. Al levels were found to be higher in soil samples however the amount of Al in plant parts were found tobe within the normal limits. Exceptionally low levels of Cd and Pd in soil samples is interpreted as favourable interms of environmental pollution.When all findings were taken into consideration, C. kilaea can be regarded as being in a delicate balance with itsenvirons and must be under constant monitoring for deteriorating environmental conditions.However, it was observed that the amounts of mineral elements and heavy metals in the soil samples taken fromKilyos were higher than the soil samples taken from Şile.Keywords: Endangered plants, plant ecology, mineral nutrition, heavy metal stress

Centaurea hermannii F. Hermann (syn: C. sisymbriifolia Arènes) is an endemic plant described from İstanbul,Turkiye. It is listed in the Red Databook of Turkish Plants as an endangered species (Ekim et al., 2000). It is aperennial plant with an erect, usually simple stem of 30-60 cm with decayed remains of petioles at the base. Leavesare sparsely pilose, lyrate, basal and lower leaves are petiolate. Flowers are orange, marginal and not radiant.Achenes are 3-6 mm long, 0,5- 2,8 mm wide; pappus 5,5 – 10,5 mm long. Flowers are present usually from lateMay through June and early July. Resides under Quercus or Pinus forest cover usually away from direct sunlightat an elevation of between 100-500m.Based on the idea that C. hermannii being an endemic plant may suggest that the regions where it grows may alsohave a special soil mineral element composition, special micro and macro climates and ecological conditions, soilsamples taken from the regions where this plant grows were examined in terms of heavy metal and mineralelements, and the results were compared with the heavy metal and mineral element levels found in different partsof the plant such as stem, root and leaves. Analyzes of Al, B, Ca, Cd, Cr, Co, Cu, Fe, K, Mg, Mn, Na, Ni, Pb andZn elements were performed with the ICP-OES device. A soil and six plant samples were taken from the twodifferent populations of C. hermannii. The samples were then dried and measured and average values wereobtained for further evaluation.The characteristics of two locations that the samples were taken from are distinctive and deemed effective in heavymetal and mineral nutrient contents of the samples. First location, Arnavutköy is very close to busy road trafficand prone to heavy metal exposure in comparison to Aydos location which is far from roads, with slightly higherelevation and less human exposure. In this regard, the results obtained are as expected, since the levels of all 15elements in soil samples were higher in Arnavutköy samples. Differences of element levels varied between as lowas 5% in Fe and K, and as high as 20% in Cr, Co and Cu, and 23% in Ni contents. This difference can also beobserved in plants parts when the two locations are compared; with the stem and root samples from Arnavutköylocation containing higher amounts of all elements tested, whereas 13 elements were measured higher in leafsamples from Arnavutköy with the exception of Cr and Fe.When the heavy metal and mineral element levels were separately evaluated, Ca, Cd, Fe, K, MN, Na, Ni levelswere within normal limits in all plant parts from both locations. Al and B levels were 30-50% higher in rootsamples of both locations and within normal range in leaf and stem samples. Cr and Cu levels were above normallevels in all samples from both locations. Zn, Pb, Co and Mg levels were elevated in leaf and root samples fromboth locations. To summarize briefly, none of the elements were above toxic threshold with the exception of Cufor all samples and ZN for leaf and root samples from both locations.These results show that this endemic plant is not yet under heavy metal stress, but still exposed to heavy metalstress above normal levels. In the medium and long term, the possibility of changing the threat category should beevaluated as a result of the difficulties that this plant may experience in adapting to both habitat loss and increasedheavy metal exposure with growing urbanization and increased traffic congestion.Keywords: Heavy metal stress, Plant conservation, habitat loss, Extinction threat

In the study, 58 synthetic bread wheat lines and 6 bread wheat varieties used as standard were used as material. Synthetic bread wheat lines: ZFSN was obtained from the elite 2 synthetic lines of CIMMYT and HRSN was obtained from CIMMYT 14SYNT. In the experiment, Selimiye, Flamura 85, Pehlivan, Aldane, Bereket and Gelibolu bread wheat varieties were used as standard. In the studies carried out in field conditions for two years, only 11 of the 64 genotypes had root rot above the 2.00 scale value. The fact that all of these 11 genotypes are different by years reveals that studies without artificial inoculation should be repeated for more years. In the study carried out with artificial inoculation in laboratory conditions, the root rot values were much higher than the field conditions. The data obtained in two years show higher resistance to root rot of synthetic wheat lines than bread wheat varieties. When inoculated by artificial inoculation, all of the 28 genotypes (2.00-2.33) with the lowest root rot were synthetic bread wheat lines. The highest resistance to root rot was observed in ZFSN 6, HRSN 11-14, HRSN 13-17, HRSN 6-8, ZFSN 8 and ZFSN 3 synthetic bread wheat lines. Data from studies conducted over two years indicate that synthetic bread wheat lines are valuable source material for plant breeding for root rot resistance. Tekirdag Namik Kemal University [NKUBAP.00.24.DRGA.13.03] The study was supported by Tekirdag Namik Kemal University Scientific Research Project NKUBAP.00.24.DRGA.13.03 Morphological and molecular characterization of synthetic hexaploid wheat lines and bread wheat genotypes.

This study was carried out to determine the suitable Hungarian vetch cultivar/cultivars for the ecological conditions of Muş province. In the research, 10 Hungarian vetch (Aygün, Enes, Sarıefe, Kansur, Oğuz-2002, Akçalar, Anadolu Pembesi 2002, Doğu beyazı, Tarm beyazı-98 and Budak) cultivars were used as plant material. In the study; plant height 62.2-114.5 cm, forage yield 1747-3547 kg/da, dry matter yield 585-1225 kg/da, crude protein ratio 18.0-20.2%, ADF (acid detergent fiber) ratio 31.6-37.3%, NDF (neutral detergent fiber) ratio 36.9-41.7%, P (phosphorus) ratio 0.35-0.37%, K (potassium) ratios 3.27-3.47%, Ca (calcium) ratio 1.37-1.45%, Mg (magnesium) ratio 0.25-0.28%, Mn (manganese) content 34.8-49.1 ppm, Fe (iron) content 304.4-467.7 ppm, Cu (copper) content 63.7-95.6 ppm and Zn (zinc) content were found to be 21.2-42.8 ppm. Statistically, there was no difference between the cultivars in terms of crude protein, NDF, P, K, Ca, Mg and Mn ratios. The highest plant height, forage and dry matter yields were obtained from other cultivars except Anadolu Pembesi 2002 and Oğuz-2002. Therefore, it was concluded that cultivars other than Anadolu Pembesi 2002 and Oğuz-2002 are advantageous to cultivate in Muş ecological conditions., Bu çalışma, Muş ili ekolojik koşulları için uygun Macar fiği çeşit veya çeşitlerinin belirlenmesi amacıyla yürütülmüştür. Araştırmada 10 adet Macar fiği (Aygün, Enes, Sarıefe, Kansur, Oğuz-2002, Akçalar, Anadolu Pembesi 2002, Doğu Beyazı, Tarm Beyazı-98 ve Budak) çeşidi bitkisel materyal olarak kullanılmıştır. Araştırmada; bitki boyu 62,2-114,5 cm, yeşil ot verimi 1747-3547 kg/da, kuru ot verimi 585-1225 kg/da, ham protein oranı %18,0-20,2, ADF (asit deterjan lif ) oranı %31,6-37,3, NDF (nötr deterjan lif) oranı %36,9-41,7,P (fosfor) oranı %0,35-0,37, K (potasyum) oranı %3,27-3,47, Ca (kalsiyum) oranı %1,37-1,45, Mg (magnezyum) oranı %0,25-0,28, Mn (mangan) içeriği 34,8-49,1 ppm, Fe (demir) içeriği 304,4-467,7 ppm, Cu (bakır) içeriği 63,7-95,6 ppm ve Zn (çinko) içeriği 21,2-42,8 ppm arasında bulunmuştur. İstatistiksel olarak çeşitler arasında ham protein, NDF, P, K, Ca, Mg ve Mn oranları açısından herhangi bir farklılık görülmemiştir. En yüksek bitki boyu, yeşil ve kuru ot verimleri Anadolu Pembesi 2002 ve Oğuz-2002 dışında kalan diğer çeşitlerden elde edilmiştir. Dolayısıyla Muş ili ekolojik koşullarında Anadolu Pembesi 2002 ve Oğuz-2002 dışında kalan çeşitlerin yetiştirilmesinin avantajlı olduğu sonucuna varılmıştır.

Bu çalışmanın amacı, incir üretiminin ve ticaretinin dünyada ve Türkiye’de gelişimini ortaya koymak ve uluslararası rekabet gücünü belirlemektir. Türkiye incir üretiminde ve ihracatında dünyada ilk sırada yer almaktadır. Dünya incir üretiminin %23.30’u, ihracatının ise değer olarak %43.09’u ve miktar olarak da %48.43’ü Türkiye tarafından gerçekleştirilmektedir. Bu nedenle incir, Türkiye’nin tarımsal üretiminde ve dış ticaretinde geleneksel olarak önemli bir üründür. Bu çalışmada Türkiye’nin incir dış ticaretinde rekabet gücü analizi 2010-2021 yılları için hesaplanmış ve analizde Balassa’nın Açıklanmış Karşılaştırmalı Üstünlük İndeksi (RCA), Vollrath’ın Göreli İhracat Avantajı İndeksi (RXA) ve Laursen’in Açıklanmış Simetrik Karşılaştırmalı Üstünlük İndeksi (RSCA) kullanılmıştır. Elde edilen indeks değerleri ortalaması RCA için 57.49, RXA için 117.03 ve RSCA için ise 0.965 olarak hesaplanmıştır. Bu indeks değerleri sonucunda Türkiye’nin incir ihracatında yüksek düzeyde karşılaştırmalı üstünlüğe, göreli ihracat avantajına ve yüksek rekabet avantajına sahip olduğu belirlenmiştir. Ancak tüm indeks değerlerine dikkate alındığında Türkiye’nin incir ihracatında rekabet gücü yüksek olmasına rağmen bu üstünlüğün yıllar itibariyle azalış eğiliminde olduğu görülmektedir. İncirde rekabet gücünü artırıcı en önemli faktör kalite faktörüdür. Üretimden satışa kadar geçen tüm aşamalarda bilinçli üretim yapılması, temizlik ve hijyen hususlarına dikkat edilmesi, pazarlama süresinin kısaltılması gibi uygulamaları kaliteyi artıracaktır. Söz konusu uygulamaların gerçekleştirilmesi durumunda ürünün katma değerinin yükseleceği ve birim ihracat fiyatının da artacağı öngörülmektedir. Türkiye’nin incir ihracatında rekabet gücünü koruyabilmesi ve rekabet gücünün yükseliş eğilimine girmesi açısından bu hususların dikkate alınması önem arz etmektedir., This study aims to determine the level of international competitiveness by examining the development of fig production and trade in the world and Türkiye. The competitiveness level of the fig trade, Türkiye ranks first in the world, with 23.30% of fig production and in terms of fig export value and quantity consist of 43.09% and 48.43%, respectively, which implies that it emerges as a significant product in Türkiye’s agricultural production and international trade. In this study, competitiveness analysis was calculated for the years 2010-2021 and Balassa's Revealed Comparative Advantage Index (RCA), Vollrath's Relative Export Advantage Index (RXA), and Laursen's Revealed Symmetric Comparative Advantage Index (RSCA) were used in the analysis. The mean index values, namely RCA, RXA, and RSCA were calculated as 57.49, 117.03, and 0.965, respectively. As a result of these index values, it was determined that Türkiye holds a comparative advantage in fig exports, relative export advantage, and highly competitive advantage. According to all index values, it was concluded that Türkiye’s competitiveness of fig export possesses a high share, but it tends to decrease over the years. The most important factor increasing the competitiveness of figs is quality. Factors that will increase quality; Conscious production at all stages from production to sales, attention to cleanliness and hygiene, shortening the marketing period, etc. like this. If these factors are applied, the product’s added value and the unit export price will increase. It is important to consider these factors for Türkiye to maintain and increase its competitiveness in fig foreign trade.

Bu çalışma, 2019-2020 yılları arasında Adıyaman İli Samsat ilçesinde yürütülmüştür. Çalışmada, Septoria yaprak leke hastalığının (SYL) [Zymoseptoria tritici (Desm. Quaedvlieg & Crous)] bölgede çıkış zamanı ve bu durum üzerine etkili olan iklim faktörleri incelenmiştir. İklim verilerini toplayabilmek amacıyla ilçede Taşkuyu Köyü, Göltarla Köyü, Ovacık Köyü ve Kuştepe Köyü’nde yer alan 4 adet tarımsal tahmin ve erken uyarı istasyonu kurularak elde edilen veriler değerlendirilmiştir. Gözlemler için istasyonlara yakın (5-8km) Ceyhan-99 buğday çeşidi yetiştirilen 4 adet 100 dekarlık alan belirlenmiştir. Hastalıklı bitki örnekleri laboratuvarda patates dekstroz agar (PDA) ortamında kültüre alınarak patojenin gelişimi ve morfolojik yapısının Septoria yaprak leke hastalığı etmeni ile mikroskobik olarak uyumlu olduğu tanımlanmıştır. Tarımsal erken uyarı istasyonlarından alınan veriler ışığında patojen üzerinde sıcaklık, nem, yağış ve yaprak ıslaklık süresinin etkili olduğu belirlenmiştir. İlk hafif enfeksiyonların ortaya çıkışında yüksek nem (≥%90) ve 1 mm üzerindeki yağış miktarı etkili olmuş, yağışın durmasını takiben (R=0 mm) sıcaklık artışı (≥8°C) ile hastalık devam etmiştir. Hastalık belirtilerinin ortaya çıkışı üzerinde iklim faktörlerinin yanı sıra buğday çeşidi, ekim normu, ekim zamanı, ekim yapılan alanın konumu gibi faktörlerde yörede çıkış zamanı üzerinde etkili bulunmuştur. Bu çalışma ile ilk hastalık belirtilerinin 2020 yılı için ocak ayının ilk haftasında ortaya çıktığı belirlenmiştir. Patojene karşı uygulanacak mücadele zamanının belirlenmesinde çıkış zamanı ve iklim faktörleri bu çalışma ile ortaya konmuştur. Patojenlerin gelişimini önemli derecede sınırlandıran sıcaklık faktörü, nem olması durumunda ortamda bulunan patojenler için gelişme ortamı yaratmakta hatta onların adaptasyon kabiliyetini arttırmaktadır. Bu veriler ışığı altında adaptasyon kabiliyeti yüksek patojenlerin de tespiti mümkün olabilecektir., This study was carried out between 2019-2020 in Samsat district of Adıyaman Province. In this study, the emergence time of Septoria leaf spot disease (SYL) [Zymoseptoria tritici (Desm. Quaedvlieg & Crous)] in the region and the climatic factors affecting this situation were examined. In order to collect climate data, 4 agricultural forecasting and early warning stations were established in Taşkuyu, Göltarla, Ovacık and Kuştepe villages in the district and the data obtained were evaluated. In this research, 4 units of 100 decare areas close to the stations (5-8 km) were determined for observations. Ceyhan-99 wheat cultivar was grown in these areas. Diseased plant smples were cultured in the laboratory and according to the microscopic observations and morphological structures in the PDA medium, it was defined as Septoria leaf spot disease. In the light of the data obtained from the agricultural early warning stations, temperature, humidity, rain fall and leaf wetness periods were effective on the pathogen. High humidity (90%) and rain fall over 1 mm were effective in the emergence of the first mild infections. The disease continued with an increase in the temperature (≥8 ° C) following the cessation of rain (R = 0 mm). In addition to climatic factors, factors such as wheat variety, sowing norm, sowing time, and the location of the sown area were found to be effective on the emergence time in the region. With this study, it was determined that the first symptoms of the disease appeared in the first week of January, 2020. The emergence time and effective climate factors, which are important data in determining the time of control methods, have been reported in this study.

In this study, the methanolic extract (ME) and the essential oil (EO) of the medicinal plant Artemisia campestris L. were investigated for their antioxidant activity and their antifungal efficacy on the postharvest storage decays; Botrytis cinerea Pers. and Penicillium expansum Link. The total polyphenolic and flavonoid contents were determined. The ME had higher total polyphenolic and flavonoid contents (400.64 µg GAE/mg and 43.13 ± 0.14 μg QE/mg, respectively) than EO (27.47 ± 0.44 µg GAE/mg and 14.04 ± 0.82 µg QE/mg, respectively). The ME presented higher radical scavenging power than the BHT and its IC50 values were 11.71, 40.96 and 23.32 µg/mL for the DPPH, β-carotene bleaching and reducing power respectively. In the antifungal activity, the EO had the stronger effect on both molds, particularly at concentrations > 15 µL, ≥ 800 µL/L and ≥ 15 µL by fumigation, incorporation and disc-diffusion methods respectively, resulting in higher than 80% inhibition of B. cinerea mycelial growth, and from 50 to > 80% inhibition on P. expansum mycelial growth. Methanolic extract showed nearby 50% inhibition on both fungi. The EO MIC was less than 2.5 µL/mL which was shown as MFC for both molds. The bio-autography test has shown separated compounds of the ME having an inhibitor effect on spore germination. These results offer an advantage of suggesting A. campestris could be used as a material for extraction of certain antifungal chemicals for preventing spoilage in food items.

Araştırmada geç olgunlaşma süresine sahip tatlı sorgum genotiplerinin biyokütle verimi ve yem kalite ögelerinin belirlenmesi amaçlanmıştır. Deneme tesadüf blokları deneme deseninde üç tekerrürlü olarak 2019 yılı ana ürün yetiştirme sezonunda Harran Ovası koşullarında yürütülmüştür. Çalışmada Brandes, Corina, Dale, Grassi, M81-E, P1579753, Ramada, Rio Roma, Smith, Theis, Topper 76-I, Topper 76-II, Tracy, UNL-Hybrid 3 ve Gülşeker gibi 16 adet geç olgunlaşma süresine sahip tatlı sorgum genotipleri kullanılmıştır. Araştırma sonuçlarına göre tatlı sorgum genotiplerinde gözlenen çiçeklenme süresi 77.6 ile 108.0 gün, bitki boyu 250.80 cm ile 476.30 cm, sap kalınlığı 19.55 mm ile 27.99 mm arasında değişmiştir. Sap oranı %74.72 ile %91.49, yaprak oranı %6.23 ile %20.98, salkım oranı %1.70 ile %7.65 arasında bulunmuştur. Tatlı sorgum genotiplerinin biyokütle verimi 7714.3 ile 16380.9 kg da-1, kuru madde verimi 2521.95 ile 5599.35 kg da-1, ham kül oranı %6.54 ile %10.1 arasında değişmiştir. NDF (Neutral Detergent Fiber) değerleri %55.35 ile %43.68, ADF (Acid Detergent Fiber) değerleri %27.09 ile %34.76, ADL (Acid Detergent Lignin) değerleri %5.51 ile %7.59, hemiselüloz değerleri %15.59 ile %20.59, selüloz oranı ise %21.31 ile %27.17 arasında bulunmuştur. Biyokütle verimi, kuru madde verimi, NDF ve ADF değerleri göz önüne alındığında M81-E, Theis, Tracy ve Dale tatlı sorgum genotiplerinin yem değerlerinin diğerlerine göre daha iyi olduğu görülmüştür. Tatlı sorgum bitkisinin yem kaynağı olarak kullanılabileceği ve GAP bölgesinde ve benzer iklim koşullarında adaptasyon kabiliyetinin yüksek olduğu belirlenmiştir., In the research, it was aimed to determine the biomass yield and forage quality components of some late maturated sweet sorghum genotypes. The experiment was conducted in a randomized block design with three replications in the 2019 main crop growing season under Harran Plain conditions. In the study, 16 late-maturated sweet sorghum genotypes such as Brandes, Corina, Dale, Grassi, M81-E, P1579753, Ramada, Rio Roma, Smith, Theis, Topper 76-I, Topper 76-II, Tracy, UNL-Hybrid 3 and Gülşeker were used. According to the results of the research, the flowering period in sweet sorghum genotypes varied between 77.6 and 108.0 days, plant height between 250.80 cm and 476.30 cm, stem diameter between 19.55 mm and 27.99 mm. The stem ratio values were found between 74.72% and 91.49%, leaf ratio 6.23% and 20.98%, panicle ratio between 1.70% and 7.65%. The biomass yield of sweet sorghum genotypes ranged from 7714.3 to 16380.9 kg da-1, dry matter yield from 2521.95 to 5599.35 kg da-1, crude ash ratio from 6.54% to 10.1 %. NDF (Neutral Detergent Fiber) values were found between 55.35% and 43.68%. ADF (Acid Detergent Fiber) values were between 27.09% and 34.76%, ADL (Acid Detergent Lignin) values between 5.51% and 7.59%, hemicellulose values between 15.59% and 20.59%, cellulose values between 21.31% and 27.17%. Considering the biomass yield, dry matter yield, NDF and ADF values, it was seen that the feed values of M81-E, Theis, Tracy and Dale sweet sorghum genotypes were better than the others. It has been determined that the sweet sorghum plant has high adaptability in the GAP region and can be used as a feed source in similar climatic conditions.

One of the major factors which limit the productivity of cowpea on acid soils is aluminum toxicity. Reliable methods for identifying genetic variation for its tolerance is indispensable. Genetic variability for aluminum tolerance in 10 accessions of cowpea were studied in the laboratory. Fifteen seeds of each accession were sown in sterilized petri dishes containing filter papers and 5 ml of AlCl3 at four levels (0, 50, 100 and 200 µm) and replicated three times in a completely randomised design (CRD). Petri dishes were incubated under room temperature in the dark for 48 hours. After 48 hours, they were exposed to photoperiod of 12 hr. / 12 hr. (day/night) at room temperature for another 48 hours. At day four after sowing, data were collected on percentage germination, number of roots per shoot, fresh weight of shoot, root length and hypocotyl length and fresh weight of shoot. Data were subjected to statistical analysis and accessions were arranged on their tolerance to aluminum stress by means of tolerance indices. Analysis of variance revealed significant effect of accessions on all parameters. Treatment was significant for all excluding percentage germination. Treatment by accession was significant for number of roots and root length. The observed genetic variation in cowpea for aluminum stress could be exploited by hybridisation to establish tolerant lines. Selection based on high heritability and GAM in percentage germination, hypocotyl length and number of roots in cowpea under aluminum stress can be exploited for selection.

Antioksidanlar insan vücudunda biriken serbest radikalleri temizleyerek, vücudun çeşitli hastalıklardan korunmasını sağlayan önemli yapılardır. Vücutta enzim, hormon ve protein olarak birçok antioksidan mevcuttur. Bunların dışında doğal olarak birçok besinde bulunan vitaminler, tanenler, fenolik asitler, flavonoidler gibi çok sayıda antioksidan madde de vardır. Fındık antioksidan madde içeren besinlerin başında gelmektedir. Ülkemizde bolca yetişen ve ülke ekonomisine katkı sağlayan bir bitkidir. Fındık hasadı ve işlenmesi sırasında zuruf, kabuk, iç zar gibi yan ürünlerde ortaya çıkmakta ve bu ürünlerden çok fazla ekonomik katkı sağlanamamaktadır. Bu çalışma fındık yan ürünü olan zurufun da yüksek antioksidan özelliğe sahip olduğunu ve sanayide farklı alanlarda kullanılarak ekonomiye katkı sağlanabileceğini göstermek amacıyla yapılmıştır. Bu amaç doğrultusunda Bartın ilinde yetiştirilen tombul fındık (Corylus avellana L.) türünün zurufları taze olarak toplanmış, su, su-aseton, aseton ve etanol gibi farklı çözücülerle ekstresi elde edilmiştir. Elde edilen ekstrelerin toplam fenolik, ve flavonoid miktarı, DPPH serbest radikal süpürücü aktivite, ABTS katyon radikal giderim aktivitesi ve Bakır (II) indirgeme antioksidan kapasitesi tayinlerine (CUPRAC) bakılmıştır. Sonuçlar incelendiğinde fındık zurufunun yüksek antioksidan özelliğe sahip olduğu görülmüştür. Ayrıca su-aseton ekstresinin, diğer ekstrelere göre toplam fenolik miktar (273.56±10.12 mg/g ekstre), DPPH (18.74±0.87 µg/ml), ABTS (4.78±0.56 µg/ml) ve CUPRAC (8.74±2.13 µg/ml) aktivitelerinde en iyi sonucu verdiği tespit edilmiştir., Antioxidants are important structures that protect the body from various diseases by clearing the free radicals accumulated in the human body. There are many antioxidants in the body as enzymes, hormones and proteins. Apart from these, there are many antioxidant substances such as vitamins, tannins, phenolic acids, flavonoids, which are naturally found in many foods. Hazelnuts are one of the foods that contain antioxidants. It is a plant that grows in abundance in our country and contributes to the country's economy. During the hazelnut harvest and processing, it also occurs by-products such as husk, shell and skin and there is not much economic contribution from these products. This study was carried out in order to show that hazelnut husks which are by-product of haselnut also has high antioxidant properties and can be used in different fields in industry to contribute to the economy. For this purpose, husks of the plump hazelnut (Corylus avellana L.) species grown in Bartın were freshly collected and extracted with different solvents such as water, water-acetone, acetone and ethanol. The obtained extract of total phenolics and flavonoid amount, DPPH free radical scavenging activity, ABTS cation radical removal activity and copper (II) reducing the determination of antioxidant capacity (CUPRAC) were measured. When the results were examined, it was seen that hazelnut husks had high antioxidant properties. In addition, the total phenolic amount (273.56 ± 10.12 mg / g extract), DPPH (18.74 ± 0.87 µg / ml), ABTS (4.78 ± 0.56 µg / ml) and CUPRAC (8.74 ± 2.13 µg / ml) activities of water-acetone extract compared to other extracts has been determined to give the best results.

The aim of this study is to evaluate the parking lots in Akdeniz University campus within the scope of plant material diversity, planting design elements and criteria. 97 parking areas have determined in the campus and a total of 75 plant species have been identified in these areas, including 43 trees, 7 shrubs, 22 shrubs and 3 twining plants. The most preferred species are Platanus orientalis, Pinus brutia and Washingtonia robusta. Plants often meet the functions of shading and creating space. The most common shrub species are Nerium oleander, Lantana camara, Pittosporum tobira and these species have determined to have restriction and direction functions. According to planting design elements colour and texture are dominant with their dendrological features such as different flower structures and autumn color change, different leaf and branching characteristics. It was determined the rhythm-repeat planting design principle is dominant where the alle afforestation technique is dominant., Bu çalışmanın amacı Akdeniz Üniversitesi yerleşkesi özelinde otoparkların bitkisel materyal çeşitliliği, bitkisel tasarım öğeleri ve kriterleri kapsamında değerlendirilmesidir. Yerleşkede 97 otopark alanı belirlenmiş olup bu alanlarda 43 ağaç, 7 ağaççık, 22 çalı ve 3 sarılıcı bitki türü olmak üzere toplamda 75 bitki türü tespit edilmiştir. Otoparklarda en çok tercih edilen türlerin Platanus orientalis ve Pinus brutia olduğu tespit edilmiştir. Otoparklarda yer alan ağaç ve ağaççıklar çoğunlukla gölgeleme ve mekân oluşturma işlevlerini sıklıkla karşılamakta olduğu belirlenmiştir. Otoparklarda en sık kullanılan çalı türleri Nerium oleander, Lantana camara, Pittosporum tobira olup bu türler sınırlandırma ve yönlendirme işlevlerine sahip oldukları belirlenmiştir. Bitkisel tasarım öğeleri açısından sahip oldukları farklı çiçek yapıları ve sonbahar renk değişimi gibi dendrolojik özellikleriyle; renk, farklı yaprak ve dallanma özellikleriyle; doku açısından ele alındığı, tasarım ilkelerinden ise alle ağaçlandırma tekniğinin hâkim olduğu bölgelerde ritim-tekrar ilkesinin hâkim olduğu belirlenmiştir.

Less known infos like the effect of wounding faba bean roots by high temperature, how maize roots climb up slopes, effect of cold on Medicago spp., effect of drought on soybeans, effect of active microbe species diversity in rhizosphere-plant interface on complex interactions on roots, allelochemicals, axial water flow, gravitropism, fine and coarse roots, salt-responsive mechanisms, transport in root cells, phototropism, hormones, nutrient acquasition, hydrotropism and many other important physiologic processes attracting a forage crops academician’s attention and interest were extracted from international studies and reviewed this article.

Pastures are important natural resources in terms of hosting different plant communities, animal feeding, erosion control and providing many benefits to human beings in different areas, especially in terms of being the gene source of many plants in natural balance. As a result of the developing world and the policies implemented, these resources have reached the point of rapid depletion. In order to preserve, develop and, above all, manage these natural resources and the characteristics of the plant species they contain must be identified. For this purpose, the field studies make it possible to identify the plant species that can be used for recreation. With this project, data of different plant species were collected and determined whether they carry landscape value or not. This study was conducted in 2019. During the project, a field survey was conducted in the designated area and a database was created for the plants with annual, biennial or perennial with landscape value at least once a month for five months (April-August) during the season. In this study, a total 80 different plant species were found and 41 of them could be used in the landscaping and their usage in the landscape planning were determined.

Erigeron annuus Pers. is a harmful invasive species to natural flora, although it is used in the treatment of indigestion, hepatitis, enteritis, and hematuria in traditional medicine. In this study, E. annuus samples were investigated in terms of total phenolic content, antioxidant activities and invasive features. Aerial parts of E. annuus were collected from Ayder-Çamlıhemşin (Rize), Pazar (Rize), and Trabzon (Turkey). Total phenolic contents, free radical scavenging characteristics against 1,1-Diphenyl-2-picrylhydrazyl (DPPH), and 2,20-azinobis (3-ethylbenzthiazoline-6-sulfonic acid) radicals (ABTS) were analyzed and compared with the collected localities.The invasive feature helps E. annuus to adapt everywhere. However, invasion of the plant is not an issue for medicinal applications except the collecting place of the plant. E. annuus is a lead accumulator, and the plant is seen on roadsides. Thus, the collecting region of the species should be chosen carefully to not obtain the side effects of heavy metals.

Adana ve Osmaniye illeri ülkemiz tarımında yerfıstığı üretim ve ekili alanın büyük bir bölümünü karşılayarak, ülke ekonomisine önemli katkı sağlamaktadır. Bu çalışma, Adana ve Osmaniye’de yerfıstığı ekim alanlarında zararlı Yeşilkurt [Helicoverpa armigera (Hübner) (Lep;Noctuidae)]’un yaygınlığı, bulaşıklığı ve popülasyon değişimini belirlemek amacıyla 2017 ve 2018 yıllarında yürütülmüştür. Zararlının larva ve ergin popülasyonu iki farklı tarlada haftalık olarak takip edilmiş olup, larva popülasyonu doğrudan bitki üzerinde sayım yapılarak, ergin popülasyonu ise funnel tipi feromon tuzak kullanılarak izlenmiştir. Yerfıstığı ekiminin yoğun olarak yapıldığı alanlarda, zararlının yaygınlığı ve bulaşıklığını belirlemek için haftalık sürveyler yapılmıştır. Tarla büyüklüğüne göre belirlenen beş farklı noktada sayımlar yapılarak, yaygınlık ve bulaşıklık durumu tespit edilmiştir. Zararlının larva popülasyonu 2017 yılında Osmaniye’de 14 larva/bitki ile Ekonomik Zarar Eşiğinin üzerine çıkmış ve insektisit uygulamasından sonra düşmüştür. Bunun dışında Adana ve Osmaniye’de zararlının popülasyonu Ekonomik Zarar Eşiğinin altında gerçekleşmiştir. Her iki ilde de 2017 yılında ergin popülasyonu temmuz ve eylül aylarında iki tepe noktasına ulaşmış, 2018 yılında ise düşük seviyede seyretmiştir. H. armigera ile bulaşıklık oranı 2017 ve 2018 yıllarında değişkenlik göstermiştir. Adana’da, 2017 yılında %40.26 olan bulaşma oranı, 2018 yılında %17.91 olarak gerçekleşmiştir. Osmaniye’de ise 2017 ve 2018 yıllarında bulaşıklık oranı sırası ile %36.36 ve %48.28 olmuştur. 2017 yılında tarla içi bulaşıklık her iki ilde de 0.2-1.0 larva/bitki iken, 2018 yılında 0.2-0.8 larva/bitki olarak gerçekleşmiştir. Sürvey yapılan üretim alanlarında H.armigera’nın birinci ürün olarak yetiştirilen yerfıstığında ekonomik anlamda sorun teşkil etmediği ancak ikinci ürünün çiçeklenme döneminde dikkat edilmesi ve bu konuda araştırma yapılması önerilmektedir., Adana and Osmaniye are the provinces with the highest share in the field of peanut production and cultivation in the country and make a great contribution to the country's economy. This study was carried out in Adana and Osmaniye provinces of Turkey in 2017 and 2018 to determine the distribution, infestation and population dynamic of cotton bollworm [Helicoverpa armigera (Hübner) (Lepidoptera; Noctuidae)] in peanut cultivation areas. The larval and adult populations of the pest were followed weekly in two different fields, the larval population was directly counted on the plant, and the adult population was monitored using a funnel type pheromone trap. Field controls in areas where peanuts planted intensively were conducted weekly to determine the distribution and infestation of the pest. The distribution and infestation status were determined at five different points according to the field size. The larvae population of the pest rise above the Economic Damage Threshold (EDT) with 14 larvae / plants in Osmaniye and decreased after insecticide application, in 2017. Other than in 2018, the population of the pests in Adana and Osmaniye was below the (EDT). The adult population in Adana and Osmaniye reached two peaks in July and September in 2017 and remained low in 2018. The infestation rate of H. armigera in peanuts varied in 2017 and 2018. While the infestation rate in Adana was 40.26% and 17.91% in 2017 and 2018 respectively. In Osmaniye, the infestation rate was 36.36% in 2017 and 48.28% in 2018. In 2017, while the infestation in the field was 0.2-1.0 larvae / plant in Adana and Osmaniye, it was 0.2-0.8 larvae / plant in 2018. In the surveyed peanut fields, H. armigera does not cause economic damage on the first peanut crop, but on the second peanut crop it can cause economic damage during the flowering period. It was concluded that detailed research is recommended on this subject.

Bu çalışma, Orta Fırat Vadisi’ndeki antepfıstığı bahçelerinde yapay kışlama barınakları kullanılarak kışlayan böcek biyoçeşitliliğinin belirlenmesi amacıyla 2017 ve 2018 yıllarında yürütülmüştür. Yapay kışlama barınakları Şehirbağı, Karabaş, Meyanca, Baraj ve Ekenek lokasyonlarında birer antepfıstığı bahçesinde kurulmuştur. Bu amaçla Eylül-Ocak ayları arasında her bahçeden seçilen on ağaçtan beşinin gövdesine telis çuvalı, beşine de oluklu karton mukavva sarılmıştır. Çalışma sonucunda 4 takıma ait 15 familyadan toplam 20 böcek türünün Orta Fırat Vadisi’ndeki antepfıstığı bahçelerinde kışı geçirdiği belirlenmiştir. Bu türler; Oenopia conglobata (Linnaeus, 1758) (Coleoptera: Coccinellidae), Hippodamia variegata (Goeze, 1777) (Coleoptera: Coccinellidae), Coccinella septempunctata (Linnaeus,1758) (Coleoptera: Coccinellidae), Scymnus rubromaculatus (Goeze, 1777), Loraphodius suarius (Falderman, 1835) (Coleoptera: Aphodiidae), Drasterius bimaculatus (Rossi, 1790) (Coleoptera: Elateridae), Hermaeophaga (=Orthocrepis) ruficollis (Lucas, 1849) (Coleoptera: Chrysomelidae), Bangasternus orientalis (Capiomont, 1873) (Coleoptera: Curculionidae), Aulacobaris coerulescens (Scopoli, 1763) (Coleoptera: Curculionidae), Capnodis carbonaria (Klug, 1829) (Coleoptera: Buprestidae), Tentyria euphratica (Girard, 1966) (Coleoptera: Tenebrionidae), Malachius rubidus (Erichson, 1840) (Coleoptera: Malachiidae), Piezodorus lituratus (Fabricius, 1794) (Hemiptera: Pentatomidae), Liorhyssus hyalinus (Fabricius, 1794) (Hemiptera: Rhopalidae), Dolycoris baccarum (Linnaeus, 1758) (Heteroptera,: Pentatomidae), Eurygaster integriceps (Puton, 1881) (Hemiptera: Scutelleridae), Centrocoris volxemi (Puton, 1878), (Hemiptera: Coreidae), Geocoris luridus (Fieber, 1844) (Heteroptera: Lygaeidae), Chrysoperla carnea (Stephens, 1836) (Neuroptera: Chrysopidae) ve Schistocerca gregaria (Forskol, 1775) (Orthoptera: Acrididae). Çalışma, meyve bahçelerinde kışlayan faydalı ve zararlı böcek faunasının yapay kışlama barınaklarıyla belirlenebileceğini ortaya koymuştur. Sonuç olarak, antepfıstığı bahçelerinde kışlayan böcek türleri belirlenmiş olup hem faydalıların korunması hem de zararlıların entegre mücadeleleri konusunda stratejiler geliştirilmelidir., This study was conducted to determine the overwintering insect biodiversity in pistachio orchards of the Middle Euphrates Valley, Turkey during 2017 and 2018 by artificial overwintering shelters. Artificial overwintering shelters were established in five pistachio orchards in Şehirbağı, Karabaş, Meyanca, Baraj and Ekenek locations. Ten trees were selected within each orchard and five of these were covered with a burlap sack and the rest were covered with corrugated cardboard through September and January. Twenty insect species belonging to15 families and 4 orders were recorded from the studied orchards. These recorded species were; Oenopia conglobata (Linnaeus, 1758) (Coleoptera: Coccinellidae), Hippodamia variegata (Goeze, 1777) (Coleoptera: Coccinellidae), Coccinella septempunctata (Linnaeus,1758) (Coleoptera: Coccinellidae), Scymnus rubromaculatus (Goeze, 1777), Loraphodius suarius (Falderman, 1835) (Coleoptera: Aphodiidae), Drasterius bimaculatus (Rossi, 1790) (Coleoptera: Elateridae), Hermaeophaga (=Orthocrepis) ruficollis (Lucas, 1849) (Coleoptera: Chrysomelidae), Bangasternus orientalis (Capiomont, 1873) (Coleoptera: Curculionidae), Aulacobaris coerulescens (Scopoli, 1763) (Coleoptera: Curculionidae), Capnodis carbonaria (Klug, 1829) (Coleoptera: Buprestidae), Tentyria euphratica (Girard 1966) (Coleoptera: Tenebrionidae), Malachius rubidus (Erichson, 1840) (Coleoptera: Malachiidae), Piezodorus lituratus (Fabricius, 1794) (Hemiptera: Pentatomidae), Liorhyssus hyalinus (Fabricius, 1794) (Hemiptera: Rhopalidae), Dolycoris baccarum (Linnaeus, 1758) (Heteroptera,: Pentatomidae), Eurygaster integriceps (Puton, 1881) (Hemiptera: Scutelleridae), Centrocoris volxemi (Puton, 1878), (Hemiptera: Coreidae), Geocoris luridus (Fieber, 1844) (Heteroptera: Lygaeidae), Chrysoperla carnea (Stephens, 1836) (Neuroptera: Chrysopidae) and Schistocerca gregaria (Forskol, 1775) (Orthoptera: Acrididae). The results revealed that burlap sack and corrugated cardboard artificial winter shelters can be used to monitor harmful and beneficial insect fauna overwintering in fruit orchards. The results provide empirical information on the existence of overwintering insect species in pistachio orchards. Thus, integrated pest management strategies should be developed for the pistachio orchards in the study area based on these results.

Kuraklık, bitkisel üretimi ve verimi sınırlayan en önemli faktörlerden biridir. Bitkiler, kuraklık stresiyle mücadele etmek için çeşitli morfolojik, fizyolojik, biyokimyasal ve moleküler tepkiler gösterirler. Çalışmada, makarnalık buğdayda artan su stresi altında genotipik farklılıkların belirlenmesi, su kullanım etkinliği ve verimle ilişkili olabilecek morfolojik ve fizyolojik parametrelerin incelenmesi amaçlanmıştır. Deneme, Dicle Üniversitesi Ziraat Fakültesi araştırma serasında, saksılarda kontrollü koşullarda yürütülmüştür. Araştırmada 7 tane makarnalık buğday genotipi (DZ7-51, Fırat-93, Hat-300, Sena, Svevo, TBT16-7 ve TBT16-9) kullanılmıştır. Tarla kapasitesine göre belirlenen artan su stresinde (%100 Tarla Kapasitesi (TK), %75TK, %50TK ve %25TK) buğday genotiplerinin morfolojik, fizyolojik, verim öğeleri ve kalite değişimleri incelenmiştir. Yaprak kıvrılması tüm su kısıtlama seviyelerinde verimle olumsuz yönde ilişkili bulunmuştur. Su stresindeki artışa bağlı olarak mumsuluk artış göstermiş ve %50TK ve %25TK su kısıtlama seviyelerinde verimle ilişkili bulunmuştur. Artan kuraklık düzeyleri, genotiplerin morfolojik, fizyolojik, verim öğelerinde azalışa neden olurken, protein oranına pozitif bir etki yapmıştır. Tane verimi ve biyomas yönünden hesaplanan su kullanım etkinliği değerleri su stresi arttıkça önemli düzeyde artış göstermiştir. Çalışmada incelenen morfolojik ve fizyolojik özellikler içerisinde mumsuluğun kuraklığa dayanıklıkta morfolojik markör olarak kullanılma potansiyeline sahip olabileceğini göstermiştir. DZ7-51 ve Fırat-93 genotipleri su stresine en çok dayanıklı genotipler olarak belirlenmiştir., One of the most significant factors restricting crop production and yield is drought. Plants may be able to adapt through several morphological, physiological, biochemical, and molecular responses while under drought stress. The aim of this experiment was to investigate the genetic differences in durum wheat under water stresses and to review their morphological and physiological parameters. 7 durum wheat genotypes (DZ7-51, Fırat-93, Hat-300, Sena, Svevo, TBT16-7 and TBT16-9) were used in the study. The experiment was performed under controlled conditions in a research greenhouse at Dicle University's Faculty of Agriculture. Morphological, physiological, yield components and quality changes of wheat genotypes with increased water stress (100% Field Capasity (FC), 75FC%, 50FC% and 25FC%) determined by field capacity were examined. Leaf rolling was, however, negatively correlated with yield at all level of water stress. Due to the rise in water stress, waxiness increased and was found to be correlated with yield at 50FC% and 25FC% levels of water stress. Although increasing drought levels triggered a decrease in the morphological, physiological and yield components of the genotypes, they had a positive impact on the protein ratio. As water stress increased, water use efficiency values calculated according to grain yield and biomass weight increased significantly. Among the morphological and physiological characteristics examined in the study, it has shown that glaucousity can have the potential to be used as a morphological marker in drought resistance Genotypes of the DZ7-51 and Fırat-93 wheat genotypes were found to be most resilient to water stress.

Turkey has taken important place for apricot species in terms of diversity and production amount in the World. This diversity in Turkey is provided selection and propagation of this superior genotype that specifically to that region by time. This diversity, it is shown that there is quite difference in the composition of nutrients content of cultivars whose importance in human nutrition. With this study, antioxidant activity, total phenol, total carotenoid content, as well as individual phenolics and carotenoids, individual sugar and acid amounts which effects the consuming quality were investigated in 'Teberze' and 'Ağerik' apricot cultivars, which are grown significantly higher after the ‘Şalak’ apricot cultivar in Iğdır province. As a result, the genetic structure is quite determinant; the antioxidant activity, total phenol, total carotenoid content, and the individual phenolic and carotenoid contents were found to be significantly higher in ‘Teberze’ cultivar. In both varieties; the dominant carotenoid pigment is β-carotene. On the other hands, while the main phenolic compound was gallic acid for Teberze, catechin was dominant in ‘Ağeriği’. Moreover, the sugar and acid compositions, which affect the taste of the cultivars, were determined significantly different except for malic acid. While the glucose, fructose and sorbitol was significantly higher in ‘Ağerik’, other compounds affecting the taste were found to be significantly higher in the ‘Teberze’ cultivar. As a result, these cultivars, widely grown in Iğdır province, are important genetic resource for cross-breeding researches., Ülkemiz kayısı türü için dünya içerisinde çeşitlilik ve üretim miktarı bakımından önemli bir konuma sahiptir. Ülkemizdeki bu çeşitlilik, yetiştiricilik yapılan illere özgü genotiplerin zamanla seçilip, çoğaltılmasını sağlamıştır. Bu çeşitlilik insan beslenmesinde önemli besin içeriklerinin çeşit bazında oldukça farklı olduğunu göstermektedir. Bu çalışmada Iğdır ilinde Şalak kayısı çeşidinden sonra önemli düzeyde yetiştiriciliği yapılan ‘Teberze’ ve ‘Ağerik’ kayısı çeşitlerinde meyve kalitesini etkileyen antioksidan aktivitesi, toplam fenol, toplam karotenoid içerikleri yanında bireysel fenolikler ve karotenoidler, tüketim kalitesini etkileyen bireysel şeker ve asit miktarları incelenmiştir. Sonuç olarak genetik yapının oldukça belirleyici olduğu; Teberze çeşidinde antioksidan aktivitesi, toplam fenol, toplam karotenoid içeriği yanında bireysel fenolik ve karotenoid içeriklerinin de önemli ölçüde yüksek olduğu belirlenmiştir. Çalışmada her iki çeşit içinde; temel karotenoid pigmentinin β- karoten, temel fenolik madde ise; Teberze için gallik asit iken, Ağerik’de kateşinin baskın olduğu saptanmıştır. Çeşitlerin tadını etkileyen şeker ve asit bileşenlerinden malik asit dışında diğerlerinin önemli düzeyde farklı olduğu belirlenmiştir. Ağerik çeşidinde glikoz, fruktoz ve sorbitol içeriği önemli ölçüde yüksek iken, tadı etkileyen diğer bileşiklerin Teberze çeşidinde önemli ölçüde yüksek bulunmuştur. Sonuç olarak, Iğdır ilinde yaygın olarak yetiştirilen bu çeşitlerin melezleme çalışmaları için önemli birer gen kaynağı olduğu belirlenmiştir.

Hemp is an industrial plant which has an annual, herbaceous and multi-use potential in the Cannabaceae family. Cannabis, one of the oldest plants in history, is an alternative plant with a wide range of uses ranging from pharmaceutical, food, paper, biofuel, textile, cosmetics, construction and automotive sectors. Cannabis is a satisfactory plant in terms of ecological and topographic requirements and has high adaptability. Hemp seed contains about 35% oil and 25% protein, also it is a rich source of Omega-3. Industrial hemp has recently reached the potential to contribute significantly to the industry by finding a place in large cultivation areas thanks to its quality fiber source. Unlike traditional cannabis, which is banned in our country as well as in many countries due to its narcotic properties, hemp cultivation is expanding in many countries day by day thanks to the industrial hemp varieties developed in recent years. Also, hemp has the potential to contribute significantly to the economies of countries., Kenevir, Cannabaceae familyasında yer alan, tek yıllık, otsu ve çok yönlü kullanım potansiyeli olan bir endüstri bitkidir. Tarihin en eski bitkilerinden biri olan kenevir, ilaç, gıda, kâğıt, biyoyakıt, tekstil, kozmetik, inşaat ve otomotiv sektörüne kadar oldukça geniş yelpazede kullanım alanına sahiptir. Ekolojik ve topografı istekleri bakımından kanaatkâr bir bitki olan kenevirin adaptasyon kabiliyeti geniştir. Kenevir tohumu yaklaşık %35 yağ ve %25 protein içermesinin yanında Omega-3 kaynağı olarak da zengindir. Endüstriyel kenevir, kaliteli lif kaynağı özelliği sayesinde yakın zamanda geniş ekim alanlarında yer bularak endüstriye önemli ölçüde katkı sağlayacak potansiyele ulaşmıştır. Narkotik özelliklerinden dolayı birçok ülkede olduğu gibi ülkemizde de yasaklanan geleneksel kenevirin aksine son yıllarda geliştirilen endüstriyel amaçlı kenevir çeşitleri sayesinde kenevir tarımı birçok ülkede her geçen gün genişlemekte ve ülkelerin ekonomilerine önemli katkı sağlama potansiyeli arz etmektedir.