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[171] Bixa arborea Huber Bol. Mus. Goeldi Hist. Nat. Ethnogr. 6: 87 (Huber 1910). VERNACULAR NAMES. — Pa: ihap-kamwi • Wp: uluku tawa • Br: urucu-da-mata. HERBARIUM DATA (FG). — 2 collections at CAY. Sel. exs.: D. Sabatier & P. Birnbaum 4451. INVENTORY DATA (FG). — 5 trees in 1 plot; Fmax, Published as part of Molino, Jean-François, Sabatier, Daniel, Grenand, Pierre, Engel, Julien, Frame, Dawn, Delprete, Piero G., Fleury, Marie, Odonne, Guillaume, Davy, Damien, Lucas, Eve J. & Martin, Claire A., 2022, An annotated checklist of the tree species of French Guiana, including vernacular nomenclature, pp. 345-903 in Adansonia (3) (3) 44 (26) on page 398, DOI: 10.5252/adansonia2022v44a26, http://zenodo.org/record/7458777

The effects of the use of solvents (96% ethanol and PEG 400), solute ratios: solvent (1: 4 and 1: 6 w/w), extraction temperatures (50 and 60 °C) and leaching techniques (conventional and assisted by ultrasound) on the concentration and time of extraction of bixin from Achiote (Bixa Orellana L.) were evaluated. The extraction kinetics were constructed, and their orders were determined. The experimental values were adjusted through the mathematical models of Peleg and Azuara. ANOVA was used based on a 23 design, blocking type of technology. The kinetics showed two stages of extraction: rapid and slow. The reaction orders were decimal numbers, which indicates the complexity of the extraction mechanism. The highest orders of reaction (2.97 and 2.075) were presented with extraction with ultrasound-assisted and ethanol as solvent, at 50 and 60 °C and solute solvent ratio 1: 4 and 1: 6, respectively. The concentration of Bixin was increased by approximately 30% by increasing the temperature. The Azuara model presented the highest adjustment with a standard error

Due to the low germination of annatto seeds (Bixa orellana L.), it is necessary to test different techniques that facilitate and enable its production, such as the use of the physiological conditioning method. Here, we aimed to characterize the germination of two annatto seed lots under physiological conditioning. For this, two lots of seeds (newly-collected and stored) were submitted to physiological conditioning using an aerated solution of 1) deionized water; 2) cathodic water; 3) potassium nitrate 0.3%; 4) sodium nitroprusside 100 µM; for 24h and 48h, and an additional treatment (control) without conditioning. After the germination test, ungerminated seeds were submitted to a tetrazolium test at 0.075% at 30 °C, in the dark for 24 h. We used a completely randomized factorial design (4 x 2 + 1) with four replications of 25 seeds per treatment. Despite the low germination already mentioned in the literature for this species, we obtained high germination without any type of dormancy-break pretreatment, even in lots stored for over 10 years with a water content of 8%, characterizing this species as non-dormant. The germination and viability of Bixa orellana were influenced by seed water content decrease. The conditioning agents were not efficient to increase annatto seed germination. Further studies are needed to classify these seeds according to their storability.

Air temperature is a key variable in the development of tropical forest species, and the increasing temperature projected to occur over the twenty-first century can bring additional threats to the development of these species, particularly during the initial development. The aim of this study was to evaluate the impact of air temperature increase in the initial development of three tropical forest species in the seedling stage: Psidium guajava L., Citharexylum myrianthum Cham., and Bixa orellana L. We used the Phyllochron and Wang and Engel development models, both set for current (1980–2005) and projected for future (2021–2050 and 2071–2100) climate conditions, in two scenarios of radiative forcing (RCP 4.5 and 8.5) and considering twelve development simulation planting dates. We used 10 Earth Systems Models from the Coupled Model Intercomparison Project Phase 5 (CMIP5). The projections indicated that the increases in air temperature (~ 1.4 to ~ 3.9 °C) can be sufficient to change the development rates of the three species. The simulations carried out from March to June may have the early development accelerated and the seedling stage reduced. Differently, the simulations from September to December may slow down the development and increase the seedling stage duration, mainly for Citharexylum myrianthum, the most sensitive to air temperature increase. We conclude that while changing the planting date is a feasible adaptation measure against the threats of climate change, shading and irrigation may reduce the quality of seedlings. Outlining appropriate, timely, and cost-effective adaptation measures is critical for the sustainability of the Brazilian nursery sector.

Background/Objectives: Indonesia is one of the countries that are included in the high category of sun exposure. This fact can have one of the fatal consequences on the skin which can be addressed by the usage of sunscreen. One of the natural ingredients that can be used as sunscreen is the skin of the annatto fruit. Methods/Statistical analysis: The sample was extracted using 95% ethanol by the maceration method. Phytochemical screening is carried out on phenolics, flavonoids, tannins, alkaloids, saponins, and terpenoids. The phenolic and flavonoid contents were determined using the spectrophotometer method. The sunscreen potential is determined based on the calculation of the percent of Erythema Transmission (% Te) and the percent of Transmission Pigmentation (% Tp) measured at a wavelength of 292.5 - 372.5nm. Measurement of the value of sunscreen uses the spectrophotometric method at a wavelength of 290 - 400 nm to determine % Tp, % Te, and the Sun Protection Factor (SPF) value. Findings/novelty/applications: The fruit skin extract of annatto contains phenolic, flavonoids, tannins and terpenoids compounds. The total phenolic content was 193.05 1.22 mg GAE / g extract, and total flavonoids amounting to 138.03 2.24 mg QE / g extract. From the research results, it was obtained that the value of% Tp,% Te was produced with a concentration of 200 ppm, 400 ppm, 600 ppm, 800 ppm, 1000 ppm respectively for the value (% Te;% Tp) of (18.56%; 45, 25 %) Fast Tanning category, (3.81%; 19.80%) standard suntan category, (1.20%; 10.08%) Ultra-Protection category, (0.30%; 1.64%) sunblock category, (0.09%; 1.42%) sunblock category. Furthermore, for the results of the SPF value in a row is 4.52 (moderate); 8.41 (maximum); 13.10 (maximum); 16.21 (ultra); and 21.12 (ultra). Keywords: Fruit skin of annatto; extract; phenolic; flavonoids; sunscreen

Actualmente el método de doble tinción empleado con rojo de alizarina y azul de alcian para tinción ósea y cartilaginosa, respectivamente, genera costos elevados en la realización de protocolos para estudios de anatomía y sistemática en vertebrados. El objetivo del presente trabajo fue comparar y analizar el colorante extraído de semillas de Bixa orellana con el rojo de alizarina en la tinción ósea en peces juveniles de Piaractus brachypomus. Se utilizaron 70 peces juveniles de 2 ± 0,4 cm de longitud total, los cuales fueron sedados utilizando 2 Fenoxi-etanol a concentración final de 500 mg/L y sacrificados en conformidad con las normas y procedimientos para el uso de animales de laboratorio. Posteriormente, se sometieron a una serie de fases para la conservación del tejido. Se distribuyeron 35 peces para cada tratamiento (rojo de alizarina y achiote) y se observaron e identificaron las estructuras óseas teñidas con cada uno de los colorantes. Además, se analizó la IE (intensidad de luz emergente) y DI (Densidad integral) en ejemplares diafanizados para cada tratamiento. No se observaron diferencias significativas para la IE (P = 0,10), a diferencia de la DI (p < 0,05) para columna vertebral y aleta dorsal. Concluimos que el colorante de Bixa orellana (achiote) presenta afinidad en estructuras óseas de peces juveniles y, por tanto, es una buena alternativa para la realización de la técnica de diafanización y estudios osteológicos de vertebrados a bajo costo.

Background Full chloroplast genomes provide high resolution taxonomic discrimination between closely related plant species and are quickly replacing single and multi-locus barcoding regions as reference materials of choice for DNA based taxonomic annotation of plants. Bixa orellana, commonly known as “achiote” and “annatto” is a plant used for both human and animal foods and was thus identified for full chloroplast sequencing for the Center for Veterinary Medicine (CVM) Complete Chloroplast Animal Feed database. This work was conducted in collaboration with the Instituto de Medicina Tradicional (IMET) in Iquitos, Peru. There is a wide range of color variation in pods of Bixa orellana for which genetic loci that distinguish phenotypes have not yet been identified. Here we apply whole chloroplast genome sequencing of “red” and “yellow” individuals of Bixa orellana to provide high quality reference genomes to support kmer database development for use identifying this plant from complex mixtures using shotgun data. Additionally, we describe chloroplast gene content, synteny and phylogeny, and identify an indel and snp that may be associated with seed pod color. Results Fully assembled chloroplast genomes were produced for both red and yellow Bixa orellana accessions (158,918 and 158,823 bp respectively). Synteny and gene content was identical to the only other previously reported full chloroplast genome of Bixa orellana (NC_041550). We observed a 17 base pair deletion at position 58,399–58,415 in both accessions, relative to NC_041550 and a 6 bp deletion at position 75,531–75,526 and a snp at position 86,493 in red Bixa orellana. Conclusions Our data provide high quality reference genomes of individuals of red and yellow Bixa orellana to support kmer based identity markers for use with shotgun sequencing approaches for rapid, precise identification of Bixa orellana from complex mixtures. Kmer based phylogeny of full chloroplast genomes supports monophylly of Bixaceae consistent with alignment based approaches. A potentially discriminatory indel and snp were identified that may be correlated with the red phenotype.

Phytochemicals from Bixa orellana plant extract are traditionally used to cure Dysentery. It is caused by Entamoeba histolytica. Molecular docking method applied using “Biovia Discovery Studio”. “High positive values of -CDOCKER energy and -CDOCKER interaction energy” suggested that benzoin acid can effectively deactivate the alcohol dehydrogenase enzyme thereby interrupting the life cycle of the organism.

Phytochemicals from Bixa orellana L. plant extract are traditionally used to cure Jaundice. It is caused by Escherichia coli. Molecular docking method applied using “Biovia Discovery Studio”. “High positive values of -CDOCKER energy and -CDOCKER interaction energy” suggested that benzoic acid can effectively deactivate the alcohol dehydrogenase enzyme thereby interrupting the life cycle of the organism.

Bixa atlantica Antar & Sano sp. nov. Type:— BRAZIL. Espírito Santo: Vila Pavão.Barra da Rapadura, fazenda do sr. Wagner Scardini, Floresta Estacional Secundária, 18º42′18″S, 40º35′28″W, 157 m, 16 Fev 2014 [fl., fr.], R.C. Forzza, K. Hmeljevski & H. Medeiros 7851 (Holotype: VIES [VIES035934]; isotypes RB[RB00856346], SPF). Figures 1–2. Bixa atlantica is most similar to Bixa excelsa, but differs in its insertion of the lowest primary vein in relation to midrib length (1/4 vs 1/ 3 in B. excelsa), number of primary veins ((4–)5 vs. 3(–4) in B. excelsa), corolla color (white vs. pinkish in B. excelsa), fruit color when mature (reddish vs. greenish or brownish in B. excelsa) and spine density in fruits (not obscuring the surface vs. obscuring the surface in B. excelsa). Trees or treelets 6−20 m tall, rarely shrubs. Stems with lenticels, indument with scattered peltate trichomes, becoming denser, mostly stalked and ferruginous near the inflorescence, the older stems glabrescent or glabrous, stipule scar evident, transversal, narrow, with two circular nectaries below it. Leaves simple, alternate, subcoriaceous to chartaceous, discolorous with abaxial surface lighter, blade narrow ovate, lanceolate or less commonly ovate, (7.6−)9.9−22.3 × (2.9−) 4.1−12.5 cm, margin entire, base rounded, truncate or rarely slightly cordate, apex acuminate to long acuminate, adaxial surface with scattered peltate trichomes, mostly forming depressed small pits and concentrated near the main veins, rarely densely disposed, abaxial surface with scattered peltate trichomes distributed all over the surface, venation with (4–)5 primary veins at each side of the midrib, the lowest at approximately 1/4 the length of the midrib; petioles 2.1–9.7 cm long, with swollen and dark pulvinulus at base and apex, with scattered peltate trichomes; stipules soon caducous, lanceolate, apex acuminate to long acuminate, 5.9−8.5 × 1−1.8 mm, abaxial surface with peltate trichomes externally, except at base and margins, adaxial surface glabrous. Inflorescence paniculate, terminal, branched, 25–45 flowered, densely covered with ferruginous, stalked, peltate trichomes; bracts soon caducous, 2.2–3.6 mm long, ovate, apex acute, glabrescent with few peltate hairs, mostly near the base, leaving a conspicuous scar; nectaries below bract scar, glabrous, sometimes inconspicuous due to the indumentum. Flowers 3–5 cm diam.; pedicel 5.9–11.5 mm long, densely covered with ferruginous, stalked, peltate trichomes, extrafloral nectaries at the apex of the pedicel absent, rarely inconspicuous; calyx soon caducous, cream-colored to brownish, sepals concave, 6.6–7.8 × 6.9–7.4 mm, wide ovate or orbiculate, apex obtuse, abaxial surface pubescent to glabrescent with peltate hairs, mostly near the base, adaxial surface glabrescent with peltate hairs, mostly near the base; corolla white, petals subequal, membranous, glabrous, 16–23 × 10–15 mm, obovate, apex obtuse; stamens vinaceous with the mid-portion whitish and the base yellowish, numerous, unequal, the ones at the base 3.5–6.5 mm long, the others 8.5–11.5 mm long, filaments glabrous, anther ca. 1 mm long, with two linear pores at the apex; ovary ovoid to hemispherical, densely covered with peltate trichomes, ca. 2.5 × 2–2.5 mm, style erect at anthesis, 7.0– 8.5 mm long, glabrous. Fruit dehiscent, reddish, becoming brownish when older, 1.2–1.7 × 2.0– 2.8 cm, hemispherical or widely ovoid, apex rounded, densely covered with ferruginous, stalked, peltate trichomes, spines densely disposed but not obscuring the fruit surface, 11–13 mm long, erect, subulate, base enlarged, rarely branched; peduncle 1.1–2.0 cm long. Seeds 5–5.3 × 5–5.5 mm, ellipsoid or spheroid, smooth, compressed. Etymology: —The specific epithet refers to its occurrence in the coastal Brazilian Atlantic Forest. Being the only large tree species of Bixa native to this Domain. Habitat, distribution and phenology: — Bixa atlantica is endemic to the Atlantic Forest in Bahia, Espírito Santo and Minas Gerais states (Figure 3). The species can be found from 50 to 400 meters above sea level, in semideciduous forest, tabuleiro forest and hygrophilous Southern Bahian forest (without a dry season) physiognomies. It has also been reported as a pioneer, fairly common species that can grow in disturbed secondary forest or along forest borders (Lopes et al. 2002) and even disturbed ground in savannah-like physiognomies. It can grow between rocks in the bottom of valleys. The species was found flowering during the rainy season, from December to March, especially in February, and in fruit in all months except January, February and June, but especially in April and May (Figure 4). Preliminary Conservation status:— Bixa atlantica is known from 34 unique occurrences and 20 subpopulations. The EOO is 59,972 km ² and the AOO is 124 km ². The species falls within the territory of the following Protected Areas: Parque Estadual do Rio Doce, Reserva Biológica de Sooretama, Reserva Biológica Córrego do Veado, and Reserva Natural Vale (Linhares). Despite this significant distribution and populations collected in degraded areas, the Atlantic Forest is heavily threatened, with less than 30% of its original vegetation remaining. Consequently, the known subpopulations are mostly fragmented and isolated, which is especially true for the subpopulations from Minas Gerais state, located in an area that has suffered heavy deforestation (Carvalho & Scolforo 2008) and in which the only wellconserved remnants are in the Parque Estadual do Rio Doce area. With the available information we assess the species as Near Threatened NT B1a+B2a (IUCN 2012, 2019). However, we need to highlight that the species in Minas Gerais could be regionally assessed in a more endangered classification. Additional specimens examined (paratypes):— BRAZIL, BAHIA: Guaratinga, Rodovia Itabela / Guaratinga (BA089), com 28 km de extensão, coletas entre os km 20 e 25, margem da rodovia, 31 Mar 1989, L.A. Mattos-Silva et al. 2673 (CEPEC, MBML, SPF); Itanhaém, estrada Itanhaém a Batinga, ca. 16 km, ramal à direita, dando acesso fazenda Pedra Grande, de propriedade de Etevaldo Rezende da Silva, 17° 8’ 17’’ S, 40° 25’ 34’’ W, 29 Dec 2004, A.M. Amorim et al. 4609 (CEPEC, MO, NY, SPF); Porto Seguro, Ramal de São José do Panorama, 18 Jan 1972, R.S. Pinheiro 1727 (RB, SPF). Espírito Santo: Água Doce do Norte, 27 Apr 2008, L. Kollmann et al. 10952 (MBML, SPF); Águia Branca, assentamento 16 de Abril., 18° 54’ 25.3’’ S, 40° 44’ 5’’ W, 150–200 m, 15 Mar 2006, V. Demuner et al. 1953 (MBML, SPF); Águia Branca, assentamento 16 de Abril, fragmento à esquerda do campo, 18° 54’ 25.3’’ S, 40° 44’ 5’’ W, 200–400 m, 16 Mar 2006, V. Demuner et al. 2011 (MBML, SPF); Águia Branca, córrego do Trinta (CEIER), proprietário: Alex Sandro, 19° 1’ 22.2’’ S, 40° 38’ 52.8’’ W, 170–500 m, 25 Apr 2006, V. Demuner et al. 2187 (MBML, SPF); Águia Branca, córrego Taquaral, Santa Luzia, propriedade José Rocinha, 18° 59’ 39’’ S, 40° 41’ 46’’ W, 200–350 m, 2 Apr 2007, V. Demuner et al. 3442 (MBML, SPF); Águia Branca, Rochedo, propriedade Arlindo Breda, 18° 56’ 45’’ S, 40° 48’ 10’’ W, 400–550 m, 16 May 2007, V. Demuner et al. 3912 (MBML, SPF); Águia Branca, Rochedo, trilha do córrego, propriedade Ailton Corteleti, 18° 56’ 39’’ S, 40° 47’ 55’’ W, 380–560 m, 6 Sep 2006, L.F.S. Magnago et al. 1317 (MBML, SPF); Águia Branca, Santa Luzia, Propriedade Ciro Ferreira, 18° 58’ 40’’ S, 40° 39’ 56,1’’ W, 170–300 m, 4 Jul 2007, R.R. Vervloet et al. 2789 (MBML, SPF); Colatina, Jequitibá (Torre 45/2—LT 230 Kv) Mascarenhas x Verona, 19° 14’ 2.3’’ S, 40° 38’ 16.1’’ W, 240 m, 15 Jul 2008, A.M. Assis & K.F.O. Faria 1703 (MBML, SPF); Colatina, Jequitibá (Torre 45/2—LT 230 Kv), 19° 15’ 2.3’’ S, 40° 38’ 16.1’’ W, 240 m, 23 May 2008, A.M. Assis & K.F.O. Faria 1674 (MBML, SPF); Colatina, São João Grande (Torre 15/2—LT 230 Kv Mascarenhas x Verona), 19° 26’ 50.1’’ S, 40° 47’ 11’’ W, 300 m, 16 Oct 2008, A.M. Assis & V. Pereira 1823 (MBML, SPF); Colatina, São João Grande (Torre 18/1—LT 230 Kv Mascarenhas x Verona), 19° 26’ 25.5’’ S, 40° 46’ 16.9’’ W, 200 m, 15 Oct 2008, A.M. Assis & V. Pereira 1810 (MBML, SPF); Conceição da Barra, Cobraice—Fazenda Jundiá, 18° 25’ 14.3’’ S, 39° 55’ 31.6’’ W, 50 m, 28 Sep 1998, A.M. Assis & L.F.D. Valentin 1804 (MBML, SPF); Governador Lidemberg, Alto Moacir, propriedade Vitório Salomão, 19° 18’ 42’’ S, 40° 32’ 15’’ W, 350–630 m, 21 Fev 2006, L.F.S. Magnago et al. 682 (MBML, SPF); Itaguaçu, localidade de Cachoeirão, 27 Fev 2006, R.C. Britto et al. 26 (MBML, SPF); Itarana, Fragmento localizado na comunidade do Baixo Sossego, 15 Fev 2011, C. Hencker et al. 56 (MBML, SPF); Linhares, Reserva da Companhia Vale do Rio Doce, Borda da trilha da Bicuíba, 55 m, 4 Apr 2006, J.G. Rando et al. 150 (ESA); Linhares, Reserva de Linhares, Docemade, 1 Fev 1972, D. Sucre 8350 (MO, NY, RB); Linhares, Reserva Florestal da Companhia Vale do Rio Doce, córrego João Pedro, aceiro com José Velascio, 26 Apr 1990, L.P. Queiroz 2479 (CEN, HUEFS); Linhares, Reserva Florestal da CVRD, acesso à casa de hóspedes, 22 Aug 1996, A.L.B. Sartori et al. 213 (CVRD, UEC); Linhares, Reserva Florestal de Linhares-Cia. Vale do Rio Doce, estrada do Flamengo, ca. 500 m da sede, 19° 9’ 6’’ S, 40° 4’ 8’’ W, 64 m, 11 May 2000, J.R. Pirani et al. 4674 (RB, SPF); Linhares, Reserva Natural da Vale, trecho de mussununga próximo ao nativo do contorno do Roxinho, 17 Apr 2011, D.F. Lima et al. 210 (BHCB, CTES, CVRD, ESA, HUEFS, RB); Marilândia, Alto Liberdade, propriedade Deuclecio Lorenzini, 19° 21’ 13’’ S, 40° 31’ 1’’ W, 300–400 m, 19 Apr 2006, L.F.S. Magnago et al. 899 (MBML, SPF); Pinheiros, Reserva Biológica Córrego do Veado, trilha de educação ambiental, 18° 22’ 15’’ S, 40° 8’ 32’’ W, 113 m, 1 Fev 2007, L.M. Versieux et al. 399 (SP, SPF); Pinheiros, Santa Rita, 18° 18’ 37’’ S, 40° 8’ 49’’ W, 107 m, 31 Jan 2008, L. Kollmann & L. Magnago 10521 (MBML, SPF); Rio Bananal, Alto município de Rio Bananal, 19° 14’ 56’’ S, 40° 24’ 59’’ W, 300–450 m, 1 Aug 2007, R.R. Vervloet et al. 3106 (MBML, SPF); Rio Bananal, Arredores de São Jorge de Tiradentes, 19° 5’ 48.2’’ S, 40° 19’ 4.9’’ W, m, 7 Oct 2017, E.D. Lozano et al. 3882 (MBM, SPF); São Domingos do Norte, São Gonçalo (Torre 48/2—LT 230 kv Mascarenhas x Verona), 19° 12’ 17.8’’ S, 40° 38’ 12.3’’ W, 244 m, 3 May 2008, A.M. Assis & K.F.O. Faria 1656 (MBML, SPF); São Domingos do Norte, Trevo para Águia Branca (Torre 58/2—LT230 Kv Mascarenhas x Verona), 19° 7’ 37’’ S, 40° 36’ 41’’ W, 150 m, 2 May 2008, A.M. Assis & K.F.O. Faria 1611 (MBML, SPF); São Gabriel da Palha, Fazenda Rondeli, próximo ao clube campestre, 19° 1’ 8’’ S, 40° 33’ 19.5’’ W, 200 m, 26 Apr 2008, A.M. Assis & V.G. Demuner 1565 (MBML, SPF); Soretama, Reserva Biológica de Sooretama, 74 m, 9 Oct 2012, M.B. Costa 18 (VIES). Minas Gerais: Marliéria, Parque Estadual do Rio Doce, 19° 45’ 30’’ S, 42° 37’ 33’’ W, 295 m, 21 Fev 1996, L.V. Costa s.n. (BHCB, SPF); Marliéria, Parque Estadual do Rio Doce, estrada para o restaurante, 19° 46’ 49’’ S, 42° 37’ 10’’ W, 311 m, 4 Sep 2000, M.M. Silva-Castro et al. 1484 (HUEFS); Timoteo, Parque Estadual do Rio Doce, estrada para o restaurante, 4 Nov 1999, E.J. Leite et al. 5 (CEN). Comments:— Bixa atlantica can be distinguished from B. orellana, the best represented species of the genus in herbaria, and the only other one that also occurs in the Atlantic Forest domain, due to the absence of nectaries in the pedicel apex (rarely inconspicuous) near the calyx (vs. conspicuous in B. orellana), the leaf base rounded truncate or rarely slightly cordate (vs. cordate or truncate in B. orellana), the habit of trees up to 20 m, rarely treelets or shrubs (vs. shrubs or treelets 5–6 m tall in B. orellana) and fruit shape wider than long (vs. longer than wide in B. orellana). The absence of nectaries in the pedicel apex can also be used to promptly differ the new species from another two species, Bixa urucurana (usually treated as a synonym of B. orellana) and Bixa platycarpa Ruiz & Pavon (1959: 383), both of which have nectaries. Although Bixa atlantica specimens have been frequently referred to as B. arborea, the species can be easily distinguished as the former presents spiny fruits (vs. spineless fruits). The most closely related species is B. excelsa (Figure 5), differing by the leaf venation, petal and fruit color (in vivo and in sico) and morphology. Although Baer (1976) states that the fruits of B. excelsa are reddish-green, we have never been able to confirm this color from all specimens’ label descriptions and photos examined. Further differences between B. atlantica and these two species are presented in Table 1.

Annatto (Bixa orellana L.) is an arboreal species domesticated in Amazonia from its wild ancestor (B. orellana var. urucurana). Bixin extracted from its orthodox seeds is a natural dye widely used in the food industry. This study evaluated methods to overcome seed dormancy and determine the germination potential, comparing domesticated and wild annatto populations. Seeds from two domesticated-type populations and two families of a wild-type population, stored for two years after field collection, were submitted to five treatments to overcome dormancy: T1 - control; T2 - mechanical scarification (with sandpaper); T3 - mechanical scarification (with sandpaper) + immersion in water at 36 ºC overnight (12 hours); T4 - immersion in water at room temperature (23 ºC, on average) for 24 h; T5 - immersion in concentrated sulfuric acid (95 - 98%) for 15 min + running water for 3 min. Highly significant differences (P < 0.001) were observed in the germination percentage of annatto seeds between wild and domesticated types, and among the treatments tested. Domesticated types showed higher germination percentage (10 - 58%) over all treatments when compared to the wild type (0 - 44%). The best treatments were those performed with mechanical scarification. Given the simplicity, we concluded that mechanical scarification with sandpaper is a good alternative to overcome dormancy of annatto seeds. RESUMO: O urucum (Bixa orellana L.) é uma espécie arbórea domesticada na Amazônia a partir de seu ancestral selvagem (B. orellana var. urucurana). Das suas sementes ortodoxas, é extraído a bixina, corante bastante utilizado na alimentação. Este estudo teve como objetivos avaliar métodos de superação da dormência e determinar o potencial de germinação de sementes, comparando populações domesticadas e selvagens. Sementes de duas populações domesticadas e duas famílias de uma população selvagem, armazenadas por dois anos após a coleta, foram submetidas a cinco tratamentos de superação da dormência: T1 - controle; T2 - escarificação mecânica (com lixa); T3 - escarificação mecânica (com lixa) + imersão em água a 36 ºC durante a noite (12 horas); T4 - imersão em água à temperatura ambiente (23 ºC, em média) por 24 h; T5 - imersão em ácido sulfúrico concentrado (95 - 98%) por 15 min + água corrente por 3 min. Foram observadas diferenças altamente significativas (P < 0,001) no potencial de germinação de sementes entre domesticadas e selvagens, e entre os tratamentos testados. As populações domesticadas apresentaram maior porcentagem de germinação (10 - 58%) em comparação com a de urucum selvagem (0 - 44%). Os melhores tratamentos foram os realizados com escarificação mecânica. Considerando sua simplicidade, concluímos que a escarificação mecânica com lixa representa boa alternativa para superar a dormência do urucum.

Models of development are tools that connect the effects of development on the environment, allowing their applications in several studies. Nevertheless, studies are scarce on models of development for native forest species in Brazil. This study aimed to predict the development of two native forest species - Citharexylum myrianthum Cham. and Bixa orellana L. - with two agrometeorological models, being one linear (Phyllochron) and another nonlinear (Wang and Engel, 1998). Both models predict the cumulative leaf number (CLN) on a daily basis, which generates the seedling phase duration (SPD) when integrated to time. Data were used from two years of experiments conducted during 2015 and 2016 growing seasons and 12 sowing dates in Itajubá, Minas Gerais State, Brazil. These species × sowing dates × years experiments provided a rich dataset for calibrating and evaluating both models. Although both models used in the study allowed predicting the dynamics of leaf development, CLN, and SPD in two native forest species, the Wang and Engel model provided a more accurate prediction of CLN and SPD for C. myrianthum species, with an overall root mean square error (RMSE) of 1.82 leaves (CLN) and 5.9 days (SPD). For B. orellana, the Phyllochron model was slightly better, with an overall RMSE of 1.48 leaves (CLN) and seven days (SDP).

Resumen El involucramiento educativo en labores de investigación es trascendental para que el estudiantado se relacione con las tareas y objetivos trazados a corto y largo plazo. Se realizaron 4 proyectos de investigación (2016-2019), en los cuales se evaluaron extractos de las plantas Crescentia cujete, Lippia alba, Aloe vera, Bixa orellana, Psidium guajava y Jatropha gossypilfolia, a las que se les determinó la actividad antibacteriana y antifúngica, el efecto hipoglucemiante de extractor en ratones diabéticos, y toxicidad sobre Artemia sp. Dichas investigaciones sirvieron para optimizar el grado de motivación y el buen rendimiento del estudiantado durante el periodo de pasantías, lo cual incentivó necesidades de cooperación en la investigación. Lo anterior mejoró las relaciones entre estudiantes y el personal del laboratorio; para que las relaciones resultaran más gratificantes, se enfrentaron a las metas y objetivos personales. Se observaron otros beneficios que coadyuvaron al optimismo, sociabilidad y el compañerismo entre el estudiantado. Por otra parte, la experimentación en el área de fitoquímica favoreció el compromiso, ya que en ella se prestó atención, se cumplió con los trabajos de investigación y se logró emplazar las relaciones científico-educativas. Abstract Involving students in scientific research is essential for achieving short- and long-term tasks and objectives. A series of four research projects were executed from 2016-2019, whereby extracts obtained from the Crescentia cujete, Lippia alba, Aloe vera, Bixa orellana, Psidium guajava and Jatropha gossypilfolia plants were assessed to investigate their antibacterial and antifungal properties, hypoglycemic effect on diabetic mice as well its toxicity on Artemia sp. The studies proved to be rewarding given the outstanding performance of the student interns, optimizing their motivation and leading to improved cooperation and relationships with colleagues and the laboratory staff. In addition to meeting their goals, other benefits were observed that contributed to optimism, sociability and fellowship among students. Through the experiments conducted with phytochemicals, students learned about commitment, gained scientific insight and developed significant scientific and educational relationships.

Natural dyes are dyes that are environmentally friendly, harmless to actors and users, and the colors are more diverse. Natural dyes can be obtained by extraction treatment that is removing pigments from plant parts. The results of Kesumba Keling seed extract (Bixa orellana) and Secang wood (Caesalpinia sappan Linn) were obtained from boiling. The purpose of this study are to extract natural dyes from Kesumba Keling seed and secang wood and to determine the direction of the color produced from dyeing the fabric using extracted solution of Kesumba Keling and Secang wood. The dyeing fabric has the shortest wavelength of 624 nm and the longest is 776.5 nm. The direction of the color produced was red. The use of different fixators gives different colors. Lime fixator (Ca (OH)2) gives a color younger than the original color, while the tunjung fixator (FeSO4) gives an effect of color older than the original color. The lime fixator produces red to orange, while the tunjung fixator produces red in the direction of brown. While, the different dipping temperatures did not significantly affect the color of the cloth. Additionally, the different cloth dipping schemes considerably affected the color of cloth produced, especially the intensity of the color.

Bixin is a principal color component of annatto pigment which is obtained from the seed coat of Bixa orellana L., a tropical shrub. The extraction yield of bixin from annatto seeds using acetone, soybean oil and sodium hydroxide solution with different extraction conditions were investigated in this study. The extraction time, temperature, solid-liquid ratio and light exposure showed significant effects on the bixin yield. The extraction using soybean oil had the lowest bixin yield followed by the extraction using sodium hydroxide solution. The extraction using acetone resulted in the highest extraction yield (68.1%) after only 40 min. The extraction using soybean oil at 100oC led to two-fold bixin yield compared to that operated at 80oC while the mild temperature (50oC) was found to be the most suitable for the extraction using sodium hydroxide solution. The exclusion of light exposure by covering extraction beakers with aluminum foil could significantly improve the bixin extraction yield due to the reduction in bixin degradation. Therefore, the extraction using acetone avoiding light exposure is suggested for recovering bixin from annatto seeds.

The use of agroforestry systems (AFS) for the recovery of degraded lands allows the diversification of biomass production and can increase the ecological, economic and social resilience of the restored areas. We evaluated a degraded soil 5 years after the establishment of three AFS with different managements using the carbon stored in the soil and tree biomass as quality indicators. In the AFS we used 33 species. Thirty were native trees interspersed with three cropped species: Hevea brasiliensis, Malpighia glabra L. and Bixa orellana. The AFS treatments were: AFS1 (Mower, trees planted in hollows, spacing 3 m × 2 m, 300 g hollow−1 of limestone + 36 g hollow−1 of P2O5, no plantation between rows); AFS2 (Herbicide, trees in hollows, 3.5 × 2 m, maize (Zea mays) between lines, 2 Mg ha−1 of limestone + 2 Mg ha−1 of filter cake + 300 kg ha−1 of NPK 8-28-16); AFS3 (Plough, harrow, scarifier, trees in furrows, 3.5 × 2 m, maize between lines, fertilization similar to the AFS2). As reference, we used a soil under a forest fragment nearby the main experiment. In 5 years, there was an increase of 10 Mg ha−1 of the soil C stocks under the AFS, which represents an average accumulation rate of 2 Mg ha−1 year−1. The carbon stocks in the biomass in AFS were lower than in the forest. The different management practices used in the implementation of the AFS do not directly affect the total carbon stocks in the 0–100 cm soil layer.

O objetivo desse trabalho é avaliar as características nutricionais dos solos de ambientes agrícolas da Serra do Espinho, Pilões/PB. Analisamos somente a camada arável dos solos de 4 comunidades agrícolas, subdividindo-as em áreas de plantio (roçado), totalizando 15 amostras, que foram organizadas segundo Santos et al (2013) e encaminhadas para análise nos laboratórios de Física e Fertilidade do solo da Universidade Federal da Paraíba (UFPB). Os principais cultivos agrícolas da Serra do Espinho são: banana (Musa sp), milho (Zea mays), feijão (Phaseolus vulgaris L.), mandioca (Manihot esculenta Crantze); fava (Vicia faba), batata doce (Ipomea batatas) e algumas culturas permanentes como urucum (Bixa orellana L.) e coco (Cocos nucifera L.). Das 15 amostras de solo coletadas na Serra do Espinho, 7 possuem pH ideal para as culturas comuns da região, a maioria pertencente às comunidades de Veneza e Ouricuri. Somente 2 solos são ácidos e necessitam de calagem; 12 solos possuem CTC e V% baixa, que compromete qualquer tipo de cultivo nessas terras; Apenas 3 solos são eutróficos e possuem condições ideais para culturas diversas, com estoques suficientes de P, Mg²+ e Ca²+, o que se traduz em CTC, SB e V% muito boa.Palavras-chave: Análise de solos, agricultura, preservação ambiental. ABSTRACTThe aim of this research is to evaluate the nutritional characteristics of soil in agricultural environments of Serra do Espinho, Pilões / PB. It was analyzed the arable layer of the soils of 4 agricultural communities, subdividing them into areas of planting (the land), totaling 15 samples, which were organized according to Santos et al (2013) and sent to the Physics laboratories and soil fertility of the Federal University of Paraíba (UFPB). The main agricultural cultivation of Serra do Espinho are: banana (Musa sp), corn (Zea mays), beans (Phaseolus vulgaris L.), manioc (Manihot esculenta Crantze); broad bean (Vicia faba), sweet potato (Ipomea batatas) and some permanent crops such as achiote (Bixa orellana L.) and coconut (Cocos nucifera L.). Of the 15 soil samples collected in Serra do Espinho, 7 have an ideal pH for common crops in the region, most of them belonging to the communities of Veneza and Ouricuri. Only 2 soils are acid and require liming; 12 soils have a low CTC and V%, which compromises any type of cultivation in these lands; Only 3 soils are eutrophic and have ideal conditions for diverse crops with sufficient stocks of P, Mg² + and Ca² +, which is a very good CTC, SB and V%..Keywords: Soil analyze; agriculture; environmental preservation.

A cultura do urucum (Bixa orellana L.) possui elevada importância para a agricultura brasileira, pois através de suas sementes são obtidos corante naturais utilizados cada vez com mais frequências pelas indústrias alimentícias, cosméticas, têxtil, farmacêuticas. O uso de solos salinos na agricultura brasileira é um dos grandes fatores limitantes para o desenvolvimento de algumas espécies de plantas. O objetivo do trabalho foi avaliar os possíveis efeitos do estresse salino no crescimento inicial de Bixa orellana L. Os experimentos foram realizados em casa de vegetação da EMBRAPA, no Centro de Ciências Agrárias (CECA/UFAL) – Rio Largo, Alagoas. Foram utilizados três tipos de substratos terra preta, torta de filtro e substrato industrial CALTERRA. O experimento foi conduzido com dosagens salinas de 0,0 (controle), -0,075 Mpa, -0,15 Mpa, -0,225 Mpa e – 0,3 Mpa. Foram semeadas 4 sementes por vaso contendo o substrato umedecido com os diferentes níveis de salinidade. O delineamento experimental foi o inteiramente casualizado em esquema fatorial 5x3 com cinco dosagem salinas, três tipos de substratos e quatro repetições. Aos 15 dias após a semeadura (DAS) foi avaliado o estresse salino através da porcentagem de emergência das plântulas e do índice de velocidade emergência (IVE). Aos 30 DAS foram avaliados o número de folhas, altura das plântulas, diâmetro do caule, índice relativo de clorofila das folhas, massa verde e massa seca da plântula inteira. Foi constatado que a salinidade interfere negativamente o desenvolvimento e crescimento inicial de plântulas de urucum de forma proporcional ao aumento das dosagens salinas.

The present study was conducted to evaluate growth performance and color enhancement of goldfish, Carassius auratus, fed diets containing 0, 50, 100, 200, and 250 mg kg−1 diet of annatto dye (AD) f...

Bixa orellana L. (annatto) is the unique exploited source for the production of bixin and norbixin natural dyes, which are widely used in the food, pharmaceutical, cosmetic, and textile industries. In tissue culture, adequate culture conditions are essential for the development of the plant. Among them, the saline composition of the culture medium and the type of explants are limiting factors. In this study, the effect of MS (Murashige and Skoog), Correia and colleagues (JADS) medium, Woody Plant Medium (WPM), and Driver Kuniyuki Walnut (DKW) culture media and wounding of hypocotyl explants on de novo shoot organogenesis (DNSO) of annatto were evaluated. It was demonstrated that JADS medium improved the nutritional status of shoots, which promoted the best development and quality of the plants generated after acclimatization, when compared to MS medium. The use of JADS medium for annatto DNSO during 45 d of culture was sufficient to regenerate and stimulate the growth of shoots, which had adequate elongation and rhizogenic responses. In addition, enlargement of the wound surface, using longitudinal sections of the hypocotyl explant cut surface down on JADS medium, significantly improved the frequency and number of newly formed shoots. This protocol enabled production of an average of 17 30-mm-long shoots per explant after 90 d of culture. These results will be useful for future studies related to annatto biotechnology.

Ulcerative colitis is one of the inflammatory bowel diseases that is increasing in incidence worldwide. The objective of this work was to evaluate the activities of the hydroethanolic extract of the leaves of Bixa orellana on colitis in rats. Thirty-six rats were anesthetized with ether after 18 hours of fasting and ulcerative colitis was induced by intrarectal administration of 1 mL of acetic acid (5%) in all animals except the normal control group which received instead distilled water (1 mL). 48 hours after induction, the normal control and the negative control received distilled water (10 mL/kg), the positive control received loperamide (5 mg/kg) and three test groups received hydroethanolic extract Bixa orellana leaves at 100, 200 and 400 mg/kg per day for seven days. Administration of the extract significantly (P Bixa orellana in the treatment of inflammatory bowel disease.

This work studies the interaction between natural dyes obtained from Peruvian Zea mays and Bixa orellana seeds and nanostructured titanium dioxide, in order to evaluate their function as sensitizers into solar cell devices. The effective attachment of dyes to the TiO2 layer is corroborated by the comparison of UV-Visible absorption and FT-IR spectra of the extracted dye solutions and sensitized TiO2 electrodes. The principal compounds from the seed extraction of Zea mays and Bixa orellana are cyanidin-3-glucoside (C3G) and bixin respectively, which were analyzed in an isolated dye/cluster TiO2 system by molecular dynamic simulation. The results showed that chemisorption is carried out through a consecutive deprotonation process, and Ti-O bond formation by the monodentate OH and COOH anchoring groups, for C3G and bixin respectively. Finally, we tested the effect of the dye - TiO2 interaction on the charge transfer by the comparison of the current-voltage curves and incident photon-to-current conversion efficiency (IPCE) of the cells. We found that dye agglomeration in films with Bixa orellana and high charge recombination of films with Zea mays are critical points to be solved. For this reason, we propose the pretreatment of the TiO2 film before sensitization with Bixa orellana and analyze the effects of pH in Zea mays solution, in order to obtain better device efficiencies. The authors gratefully acknowledge support from the PhD program in Physics of the National University of Engineering funded through Resolution No. 168-2015-FONDECYT and the equipment project financed through Resolution No. 008-2018-FONDECYT-BM.

This study aimed to assess the occurrence of arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi (AMF) in annatto (Bixa orellana L.) cultivars and their response to AMF inoculation using biometric parameters. The occurrence surveys were conducted in annatto fields in three municipalities from Pernambuco Forest Zone: Lagoa de Itaenga, Gloria de Goitá, and Vitoria de Santo Antão, and in four cultivars (Red Piave, Green Piave, Red Peruvian Paulista, and Green Peruvian Paulista). In a greenhouse, biometric parameters of annatto seedlings of Red Piave, Red Peruvian Paulista, Embrapa-36, and Embrapa-37 cultivars inoculated with AMF isolated from annatto fields. The Red Piave cultivar exhibited greater root colonization than the Green Peruvian Paulista in the Lagoa de Itaenga and Vitoria de Santo Antão municipalities. The cultivar Red Piave showed a more beneficial association with AMF in plants and soil than cultivar Green Peruvian Paulista did, in both Lagoa de Itaenga and Vitoria de Santo Antão. AMF inoculation was effective in promoting the growth of annatto plants, particularly those inoculants with S. heterogama and C. etunicatum. This study aimed to assess the occurrence of arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi (AMF) in annatto (Bixa orellana L.) cultivars and their response to AMF inoculation using biometric parameters. The occurrence surveys were conducted in annatto fields in three municipalities from Pernambuco Forest Zone: Lagoa de Itaenga, Gloria de Goitá, and Vitoria de Santo Antão, and in four cultivars (Red Piave, Green Piave, Red Peruvian Paulista, and Green Peruvian Paulista). In a greenhouse, biometric parameters of annatto seedlings of Red Piave, Red Peruvian Paulista, Embrapa-36, and Embrapa-37 cultivars inoculated with AMF isolated from annatto fields. The Red Piave cultivar exhibited greater root colonization than the Green Peruvian Paulista in the Lagoa de Itaenga and Vitoria de Santo Antão municipalities. The cultivar Red Piave showed a more beneficial association with AMF in plants and soil than cultivar Green Peruvian Paulista did, in both Lagoa de Itaenga and Vitoria de Santo Antão. AMF inoculation was effective in promoting the growth of annatto plants, particularly those inoculants with S. heterogama and C. etunicatum.

SUMMARY Bixa orellana L. is a native plant from Brazil, but it is also present in other tropical countries such as Peru, Colombia, Ecuador, Mexico, Indonesia, India and East Africa. It is popularly known as Urucum in Brazil. This review shows the potential of bioactive compounds derived from B. orellana to treat infectious diseases due their antimicrobial and antioxidant properties. This plant is also related as an antiinflammatory agent for treatment of pulmonary diseases, or even as eye drops for redness. Its leaves are used for treatment of snakebite, diarrhea, gonorrhea, hepatitis, gastritis, diuretic, antipyretic, and for skin disease. This popular knowledge has encouraged the identification of bioactive compounds in this plant. Compounds as β-cryptoxanthin, geranylgeraniol, lutein, procyanidin B2, procyanidin B3, ellagi tannin isomer and ellagic acid deoxyhexose have been described. These compounds inhibited pathogenic microorganisms such as bacteria, fungi, protozoan and viruses. In addition, some compounds with anti-inflammatory and antioxidant activities were also described. In this sense, B. orellana is a promising source of compounds that could be applied in antimicrobial therapy. This review work may help in the understanding and incentive of new research for antimicrobial discoveries using different B. orellana compounds. RESUMEN Bixa orellana L. es una planta nativa de Brasil, pero también está presente en otros países tropicales como Perú, Colombia, Ecuador, México, Indonesia, India y África Oriental. Es conocida popularmente como Urucum en Brasil. Esta revisión expone el potencial de los compuestos bioactivos derivados de B. orellana para tratar enfermedades debido a sus propiedades antimicrobianas y antioxidantes. Esta planta también está relacionada como un agente antiinflamatorio para el tratamiento de enfermedades pulmonares e incluso como gotas para los ojos para el enrojecimiento. Sus hojas se utilizan para el tratamiento de la mordedura de serpiente, diarrea, gonorrea, hepatitis, gastritis, diuréticos, antipiréticos y para enfermedades de la piel. Ese conocimiento popular ha fomentado la identificación de compuestos bioactivos en esa planta. Los compuestos β-criptoxantina, geranilgeraniol, luteína, procianidina B2, procianidina B3, isómero elagitanino y ácido elágico desoxihexosa inhibieron microorganismos patógenos como bacterias, hongos, protozoos y virus. En ese sentido, B. orellana es una fuente prometedora de compuestos que podrían aplicarse en la terapia antimicrobiana. Este trabajo de revisión puede ayudar a comprender e incentivar nuevas investigaciones para los descubrimientos de antimicrobianos que utilizan diferentes compuestos de B. orellana.

Introdução: A páprica (Capsicum annuum L.) é um condimento utilizado mundialmente, produzido a partir de diversas variedades de pimentão maduro, seco e moído e está sujeita a adulterações e fraudes, além de contaminações decorrentes de falhas nas boas práticasde produção, armazenamento ou na comercialização. Objetivo: Avaliar a autenticidade e a presença de matérias estranhas em pápricas comercializadas no estado de São Paulo, assim como verificar a sua conformidade em relação à legislação nos parâmetros microscópicos. Método: Foram analisadas 43 amostras de páprica para verificação da autenticidade e para a pesquisa de matérias estranhas, utilizando método preconizado nos Métodos Oficiais da Association of Official Analytical Collaboration International. Resultados: A avaliação da autenticidade evidenciou fraude em 30,0% das amostras. O ingrediente adicionado com maior frequência foi o amido de Zea mays L. (milho), acompanhado principalmente de Bixa orellana L. (urucum). Entre as matérias estranhas detectadas, os fragmentos de pelo de roedor e os fragmentos de insetos foram os mais frequentes, presentes em 91,0% e 79,0% das amostras, respectivamente. As amostras puras apresentaram maior quantidade de fragmentos de pelo de roedor, enquanto as amostras adulteradas, maior quantidade de fragmentos de insetos. Em relação à legislação sanitária, 88,0% das amostras foram consideradas insatisfatórias, destas, 30,0% por estarem adulteradas e 77,0% por apresentarem quantidade de matérias estranhas acima do limite tolerado. Conclusões: Os resultados deste trabalho revelaram fraude e falhas nas boas práticas na cadeia produtiva da páprica, ressaltando a necessidade de intensificação da vigilância desse tipo de produto com vistas à garantia de sua oferta à população de forma fidedigna e segura.

This work evaluates the effect of temperature and soluble solids on the degradation rate of phenolic compounds, and antioxidant activity of extracts from Bixa orellana L. leaves. The temperatures were studied in the range of typical food processes (70-90 °C) and food storage (−20-37 °C). The results showed that the thermal degradation of the phenolic compounds follows first-order kinetics, in which the degradation rate depends on the temperature, the amount of soluble solids, and the pH. The loss of antioxidant activity also follows first-order kinetics. Under different storage conditions, the half-life times of the total phenols were in the range 40.72-202.47 days, while for the antioxidant activity, the half-times were from 55.87-68.83 days for the ABTS and from 57.85-107.03 days for the FRAP method. The antioxidant activity of the extracts follows the same pattern of thermal degradation as the phenolic compounds. Therefore, we conclude that antioxidant activity is due to its phenolic compounds.

Bixasteroid (1), one new steroid together with five known compounds (2–6), were isolated from the ethyl acetate fraction of ethanol extract of Bixa orellana fruits. All of these known compounds were isolated from the plant for the first time. Their structures were elucidated on the basis of spectroscopic analysis, and the absolute configuration of compound 1 was determined by X-ray crystallographic data analysis as well as by the quantum chemical ECD calculations. All the isolated compounds were tested for their anti-inflammatory activities. Compounds 1 and 2 showed inhibiting NO release activities in LPS-induced RAW 264.7 macrophages with the IC50 values of 4.72 ± 0.28 and 5.48 ± 1.48 μM, respectively.