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Neutral cellulose nanocrystals dispersed in water were shown in a previous work to stabilize oil/water interfaces and produce Pickering emulsions with outstanding stability, whereas sulfated nanocrystals obtained from cotton did not show interfacial properties. To develop a better understanding of the stabilization mechanism, amphiphilic properties of the nanocrystals were modulated by tuning the surface charge density to investigate emulsifying capability on two sources of cellulose: cotton linters (CCN) and bacterial cellulose (BCN). This charge adjustment made it possible to determine the conditions where a low surface charge density, below 0.03 e/nm(2), remains compatible with emulsification, as well as when assisted by charge screening regardless of the source. This study discusses this ability to stabilize oil-in-water emulsions for cellulose nanocrystals varying in crystalline allomorph, morphology, and hydrolysis processes related to the amphiphilic character of nonhydrophobized cellulose nanocrystal.

We report a study of xyloglucan (XG)-cellulose interactions made possible by the preparation of various well-defined cellulosic and xyloglucosidic substrates. Bacterial microcrystalline cellulose (BMCC) as well as cellulose whiskers (CellWhisk) were used as cellulosic substrates. Xyloglucosidic substrates were obtained from Rubus cells and Tamarindus indica seeds. Different primary structure characteristics of XGs such as the backbone length and the nature of the side chains, as well as their repartition, were considered in order to examine the influence of the primary structure on their interaction capacity. Two complementary approaches were carried out: first, the determination of adsorption isotherms and its associated models, and second, an enthalpic study using isothermal titration calorimetry (ITC). This study highlighted that an increase of XG interaction capacity occurred with increasing XG molecular weight. Furthermore, we determined that a minimum of 12 glucosyl residues on the backbone is required to observe significant interactions. Moreover, both the presence of trisaccharidic side chains with fucosyl residues and an increase of unsubstituted glucosyl residues enhanced XG-cellulose interactions. The evolution of adsorption isotherms with temperature and ITC measurements showed that two different processes were occurring, one exothermic and one endothermic, respectively. Although the presence of an exothermic interaction mechanism has long been established, the presence of an endothermic interaction mechanism has never been reported.