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A regular unranked tree folding consists of a regular unranked tree language and a folding operation that merges (i.e., folds) selected nodes of a tree to form a graph; the combination is a formal device for representing graph languages. If, in the process of folding, the order among edges is discarded so that the result is an unordered graph, then two applications of a fold operation are enough to make the associated parsing problem NP-complete. However, if the order is kept, then the problem is solvable in non-uniform polynomial time. In this paper, we address the remaining case, where only one fold operation is applied, but the order among the edges is discarded. We show that, under these conditions, the problem is solvable in non-uniform polynomial time., This paper is an extended version of a paper published in International Symposium on Fundamentals of Computation Theory, Trier, Germany, 18–21 September.

Background - Surgical care involves complex and critical procedures that require high sterility to minimize the risk of surgical site infections (SSIs). Sterility, central to aseptic procedures, requires precision and compliance with high evidence-based protocols. The role of the perioperative nurse is crucial to ensure sterility and preventing infections through proper handling of surgical instruments. Despite technical and organizational measures, every surgical procedure carries risks. Continuous attention, collaboration and sterile technique are required to minimize risks and improve patient safety. Aim - To describe operating room nurses' experiences regarding the sterile technical work. Method - A literature review with data collection from PubMed and Cinahl was conducted. Qualitative thematic analysis with an inductive approach was used when analyzing the collected data. Results - The result is based upon fourteen qualitative articles. Through data analysis, three themes emerged:Ensuring competence and knowledge regarding sterile technical work, Ensuring asepsis during a surgical procedure and Professional pride, important to adequate sterile technical handling. The results show that good communication, teamwork, and respect for each other's different professions within the surgical team are factors that perioperative nurses perceive to impact sterile work. Conclusion - A strong teamwork with good communication, understanding and respect for each other's professions ensures safer sterile work and safer patient centred care. Operating room nurses' views regarding sterility are relatively unanimous, they perform complex work with a high level of patient responsibility and with reduced patient suffering as their main focus in all their sterile technical tasks., Abstrakt Bakgrund - Operationssjukvård innebär komplexa och kritiska procedurer som kräver hög sterilitet för att minimera risken för vårdrelaterade infektioner (VRI). Sterilitet, centralt för aseptiska procedurer, kräver noggrannhet och följsamhet med evidensbaserade rutiner för att säkerställa en hög vårdkvalitet. Operationssjuksköterskans roll är central för att säkerställa sterilitet och förebygga infektioner genom korrekt hantering av kirurgiska instrument. Trots tekniska och organisatoriska åtgärder är varje kirurgiskt ingrepp förenat med risker. Kontinuerlig uppmärksamhet, samarbete samt steriltekniskt arbete krävs för att minimera risker och förbättra patientsäkerheten. Syfte - Att beskriva operationssjuksköterskors upplevelser kring det steriltekniska arbetet. Metod - En litteraturstudie med datainsamling från PubMed och Cinahl genomfördes. Kvalitativ tematisk analys med induktiv ansats användes vid analys av datan. Resultat - Resultatet bygger på fjorton kvalitativa artiklar. Genom dataanalysen framgick tre teman, Säkerställande av kompetens och kunskap kring det steriltekniska arbetet, Säkerställande av aseptiken under ett kirurgiskt ingrepp och Yrkesstoltheten viktig för korrekt steriltekniskt handhavande. Resultatet visar att god kommunikation, teamarbete samt respekt för varandras olika professioner inom det operativa teamet, är faktorer som operationssjuksköterskan upplever påverka det steriltekniska arbetet. Slutsats - Ett bra teamarbete med god kommunikation, en förståelse och respekt för varandras professioner ger ett säkrare steriltekniskt arbete och en säkrare patientcentrerad vård. Operationssjuksköterskors upplevelser kring sterilitet är förhållandevis enhälligt, de utför ett komplext arbete med ett stort patientansvar och med minskat patientlidande som största fokus, i alla deras steriltekniska arbetsmoment.

Order-preserving DAG grammars (OPDGs) is a formalism for representing languages of structurally restricted graphs. As demonstrated in [17], they are sufficiently expressive to model abstract meaning representations in natural language processing, a graph-based form of semantic representation in which nodes encode objects and edges relations. At the same time, they can be parsed in O (n2 + nm) , where m and n are the sizes of the grammar and the input graph, respectively. In this work, we provide an initial algebra semantic for OPDGs, which allows us to view them as regular tree grammars under an equivalence theory. This makes it possible to transfer results from the field of formal tree languages to the domain of OPDGs, both in the unweighted and the weighted case. In particular, we show that deterministic OPDGs can be minimised efficiently, and that they are learnable under the \minimal adequeate teacher" paradigm, that is, by querying an oracle for equivalence between languages, and membership of individual graphs. To conclude, we demonstrate that the languages generated by OPDGs are definable in monadic second-order logic.

In programmatic advertising, bids are increasingly based on knowledge of the surrounding media context. This shift toward contextual advertising is in part a counter-reaction to the current dependency on personal data, which is problematic from legal and ethical standpoints. The transition is accelerated by developments in artificial intelligence (AI), which allow for a deeper semantic analysis of the context and, by extension, more effective ad placement. We survey existing literature on the influence of context on the reception of an advertisement, focusing on three context factors: the applicability of the content and the ad, the affective tone of the content, and the involvement of the consumer. We then discuss how AI can leverage these priming effects to optimize ad placement through techniques such as reinforcement learning, data clustering, and sentiment analysis. This helps close the gap between the state of the art in advertising technology and the AI-driven targeting methodologies described in prior academic research.

Graph-based semantic representations are popular in natural language processing (NLP), where it is often convenient to model linguistic concepts as nodes and relations as edges between them. Several attempts have been made to find a generative device that is sufficiently powerful to describe languages of semantic graphs, while at the same allowing efficient parsing. We contribute to this line of work by introducing graph extension grammar, a variant of the contextual hyperedge replacement grammars proposed by Hoffmann et al. Contextual hyperedge replacement can generate graphs with non-structural reentrancies, a type of node-sharing that is very common in formalisms such as abstract meaning representation, but which context-free types of graph grammars cannot model. To provide our formalism with a way to place reentrancies in a linguistically meaningful way, we endow rules with logical formulas in counting monadic second-order logic. We then present a parsing algorithm and show as our main result that this algorithm runs in polynomial time on graph languages generated by a subclass of our grammars, the so-called local graph extension grammars., STING – Synthesis and analysis with Transducers and Invertible Neural Generators

Förekomsten av urininkontinens ökar med åldern. Fler blir idag äldre än förut vilket tyder på att urininkontinens är ett växande problem. Inkontinensskydd är oftast den mest prioriterade åtgärder vilket medför ökade samhällskostnader och ökad klimatpåverkan. Distriktssköterskor inom hemsjukvård bör vid utredning, åtgärd och behandling av urininkontinens sträva efter ett hållbart och hälsofrämjande arbetssätt. Syftet var att undersöka distriktssköterskors upplevelser gällande utredningar, behandlingar och åtgärder av äldre personers urininkontinens i hemsjukvård. Kvalitativ metod och innehållsanalys med induktiv ansats användes. Semi-strukturerade enskilda och fokusgruppsintervju utfördes. 16 kvinnliga distriktssköterskor (eller sjuksköterskor med förskrivningsrätt) från 11 kommuner inom södra Sverige deltog. Resultatet visade att utredning av urininkontinens inte upplevdes tillhöra hemsjukvårdens uppdrag. Ålder samt tids- och personalbrist beskrevs utgöra ett hinder för erbjudande om andra åtgärder och behandlingar än förskrivning av inkontinensskydd. Utprovning av inkontinensskydd skedde utifrån andrahandsinformation vilket gav distriktssköterskor en känsla av att gissa vid ordination av inkontinensskydd. Individuellt utprovade inkontinensskydd var önskvärt och kunde minska belastningen för miljö och ekonomi. Distriktssköterskorna hanterade äldres urininkontinens genom förskrivning av inkontinensskydd. För att kunna erbjuda utredning samt andra åtgärder och behandlingar än förskrivning behövs resurser i form av mer tid och personal., The incidence of urinary incontinence increases with age. More people gets older than before, which indicates that urinary incontinence is a growing problem. Incontinence protection is often the most prioritized action, which entails increased societal costs and climate impact. District nurses within home healthcare should strive for sustainable and health-promoting efforts during management of urinary incontinence. The purpose was to investigate district nurses' experiences regarding management of older people's urinary incontinence in home healthcare. Qualitative method and content analysis with an inductive approach were used. Semi-structured individual and focus group interview were conducted. 16 female district nurses (or nurses with prescribing rights) from 11 municipalities in southern Sweden participated. Investigation of urinary incontinence was not felt to be part of the mission of home healthcare. Age and resource shortages were described as an obstacle to offering other management than prescribing incontinence protection. Trial of incontinence protection consisted of secondary information, which gave a sense of guesswork when prescribing incontinence protection. Individually customized incontinence protection was desirable and could reduce the burden on the environment and economy. The elderly´s incontinence was managed by prescribing incontinence protection. To offer investigation, actions and treatments, other than prescription, more resources are needed.

By identifying and characterising the narratives told in news media we can better understand political and societal processes. The problem is challenging from the perspective of natural language processing because it requires a combination of quantitative and qualitative methods. This paper reports on work in progress, which aims to build a human-in-the-loop pipeline for analysing how the variation of narrative themes across different domains, based on topic modelling and word embeddings. As an illustration, we study the language associated with the threat narrative in British news media.