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Published version of an article from the journal Plos One. Also available from the publisher: dx.doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0102029 Open Access Objective: To validate energy intake (EI) estimated from a pre-coded food diary (PFD) against energy expenditure (EE) measured with a valid physical activity monitor (SenseWear Pro3 Armband) and to evaluate whether misreporting was associated with overweight/obesity in a group of elderly men. Methods: Forty-seven healthy Norwegian men, 60–80 years old, completed the study. As this study was part of a larger intervention study, cross-sectional data were collected at both baseline and post-test. Participants recorded their food intake for four consecutive days using food diaries and wore SenseWear Pro3 Armband (SWA) during the same period. Only participants with complete data sets at both baseline and post-test were included in the study. Results: The group average EI was 17% lower at baseline and 18% lower at post-test compared to measured EE. Mean difference from Bland-Altman plot for EI and EE was 21.5 MJ/day (61.96 SD: 27.0, 4.0 MJ/day) at baseline and 21.6 MJ/day (26.6, 3.4 MJ/day) at post-test. The intraclass correlation coefficient (ICC) was 0.30 (95% CI: 0.02, 0.54, p = 0.018) at baseline and 0.34 (0.06, 0.57, p = 0.009) at post-test. Higher values of underreporting was shown among overweight/obese compared to normal weight participants at both baseline and post-test (p# 0.001), respectively. Conclusions: The results indicate that the PFD could be a useful tool for estimating energy intake in normal weight elderly men. On the other hand, the PFD seems to be less suitable for estimating energy intake in overweight/obese elderly men.

ASIM (Atmosphere Space Interaction Monitor) is an instrument designed to monitor X-ray and gamma-ray bursts of terrestrial origin. ASIM is divided into two parts; Modular X-ray and Gamma-ray Sensor detect photons in the 15 keV to 20 MeV range, and Modular Multi-spectral Imaging Array takes images in the visible range. It will be mounted on the International Space Station (ISS) where it will be observing the earth's atmosphere. The instrument is composed of two detector layers, each consisting of four identical units. The outermost layer is a low energy detector detecting photons ranging from 15 keV to 400 keV. This layer is made out of Cadmium Zinc Telluride (CZT) crystals and structured as a pixlated array. Each unit consists of 4096 pixels, giving the MXGS a total of 16384 pixels. The innermost layer is a high energy detector detecting photons ranging from 200 keV to 20 MeV. This layer is made out of Bismuth Germanate Oxide (BGO) crystals, and each unit consists of 3 BGO crystals and 3 photomultiplying tubes. University of Bergen (UoB) is responsible for the development of both detector layers. The project is entering the final stage where the detector units are tested. Some test equipment and computer software is required to carry out these tests. This thesis describes the development of tools needed to test the detectors. A primary objective of this work was to develop the equipment with scalabil- ity and reusability in mind. Several parts of the equipment can be adapted for later projects, thus reducing the time required to develop future testing equipment. The test equipment is divided into two parts, and a computer program commands, monitors and gathers data from the detectors. All 4096 pixels of a CZT detector can be controlled individually by using a graphical user interface or through a script. The second part of the equipment is a physical interface, allowing a computer to communicate with the detectors. This is realized with a commercial FPGA based interface and with an embedded microcontroller supplying USB protocol. The primary objective is to convert from USB signals to the xlink protocol utilized by the detectors, but it also includes a buffer for temporary data storage. The system has been subject of thorough testing, including both valida- tion and verification tests and performance tests. It controls, monitors and acquires data from up to four detectors simultaneously. A working proof of concept existed a few weeks after project start, and the system has been used for several months. Master i Fysikk MAMN-PHYS PHYS399

Masteroppgave i idrettsvitenskap - Universitetet i Agder 2013 INTRODUCTION: Supplementation with antioxidants could either facilitate or hamper adaptations to resistance exercise due to redox-sensitive signaling pathways that regulate protein synthesis. Thus, the aim of the present study was to investigate the effect supplementation with vitamin C and E on muscle growth and maximal strength during 12 weeks of resistance exercise in elderly men. METHODS: Thirty-four elderly males (60 – 81 years) were randomized to either an antioxidant group (N=17; 1000 mg of vitamin C and 235 mg of vitamin E per day) or a placebo group (N=17). Muscle growth was assessed as changes in lean mass with dual-energy X-ray absorptiometry and local muscle thickness with ultrasound imaging. Maximal strength was measured as one-repetition maximum (1RM). All participants following a supervised undulating periodized program 3 times/week. RESULTS: Total lean mass increased by 3.9% (95% confidence intervals 3.0-5.2) and 1.2% (0-3.6) in the placebo and antioxidant group, respectively; revealing larger gains in the placebo group (p=0.03). Similarly, results from the thickness of rectus femoris increased more in the placebo group (16.2% [12.8-24.1]) than in the antioxidant group (10.9% [9.8-13.5]; p=0.01). Changes in lean mass of trunk and arms, as well as muscle thickness of elbow flexors and vastus lateralis, did not differ significantly between groups. With no group differences, 1RM improved in the range of 15-21% in both groups (p

Purpose: The purpose of this study was to investigate the relationship between resistance training-induced changes in lower-body Power, sprint, change of direction, jumping abilities and changes in match-related handball performance during season in female handball players. Methods: Twenty-five female handball players from the third highest level in Norway completed a 12-week strength- and power training intervention. Players were subsequently pooled into high-responders (n=7) and low-responders (n=18) based on pre-post changes in four tests; leg press power (pneumatic device), countermovement jump height (CMJ), sprint (30m) and change of direction (CoD) times (4x180° turns). High-responders were defined as players who improved in 3 of the 4 tests, surpassing both each test´s smallest worthwhile change and coefficient of variation. Match-related handball performance were measured as High-Intensity Events (HIE) proximally once a week during 6vs6 match-related sessions for 10min (5minx2). Results: There were revealed no significant difference between groups in HIE-changes from pre-to post (high-responders: -3.44 ± 8.88 vs low-responders: -0.211 ± 9.22, p= 0.435). Furthermore, a correlation analysis on changes in performance measures (Power, CMJ, 30m sprint, CoD) and changes in HIE revealed no significant correlation between the variables (r=-0.127, p= 0.553). Conclusion: Our findings suggest that resistance training-induced changes in performance measures does not correlate with changes in HIE among female handball players in-season.

Sammendrag Bakgrunn: Teknologisk fremgang har popularisert objektive reguleringsmetoder, som hastighetsstyrt styrketrening (HST) for å regulere sentrale treningsvariabler som intensitet og volum. Til tross, har ikke HST blitt benyttet under konkurransesesong på veltrente idrettsutøvere. Hensikt: Denne studien hadde som formål å sammenligne effekten av to grupper med forskjellig hastighetstapterskler (20% og 40%) i knebøy på muskelstyrke og muskelstørrelse hos et ishockeylag under deres konkurransesesong. Metode: Et randomisert kontrollert eksperiment ble gjennomført med femten semiprofesjonelle mannlige ishockeyutøvere som gjennomgikk en 8 ukers treningsintervensjon. Utøverne ble tilfeldig fordelt til to grupper, VL20 (trening til 20% hastighetstap) og VL40 (trening til 40% hastighetstap), basert på deres knebøy 1RM. Muskelstyrken i underkropp ble vurdert av 1RM knebøy og maksimal kraft (Fmax) i pneumatisk beinpress. Muskelstørrelse ble evaluert ved bruk av ultralydsmålinger av muskeltykkelse i vastus laterealis og rectus femoris Resultater: For muskelstyrke, var Fmaks i beinpress den eneste variabelen som viste signifikant forskjell (p = 0,01) mellom gruppene. For muskelstørrelse, ble ingen statistisk forskjell oppdaget mellom gruppene for noen av variablene. Konklusjon: Resultatene fra denne studien antyder at trening til 40% hastighetstap kan være gunstig for å forbedre muskelstyrken i underkroppen under konkurranseperioden for veltrente utøvere. Imidlertid er utvalgsstørrelsen i denne studien begrenset, noe som kan ha påvirket resultatene. Nøkkelord: Styrketrening, hastighetsbasert trening, ishockey, maksimal styrke, muskelstørrelse, hastighetstap, knebøy, kraft-hastighetsprofil Abstract Background: Technological advancements has popularized objective methods, such as velocity-based strength training (VBT) for regulating key training variables such as intensity and volume within strength training. However, none has utilized VBT during a competitive period for well-trained athletes. Purpose: This study aimed to compare the effect of two velocity loss threshold groups (20% and 40%) in back squat on changes in muscle strength and muscle size among an ice hockey team during their competitive season. Method: A randomized controlled experiment was conducted with fifteen semi-professional male ice hockey athletes undergoing an 8-week training intervention. The athletes were randomly allocated into two groups, VL20 (training until 20% velocity loss) or VL40 (training until 40% velocity loss), based on their back squat 1RM scores. Their lower body muscle strength was assessed through 1RM back squat and maximal force (Fmax) in Keiser pneumatic leg press. Muscle size was evaluated using ultrasound measurements of muscle thickness in vastus lateralis and rectus femoris. Results: For muscle strength, leg press Fmax was the only variable that significantly (p = 0.01) differed between group. For muscle size, there were no statistical difference between groups in neither of the variables measuring muscle thickness. Conclusion: The findings of this study suggest training until 40% velocity loss might be beneficial for improving muscle strength in lower limbs during a competitive period for well-trained athletes. However, the sample size in this study remains rather small, which might have influenced the results. Key words: Resistance training, velocity-based training, ice hockey, maximum strength, muscle size, velocity loss, squat, force-velocity profile

Fotball er en kompleks idrett med omfattende krav. Dette gjør at fotballspillere har mange ferdigheter de må utvikle for å bli best mulig. Styrketrening blir brukt til å kunne forbedre noen av de fysiske ferdigheter som fotballspiller trenger, og fysiske ferdigheter blir ofte testet gjennom isolerte fysiske tester. Denne studien har som hensikt å undersøke om det er sammenheng mellom endringer i en styrke¬intervensjon og fysisk prestasjon i fotballkamp. Problemstillingen er slik: Er det en sammenheng mellom endringer i styrkeintervensjon og endringer i sprint, akselerasjon, nedbremsing, retningsforandring samt PlayerLoadTM i offisielle fotballkamper? Det ble gjennomført en kohortstudie med åtte profesjonelle fotballspillere som ble individuelt analysert. Fysiske tester ble analysert ved typical error og smallest worthwile change for å kunne si noe om endringer etter en ti ukers styrkeintervensjon. Endringene i fysisk test ble vurdert opp mot fysisk prestasjon i ti fotballkamper, analysert av smallest worthwile change og variasjons¬koeffisienten. I studien finner en ingen klar sammenheng mellom endringer i fysiske tester i laboratorium og fysisk prestasjon for profesjonelle fotballspillere i offisielle fotballkamper, hvor spillerens kategorisering i endring fra fysisk test ikke samsvarer godt nok med kategorisering av endring fysisk prestasjon til å kunne se sammenheng i endringene. Med få deltagere er det vanskelig å kunne generalisere funnet, men resultatet fra denne studien tyder på lav sammenheng mellom endringer på isolerte eksplosive fysiske tester og endring i fysisk prestasjon for profesjonelle fotballspillere i fotballkamper. Nøkkelord: Styrketrening, kampanalyse, fysisk prestasjon, fotball

Purpose: The present study aimed to compare the effects of high-load strength training and low-load power and plyometric training on explosive performance measures in in-season female handball players. Methods: Thirty-one sub-elite handball players (age, 20±3 years; height, 70±6 cm; weight, 68±11 kg) were randomly assigned to a high-load (weekly: 5-20 sets ≥80% of 1RM per muscle group) or low-load power and plyometric training group (power-plyo) (13 sets ≤50% of 1RM and 165 bodyweight jumps). Training sessions were performed biweekly and supervised once per week for 12-weeks. Pre- and post-measurements were countermovement jump (CMJ) height, single-leg vertical jump-and-reach, standing- and 3-step throw velocity, linear sprint (0-30m) and change of direction (CoD) times (4x180°turns), lower- and upper-body theoretical maximal power (Pmax) and power at low to high loads (pneumatic resistance leg-press, and bench press) and rate of force development (RFD). Results were analyzed using t-tests with a significance level set at p

Purpose: this study aimed to investigate if in-season resistance training-induced changes in maximal lower-body strength and fat-free mass could influence changes in match-related handball external load measurements. Method: twenty female handball players from two senior sub-elite teams (19.6 years ± 2.4, 168.7 cm ± 6.3 in height, and 69.3 kg ± 13.3 body mass) completed a 12-week in-season strength- and power training program. Players were then divided into high- and low-responders based on changes in squat 1 repetition maximum, leg press force, and leg fat-free mass (FFM). Improvements in FFM and one of the two strength tests that exceeded the smallest worthwhile change and coefficient of variation were defined as high-responders. Weekly standardized match-related handball external load was measured as Player Load and high intensity events (HIE) with inertial movement units. Changes in external load between high- and low-responders were analyzed with t-tests (three first- vs. three last measurements), single-cases with Nonoverlap of all Pairs (NAP) as well as correlations between changes in external load and the combined 1RM, force and FFM (composite change score). Results: There were no significant differences between or within responders in change in external load (p>0.05) or any correlations between changes in the composite score and external load (r= -0.04- -0.20, all p>0.05). The NAP analyses revealed no significant differences on an individual level (effect sizes: PlayerLoad: 0-0.66, HIE: 0.25-0.61). Conclusion: These findings indicate that changes in maximal leg extensor strength and fat-free mass do not influence match-related in-season handball PlayerLoad and HIE measurements. Key-words: resistance training, handball, external load, PlayerLoad, high intensity events