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A magnetic fabric analysis is a useful tool to display deformation in nature and in models. In this study, three sandbox models represent basin inversion above a velocity discontinuity (base plate). After complete deformation of each model, samples were taken in different parts of the models (along faults and areas away from faults) for magnetic fabric analysis. Model I, which simulates basin formation during extension, shows two kinds of magnetic fabric: an “undeformed”/initial fabric in areas away from faults and a normal fault-induced fabric with a magnetic foliation that tends to align with the fault surface. Models II and III were extended to the same stage as Model I but were subsequently shortened/inverted by 1.5 cm (Model II) and 4 cm (Model III). Both inverted models developed “thrusts” during inversion. The thrusts show an alignment of magnetic foliation parallel to the fault surfaces that depends on the maturity of the thrust. Our results highlight that thrusting is more efficient in aligning the magnetic fabric along them compared to normal faults. Moreover, models II and III reveal a magnetic fabric overprint towards a penetrative strain-induced fabric (magnetic lineation perpendicular to shortening direction) with increasing strain in areas away from thrusts. Such overprint shows a gradual transition of a magnetic fabric to a penetrative strain-induced fabric and further into a thrust-induced fabric during shortening/inversion. In contrast, extension (Model I) developed distinct magnetic fabrics without gradual overprint. In addition, pre-existing normal faults are also overprinted to a penetrative strain-induced fabric during model inversion. They define weak zones within the main pop-up imbricate and steepen during model inversion. Steepening influences the magnetic fabric at the faults and, in general, the strain propagation through the model during inversion. The magnetic fabric extracted from the models presented here reflect the different stages of basin development and inversion. This study is a first attempt of applying magnetic fabric analyses on models simulating inverted basins. This study illustrates the possibility of applying a robust tool, i.e. magnetic fabric analyses, to sandbox models, whose initial, intermediate, and final stages are well documented, to understand fabric development in inverted tectonic regimes.

The deep erosion of the Scandinavian Caledonides provides a unique opportunity to study the interior of an orogen. The Collisional Orogeny in the Scandinavian Caledonides (COSC) scientific drilling project aims to better understand orogenic processes and to verify interpretations of the Scandinavian Caledonides based on subsurface geophysical investigations. The second drill hole of the project (COSC-2) is located near Järpen in central Jämtland, Sweden (central Scandinavian Caledonides). Based on seismic images, the ∼2.3 km deep drill hole was assumed to transect the Lower Allochthon, the main décollement located in the Alum shale formation, the footwall sedimentary succession, and the underlying basement. Although a deformation zone in the Alum shale formation is found between ∼775 and ∼820 m depth, its related structures dip moderately towards ESE to E, which does not fit a décollement that is expected to dip gently to the west. The recent detailed description of the COSC-2 core also revealed a mostly continuous sedimentary succession deposited on top of a porphyry sequence, with no abrupt transition from autochthonous to allochthonous units.The discrepancy between the interpretation of the seismic image and the drilled lithologies highlights the need to determine seismic properties of the drill core. The P-wave and S-wave sonic downhole logging performed after drilling may provide a first indication in high spatial resolution. However, laboratory seismic velocity measurements are required to link seismic velocities with mineralogical composition, (micro)structures, and associated anisotropy. We determine the P- and S-wave velocities of six samples covering main lithologies of the drill core: (1) a sand-to claystone (turbidite) from ∼380 m depth, (2) a sandstone from ∼690 m depth, (3) a phyllitic shale (Alum shale) from ∼815 m depth, (4) a fine grained conglomerate from ∼1175 m depth, (5) a porphyry from ∼1255 m depth, and (6) a dolerite from ∼1655 m depth. The seismic velocities are measured in three mutually perpendicular orientations, at different confining pressures up to 250 MPa. Measurements at pressurized conditions are used to simulate in-situ conditions and to estimate the intrinsic (crack-free) velocities. For all samples, we determine the density and describe the mineralogical composition as well as textures that may lead to seismic anisotropy. With the resulting data, we will be able to constrain the origin of the seismic velocity changes and associated reflections found in the seismic image. Furthermore, we can derive basic petrophysical properties such as seismic anisotropy and dynamic elastic moduli, which may serve as a basis for future studies related to similar tectonic settings.

In this study, we report results from three analogue models with similar initial setup and different amounts of bulk shortening, to simulate a development of a pop-up structure in fold-and-thrust belts at different stages. Samples are taken in different places of the deformed models for analysis using anisotropy of magnetic susceptibility. Shortening of the models resulted in the formation of a pop-up structure, which is bounded by backthrust(s) and complex forekink zone(s). Several forethrusts at different degrees of maturity developed in front of the pop-up structure. Three distinct types of magnetic fabric can be identified throughout the models: (i) a compactional oblate fabric that changes as function of distance towards a localized deformation zone (e.g., thrust or kinkzone), (ii) a thrust-induced fabric with magnetic foliation parallel to the thrust surface, and (iii) a complex forekink zone fabric with broad girdle distributions of principal axes and magnetic lineation perpendicular to shortening direction. The latter indicate interplay between folding and thrusting of the shortened sand layers. Additionally, a decrease in degree of anisotropy with appearance of a quantitatively more prolate fabric can be observed towards the thrusts and kinkzones. Additionally at thrusts, a variation in strain is reflected by the magnetic fabric and can be inherited in a thrust-induced fabric. In conclusion, strain is changing as function of distance towards localized deformation zones with characteristic fabric, and differences in magnetic fabric are distinct between data away and within deformation zones as deformation zones mature.

This article has been accepted for publication in Geophysical Journal International ©: 2021 Vachon, REC, Bazargan, Hieronymus, Ronchin, Almqvist B. Published by Oxford University Press on behalf of the Royal Astronomical Society. All rights reserved. Elongate inclusions immersed in a viscous fluid generally rotate at a rate that is different from the local angular velocity of the flow. Often, a net alignment of the inclusions develops, and the resulting shape preferred orientation of the particle ensemble can then be used as a strain marker that allows reconstruction of the fluid’s velocity field. Much of the previous work on the dynamics of flow-induced particle rotations has focused on spatially homogeneous flows with large-scale tectonic deformations as the main application. Recently, the theory has been extended to spatially varying flows, such as magma with embedded crystals moving through a volcanic plumbing system. Additionally, an evolution equation has been introduced for the probability density function of crystal orientations. Here, we apply this new theory to a number of simple, 2-D flow geometries commonly encountered in magmatic intrusions, such as flow from a dyke into a reservoir or from a reservoir into a dyke, flow inside an inflating or deflating reservoir, flow in a dyke with a sharp bend, and thermal convection in a magma chamber. The main purpose is to provide a guide for interpreting field observations and for setting up more complex flow models with embedded crystals. As a general rule, we find that a larger aspect ratio of the embedded crystals causes a more coherent alignment of the crystals, while it has only a minor effect on the geometry of the alignment pattern. Due to various perturbations in the crystal rotation equations that are expected in natural systems, we show that the time-periodic behaviour found in idealized systems is probably short-lived in nature, and the crystal alignment is well described by the time-averaged solution. We also confirm some earlier findings. For example, near channel walls, fluid flow often follows the bounding surface and the resulting simple shear flow causes preferred crystal orientations that are approximately parallel to the boundary. Where pure shear deformation dominates, there is a tendency for crystals to orient themselves in the direction of the greatest tensile strain rate. Where flow impinges on a boundary, for example in an inflating magma chamber or as part of a thermal convection pattern, the stretching component of pure shear aligns with the boundary, and the crystals orient themselves in that direction. In the field, this local pattern may be difficult to distinguish from a boundary-parallel simple shear flow. Pure shear also dominates along the walls of a deflating magma chamber and in places where the flow turns away from the reservoir walls, but in these locations, the preferred crystal orientation is perpendicular to the wall. Overall, we find that our calculated patterns of crystal orientations agree well with results from analogue experiments where similar geometries are available

This study presents K-Ar geochronology ages of illite from fault gouge in the crystalline basement in central-western Sweden. Samples of fault gouge were taken from two faults localizing brittle deformation along and within mafic dikes that intrude Paleoproterozoic granites. K-Ar ages from the ten dated fractions span from 823 Ma to 392 Ma. The older ages obtained, spanning from 823 to 477 Ma, are influenced by a mixture of illite and K-feldspar, the latter which likely formed during a hydrothermal event prior to faulting. The remaining ages are obtained from fractions hosting only authigenically formed illite. The illite dominated gouge, from both faults, show that illite crystallized during the Caledonian orogeny, with a range in ages from 442.19.7 to 391.76.1 Ma. These results indicate that basement likely played a significant role in continental contraction during the Caledonian Orogeny, influencing both the mode and penetration of deformation into the continent.

Paleomagnetic studies have been performed on five rapakivi related complexes in Sweden and Finland. Poles of varying quality have been defined and the majority of the similar to 1640-1497 Ma poles are clustering on low latitudinal positions. By combining data from similar to 1500 Ma intrusions a new high-quality pole (Plat: 13 degrees N; Plon: 190 degrees E; A(95): 11 degrees, K: 14) for Baltica has been defined. Tectonic reconstructions, on the basis of the new data and previously published high-quality data, indicate that Baltica experienced stable low latitude to equatorial positions during 1640-1470 Ma, temporally coinciding with globally pronounced rapakivi-anorthosite magmatism. Our study argues against single hotspot source for similar to 1640-1620 Ma, similar to 1590-1520 Ma, and 1470-1410 Ma rapakivianorthosites, but supports a model of large-scale superswell under a stationary low-latitude position of supercontinent Nuna for the origin of rapakivi-anorthosite magmatism. However, a possibility for convergent tectonism as the origin cannot be ruled out.

We report compositional, microstructural and seismic properties from 24 samples collected from the Middle Allochthon (Seve Nappe) of the central Scandinavian Caledonides, and its bounding shear zones. The samples stem both from field outcrops and the continental drilling project COSC-1 and include quartzofeldspathic gneisses, hornblende gneisses, amphibolites, marbles, calc-silicates, quartzites and mica schists, of medium to high-strain. Seismic velocities and anisotropy of P (AVp) and S (AVs) waves of these samples were calculated using microstructural and crystal preferred orientation data obtained from Electron Backscatter Diffraction analysis (EBSD). Mica-schist exhibits the highest anisotropy (AVp similar to 31%; max AVs similar to 34%), followed by hornblende-dominated rocks (AVp similar to 5-13%; max AVs similar to 5-10%) and quartzites (AVp similar to 6.5-10.5%; max AVs similar to 7.5-12%). Lowest anisotropy is found in calc-silicate rocks (AVp similar to 4%; max AVs similar to 3-4%), where the symmetry of anisotropy is more complex due to the contribution to anisotropy from several phases. Anisotropy is attributed to: 1) modal mineral composition, in particular mica and amphibole content, 2) CPO intensity, 3) crystallization of anisotropic minerals from fluids circulating in the shear zone (calc-silicates and amphibolites), and to a lesser extent 4) compositional banding of minerals with contrasting elastic properties and density. Our results link observed anisotropy to the rock composition and strain in a representative section across the Central Scandinavian Caledonides and indicate that the entire Seve Nappe is seismically anisotropic. Strain has partitioned on the nappe scale, and likely on the microstructural scale. High- strain shear zones that develop at boundaries of the allochthon and internally within the allochthon show higher anisotropy than a more moderately strained interior of the nappe. The Seve Nappe may be considered as a template for deforming, ductile and flowing middle crust, which is in line with general observations of seismic anisotropy in mid-crustal settings.

Magnetic fabric (MF) investigations complemented by geochemical and grain surface analyses of the understudied and controversial marine isotope stage (MIS) 5 b, 4 and 3 loess deposits in the Lower Volga region, Russia show that the material has been transported and deposited by wind and to a large extent experienced post-depositional reworking. Grain surface features suggest that the material was glacially ground and fluvially transported prior to final aeolian deposition as loess. Secondary magnetic fabrics in the loess reveal pedogenic and cryogenic processes and a generally cold environment with brief shifts to warmer climate during late MIS 5 and MIS 3. Palaeowind reconstructions derived from preserved primary aeolian MF, indicate locally influenced westerly and north-westerly flow as part of a wider scale westerly wind pattern, similar to modern day winter conditions. We suggest that the climate of the last glacial in the Northern Caspian Lowland was cold and dry, with higher windspeeds and less variability during MIS 4 compared to MIS 3., Financial support of project BU235P18 (Junta de Castilla y León, Spain) and the European Regional Development Fund (ERD), project PID2019- 108753 GB-C21/AECI/10.13039/501100011033 and project PID2019-105796 GB-100/AECI/10.13039/501100011033 of the Agencia Estatal de Investigación. R. Kurbanov acknowledges the Russian Science Foundation project 19-77-10077. The Swedish Research Council is gratefully acknowledged for funding to T. Stevens for part of this project (2017e03888).

Rock magnetic measurements were carried out on drill core material and hand specimens from the Blötberget apatite – iron oxide deposit in the Bergslagen ore province, south-central Sweden, to characterise their magnetic properties. Measurements included several kinds of magnetic susceptibility and hysteresis parameters. Petrographic and scanning electron microscopy were used to independently identify and quantify the amount and type of magnetite and hematite. Two hematite-rich samples were studied with laser ablation inductively coupled plasma mass spectrometry to quantify the trace element chemistry in hematite and investigate the potential influence of trace elements on magnetic properties. Three aspects of this study are noteworthy. (1) Hematite-rich samples display strong anisotropy of magnetic susceptibility, which is likely to affect the appearance and modelling of magnetic anomalies. (2) The magnitude-drop in susceptibility across Curie and Néel temperature transitions shows significant correlation with the respective weight percentage of magnetite and hematite. Temperature-dependent magnetic susceptibility measurements can therefore be used to infer the amounts of both magnetite and hematite. (3) Observations of a strongly depressed Morin transition at approximately −60 to −70 °C (200 to 210 K) are made during low-temperature susceptibility measurements. This anomalous Morin transition is most likely related to trace amounts of V and Ti that substitute for Fe in the hematite. When taken together, these magnetic observations improve the understanding of the magnetic anomaly signature of the Blötberget apatite – iron oxide deposits and may potentially be utilised in a broader context when assessing similar (Paleoproterozoic) apatite – iron oxide systems.

Cryptodome and dome collapse is associated with volcanic hazards, such as, explosive eruptions, pyroclastic flows, and volcanic edifice collapse. Study of the growth and evolution of volcanic domes ...

The Yermak Plateau is one of several regions in the Arctic Ocean where paleomagnetism yields controversial results. Despite low sedimentation rates, late Pleistocene paleomagnetic excursions have b ...

The COSC-1 project drilled the several hundred meters thick basal shear zone of the Lower Seve nappe with mylonites in mica schists, amphibole schists and gneisses. In zones of high magnetic susceptibility from 1910 to 2450 m we studied magnetic and petrographic fabrics, and magnetic mineralogy. Borehole imaging allowed for geographic reorientation of the samples and offered the opportunity to study anisotropy of magnetic susceptibility (AMS) in relation to tectonic evolution of the Seve thrust. We measured AMS at room temperature, added low-temperature and field-dependent AMS for a subset of samples, and compared magnetic with petrographic fabrics. Triaxial and prolate magnetic fabrics with degree of anisotropy (P′) up to 3.2 together with abundant S-C fabrics and strain partitioning around porphyroclasts indicate dominant simple shear until 2300 m. Magnetite and ilmenohematite mimic the rock fabric due to fabric parallel alignment and/or magnetic interaction and either contribute to increase or decrease of P′, depending on the dominating rock fabric elements. Field-dependency of pyrrhotite and magnetite in kmax-direction further increases P′. Homogeneous and oblate petrographic and magnetic fabrics in the greenschist-grade overprinted rocks below 2300 m with subhorizontal kmax-kint-girdle distributions indicate dominant flattening. AMS depicts shear fabrics including magnetite and ilmenohematite, and is additionally increased by retrograde magnetite-rutile intergrowth in ilmenohematites. We interpret that shape and degree of AMS are controlled by (a) tectonic deformation and strain, (b) alteration and magnetic grain interaction, and (c) field-dependency of deformed pyrrhotite and/or magnetite. We observed that all petrographic and magnetic subfabrics are coaxial, and lineations are mainly E-W to SE-NW directed confirming the transport direction of the Caledonian allochthonous. From our microstructural and AMS results we suggest that thrusting of the Lower Seve unit commenced under simple shear conditions at higher metamorphic grades and subsequently switched to more pure shear under greenschist-grade conditions.

Time-varying processes present both challenges and opportunities when interpreting tomographic models. The challenges mainly arise from differences between a method’s temporal and spatial resolution, and the size and timing of the physical processes. A mismatch here will produce a weighted average of the subsurface changes in models using time-dependent tomography. Even when there is such a mismatch, there are clear benefits from studying time-varying processes.Many different variables are packed into geophysical properties. Seismic velocities, for example, change due to porosity, fluid presence, fluid phase, fractures, and fracture properties, among other factors. This makes interpretation non-unique. Tomographic changes due to time-varying processes help reduce the possibilities for interpretation, especially when integrating multiple geophysical methods. Because tomographic methods can also produce artificial changes between models (Hobé et al., 2021), an important question in time-dependent tomography becomes: What is the theoretical magnitude of changes in geophysical properties in a time-varying area?As an initial answer, we present an overview of empirical data from the IMAGE project, which investigated the Reykjanes Peninsula, Iceland. This overview shows the inherent temporal variability of this volcano-tectonic region. In the lab, geophysical properties changed as much as 30% due to, e.g., fracturing, fracture healing, fluid-phase changes, and changes in fluid saturation. All these phenomena are common occurrences in this area, which hosts several volcanic systems with hydrothermal and seismic activity. These phenomena also have a secondary impact on how the empirical data should be interpreted, which is usually underestimated or overlooked in tomographic interpretations: These time-varying processes can strongly affect effective pressures, which is one of the main variables in the empirical data. To show the magnitude of this oversight, we present examples where effective pressure is affected, along with the theoretical changes in geophysical properties. Lastly, we show how the inclusion of effective pressures in interpretation can aid in the identification of time-varying processes. Hobé, A., Gudmundsson, O., Tryggvason, A., and the SIL seismological group (2021): Imaging the 2010-2011 inflationary source at Krýsuvík, SW Iceland, using time-dependent Vp/Vs tomography, in Proceedings World Geothermal Congress 2020, Forthcoming

Increasing the effectiveness of exploration for mineral resources is vital to meet future societal, economic and environmental challenges. Effective exploration drilling for mineral resources is an area where industrial innovation plays an important role. Measurements-while-drilling, data acquisition and next generation logging sondes represent three important areas that need development in the mineral exploration sector. Despite this need, there is a lack of test beds that allow to test novel drilling equipment. This limits the development and implementation of equipment with technology that has been proven, but does not yet fulfil the requirements of a product on the commercial market. Although a variety of test sites exist throughout Europe, they are constrained to existing infrastructure, which limits users to pre-existing conditions that may not fit their purpose or need. The I-EDDA-TC provides a unique environment for the development of drilling, and related, equipment used for exploration of mineral resources.The regional geology around the test center site is dominated by Svecokarelian age granitoid intrusive and acid volcanic rocks (rhyolites) that strike east-west and dip sub-vertical. During 2019 and 2020, two boreholes were drilled at the test center site, as part of an EIT Raw Materials upscaling project. The first borehole is a fully cored 970 m deep borehole drilled with diamond bit (HQ dimension). The second borehole was drilled in the late summer of 2020, and is a 200 m deep percussion-drilled borehole with ~220 mm diameter. Here we present a preliminary synthesis of results from a geophysical survey, borehole logging and geological logging of drill core.In summer 2019 a comprehensive geophysical surveying program was performed at the site, including 3D high resolution seismic, 2D deeper seismic with a large vibrator source, a series of high-resolution resistivity profiles and magnetic profiles. The 3D seismic data provided detailed velocity information in the near-surface at the site, allowing interpretation of depths to the groundwater table and bedrock in 3D. Data gained from two downhole logging campaigns provides a robust base for the detailed differentiation and characterization of the formations. A first look on the data shows well defined correlations amongst the various geophysical downhole parameters. Geological logging focused both on material properties (e.g. mineralogy, grain-size, texture, alteration and mineralization) and rock mass (joints and RQD). Magnetic susceptibility and ultrasonic pulse velocity were measured at regular intervals along the full core length, and 66 specimens were prepared and analysed with respect to porosity, density, abrasivity, major chemical elements, indirect tensile strength and uniaxial compressive strength. The integrated analysis of core data, surface and borehole seismic data, and the continuous logging profiles allows for the 3-dimensional characterization of the underground below the test center platform, as well as provides reference data for assessment of work conducted at the site (e.g. development of geophysical instruments, testing of drillabilaty and wear on drill bits). Our results will be open access published so that data can be compared to drilling and instruments test of commercial and academic parties utilizing this testing facility in future.

The role of inheritance in localizing basement deformation in the foreland has been demonstrated in orogens in different parts of the world. In the external domain of the central Scandinavian Caledonides, questions remain about the amount and the distribution of deformation accommodated by the Baltica basement during Caledonian orogeny. However, to answer these questions, it is necessary to understand the architecture of the Baltica crust underneath the Caledonian nappes and to determine the occurrence of potential detachment horizons or inherited structures that accommodated the shortening.In this work, we study the lithological and structural architecture of the Baltica basement in central Sweden, east and west of the present-day Caledonian front. The aim is twofold: 1) identifying the main geological features of the Fennoscandian Shield and their regional extent underneath the Caledonian nappes to the west, and 2) to address their role in accommodating deformation during Caledonian orogeny.The study area is characterized by mainly ~1.8 Ga granitic bodies intruded by various generations of mafic intrusions and locally bounded by major crustal shear zones. On the one hand, based on seismic interpretations, magnetic and gravimetry forward modeling and mapping, and results from the recently drilled COSC-2 borehole (as part of the Collisional Orogeny in the Scandinavian Caledonides (COSC) drilling project), we show that the basement underlying the Caledonian nappes is characterized by inclined to sub-horizontal mafic intrusions with large extent, emplaced at mid-crustal level. We propose that these intrusions are similar in size, geometry, and potentially age, to the 1.25 Ga Central Scandinavian Dolerite Group (CSDG) that are mapped as 100’s km long elliptic bodies or described as saucer-shaped intrusions further east. On the other hand, based on observations from COSC-2 drill cores and previous studies, analogue modelling and 2D seismic restoration, we propose that favorably oriented intrusions influenced, at least partly, crustal shortening in this area by localizing deformation along their margins. At a regional scale, we discuss the distribution of thick-skinned and thin-skinned deformation at the present-day orogenic front. On a broader scale, this study raises the question regarding the influence of pre-existing mafic intrusions in controlling the structural evolution and the segmentation of orogenic or rift systems in general.

COSC investigations and drilling activities are focused in the Åre-Mörsil area (Sweden) of central Scandinavia. COSC-2 was drilled with nearly 100% core recovery in 2020 to 2.276 km depth with drilling ongoing from mid-April to early August. Drilling targets for COSC-2 included (1) the highly conductive Alum shale, (2) the Caledonian décollement, the major detachment that separates the Caledonian allochthons from the autochthonous basement of the Fennoscandian Shield, and (3) the strong seismic reflectors in the Precambrian basement.Combined seismic, magnetotelluric (MT) and magnetic data were used to site the COSC-2 borehole about 20 km east-southeast of COSC-1. Based on these data it was predicted that the uppermost, tectonic occurrence of Cambrian Alum shale would be penetrated at about 800 m, the main décollement in Alum shale at its stratigraphic level at about 1200 m and the uppermost high amplitude basement reflector at about 1600 m. Paleozoic turbidites and greywackes were expected to be drilled down to 800 m depth. Below this depth, Ordovician limestone and shale with imbricates of Alum shale were interpreted to be present. Directly below the main décollement, magnetite rich Precambrian basement was expected to be encountered with a composition similar to that of magnetic granitic rocks found east of the Caledonian Front. The actual depths of the main contacts turned out to agree very well with the predictions based on the geophysical data. However, the geology below the uppermost occurrence of Alum shale is quite different from the expected model. Alum shale was only clearly encountered as a highly deformed, about 30 m thick unit, starting at about 790 m. Between about 820 and 1200 m, preliminary interpretations are that the rocks mainly consist of Neo-Proterozoic to Early Cambrian tuffs. Further below, Precambrian porphyries are present. The high amplitude reflections within the Precambrian sequence appear to be generated by dolerite sheets with the uppermost top penetrated at about 1600 m. Several deformed sheets of dolerite may be present down to about 1930 m. Below this depth the rocks are again porphyries.A preliminary conclusion concerning the tectonic model is that the main décollement is at about 800 m and not at 1200 m. Also the thickness of the lowermost Cambrian/uppermost Neoproterozoic sediments on top of the basement is much greater than expected (hundreds of meters instead of tens of meters) and likely to have been thickened tectonically. Detailed studies are required to assess the actual importance of the “main décollement” and the degree, type and age of deformation in its footwall. We can also conclude that the Precambrian basement is very similar to the Dala porphyries succession that are typically present farther south.An extensive set of downhole logging data was acquired directly after drilling. Borehole seismic measurements in 2021 will help to define and correlate seismic boundaries with lithology and structures in the core. Unfortunately, work for describing the geology of the drill core in detail is still on hold due to Covid-19.

Continental collision causes deformation in the crust along shear zones. However, the physical and chemical conditions at which these zones operate and the deformation processes that enable up to hundreds of km of tectonic transport are still unclear because of the depth at which they occur and the challenges in imaging them. Ancient exhumed collision zones allow us to investigate these processes much better, for example at the COSC‐1 borehole in the central Scandinavian Caledonides. This study combines data from the COSC‐1 borehole with different seismic measurements to provide constraints on the spatial lithological and textural configuration of the Seve Nappe Complex. This is one of the few studies that shows that core‐log‐seismic integration in metamorphic rocks allows to identify the spatial distribution of major lithological units. Especially gamma ray logs in combination with density data are powerful tools to distinguish between mafic and felsic lithologies in log‐core correlation. Our results indicate that reflections along the borehole are primarily caused by compositional rather than textural changes. Reflections in the Seve Nappe Complex are not as distinct as in greater depths but continuous and several of them can be linked to magmatic intrusions, which have been metamorphically overprinted. Their setting indicates that the Seve Nappe Complex consists of the remnants of a volcanic continental margin. Our results suggest that ductile‐deformed middle crustal reflectivity is primarily a function of pre‐orogenic lithological variations which has to be considered when deciphering mountain building processes. Plain Language Summary Areas where continents collide experience different kind of deformation. However, these processes and the conditions at which they take place are difficult to study because of the great depth at which they occur. Former collision zones that are closer to the surface these days allow the investigation of these processes much better, for example at the COSC‐1 borehole in the central Scandinavian Caledonides. The challenge remains to image the remnant of these processes in high detail but at the same time over a large area. This study combines data from the COSC‐1 borehole with different geophysical measurements to better understand the lithology and structure of the Seve Nappe Complex. We show that the combination of these data allows us to distinguish between rocks from mafic and sedimentary origin. Our results indicate that the geophysical data along the borehole image the change of the composition of the rocks which probably originates from magmatic intrusions and have been overprinted by geological processes, rather than from fracture zones.

The late Quaternary development of the Lower Volga region of Russia is characterized by an alternating influence of marine and continental environments resulting from fluctuations in Caspian Sea level during the last glaciation. However, sediments deposited under continental conditions have received very little research attention compared to the under- and overlying marine deposits, such that even their origin is still in debate. Detailed magnetic mineralogical analyses presented here show clear similarities to loess. The results suggest that climate during the time of loess deposition, the Atelian regression (27–80 ka, MIS 4–3), was dry and cool, similar to the modern-day Northern Caspian lowland. The magnetic properties recorded in the loess-paleosol sequences of the Lower Volga also point to short episodes of potentially more humid and warmer climate during the late Atelian. The new findings in regard to the local Caspian climate and environmental evolution support decreased river discharge from the Russian Plain and Siberian Plain as the dominant factor causing the low Caspian sea level stand during the Atelian, although local-regional climate changes might have had an additional influence., The Swedish Research Council is gratefully acknowledged for funding to Thomas Stevens for part of this project (2017-03888). The work of Redzhep Kurbanov was supported by the Russian Science Foundation (grant 19-77-10077). Sofya Yarovaya was supported by the Russian Foundation for Basic Research (grant 18-00-00470). Balázs Bradák acknowledges the financial support of project BU235P18 (Junta de Castilla y Leon, Spain) and the European Regional Development Fund.

Pressure and temperature change simultaneously in the Earth’s crust from surface to depth. Joint pressure and temperature changes influence many different physical properties. There are many studies on samples at elevated pressure, where the influence of open cracks, fractures, voids and pores have been studied. Applying confining pressure has a direct influence on crack closure, and this influence on dynamic properties (density and elastic modulus, bulk, shear and young’s) of rocks above 200 MPa is assumed linear with the linear increase in wave speed. This is because it is generally assumed that most cracks are closed above 200 MPa, which in nature would correspond to a depth of ~7-8 km. However, from the KTB deep drilling well in Germany, it is known that fluid-filled fractures and pores can remain open until 8 to 9 km depth. Applying temperature can affect the dynamic properties of rock by thermal expansion, possibly reopening cracks that were closed at pressures >200 MPa, and thermally expanding grains. This influence is also assumed to be linear at a temperature below partial melting, and in the absence of phase transitions. A similar effect has been observed by a number of research groups during laboratory experiments and calculating seismic velocity results under 600 MPa confining pressure and 600oC temperature. In this work, an effort has been made to mathematically investigate the influence of temperature and pressure on the seismic properties (velocity of pressure and shear waves, density and Poisson’s ratio) of crystalline rocks, measured during laboratory experiments. Elastic wave speeds, moduli and density are increasing as a function of pressure and decreasing as a function of temperature. However, these pressure and temperature-related changes are shown to be nonlinear from room conditions up to 600oC and 600 MPa. In this presentation, we focus on non-linear changes mainly in the high-pressure portion of the velocity as a function of pressure (>200 MPa). When confining pressure is applied, measured P- and S- waves show an increase in velocity and decrease in anisotropy. However, the effect of temperature on measured P- and S- waves show a decrease in velocity and increases in anisotropy. These changes are not very different from linear, but it is not possible to fit velocity as a function of pressure or temperature with linear mathematical functions. The implications of non-linear relationships between pressure, temperature and elastic wave speeds are discussed in this presentation.

The fieldwork was supported by the DIPS project (grant no. 240467) and the MIMES project (grant no. 244155) funded by the Norwegian Research Council awarded to O.G. O.P.'s position was funded from Y-TEC. Anisotropy of magnetic susceptibility (AMS) and anisotropy of magnetic remanence (AARM and AIRM) are efficient and versatile techniques to indirectly determine rock fabrics. Yet, deciphering the source of a magnetic fabric remains a crucial and challenging step, notably in the presence of ferrimagnetic phases. Here we use X-ray micro-computed tomography to directly compare mineral shape-preferred orientation and spatial distribution fabrics to AMS, AARM and AIRM fabrics from five hypabyssal trachyandesite samples. Magnetite grains in the trachyandesite are euhedral with a mean aspect ratio of 1.44 (0.24 s.d., long/short axis), and > 50% of the magnetite grains occur in clusters, and they are therefore prone to interact magnetically. Amphibole grains are prolate with magnetite in breakdown rims. We identified three components of the petrofabric that influence the AMS of the analyzed samples: the magnetite and the amphibole shape fabrics and the magnetite spatial distribution. Depending on their relative strength, orientation and shape, these three components interfere either constructively or destructively to produce the AMS fabric. If the three components are coaxial, the result is a relatively strongly anisotropic AMS fabric (P’ = 1.079). If shape fabrics and/or magnetite distribution are non-coaxial, the resulting AMS is weakly anisotropic (P’ = 1.012). This study thus reports quantitative petrofabric data that show the effect of magnetite distribution anisotropy on magnetic fabrics in igneous rocks, which has so far only been predicted by experimental and theoretical models. Our results have first-order implications for the interpretation of petrofabrics using magnetic methods. Publisher PDF

Anisotropy of magnetic susceptibility can provide insights into strain distribution in models simulating fold-and-thrust belts. Models with layers of sand and magnetite mixture shortened above adjacent decollements with high and low friction, are used to study the effect of decollement friction on the magnetic fabric. Above high-friction decollement, an imbricate stack produced a ‘tectonic’ fabric with magnetic foliation parallel to thrusts. In contrast, above the low-friction decollement deformation propagated farther into the foreland, and deformation intensity is gradual from the foreland to the hinterland by defining a transition zone in between. In this zone, magnetic lineation rotated parallel to the deformation front, whereas in the hinterland the principal axes do not show a preferred orientation due to different deformation mechanisms between “thrust-affected” and “penetrative-strain affected” area. Above both decollement types, the principal axes of susceptibility developed tighter clustering with depth. Along the boundary between the two decollements, a deflection zone formed where rotation of surface markers and magnetic fabric reflect the transition between structures formed above the different decollements. Through quantifying magnetic fabric, this study reemphasises the clear link between decollement friction, strain distribution and magnitude in fold-and-thrust belts.

As a petrofabric indicator, anisotropy of magnetic susceptibility (AMS) can potentially be used to infer seismic properties of rocks, and in particular seismic anisotropy. To evaluate the link between AMS and seismic anisotropy we present laboratory measurements of elastic wave velocities and anisotropy of magnetic susceptibility (AMS) for eight samples from the deep drilling investigation forming a part of the Collisional Orogeny in the Scandinavian Caledonides (COSC) project. The samples consist of a representative suite of mid crustal, deformed rock types, namely felsic and biotite-rich gneisses, and amphibolites (mafic gneisses). Compressional (P) and shear (S) waves were measured at confining pressures from ambient to 600 MPa and temperature from room condition to 600 °C. Seismic anisotropy changes with increasing temperature and pressure, where the effect of pressure is more significant than temperature. Increasing pressure results in an increase in mean wave speed values from 4.52 to 7.86 km/s for P waves and from 2.75 to 4.09 km/s for S waves. Biotite gneiss and amphibolite exhibit the highest anisotropy with P wave velocity anisotropy (AVp) in the ranges of ~9% to ~20%, and maximum S- wave anisotropy exceeds 10%. In contrast, Felsic gneisses are significantly less anisotropic, with AVp of

Author(s): Guglielmi, Yves; Chang, Chun; Cook, Paul; Dobson, Patrick; Soom, Florian; Nakagawa, Seiji; Niemi, Auli; Juhlin, Chris; Lorenz, Henning; Rosberg, Jan-Erik; Dessirier, Benoit; Tsang, Chinfu; Tatomir, Alexandru; Basirat, Farzad; Lundberg, Emil; Almqvist, Bjarne; Borglin, Sharon; Doughty, Christine; Zheng, Lian

International audience; The study of rock fabric properties (orientation, planar, linear, anisotropy) is key to unravelling the geological processes that generated them. With advancements in data acquisition and treatment, X-ray micro-computed tomography (μXCT) represents a powerful method to analyse the shape preferred orientation (SPO) of rock-forming elements, including minerals, aggregates, and pores, in the three-dimensional space. After reconstruction and segmentation of μXCT images, we developed a novel protocol to construct and analyse the fabric tensor, a second-rank symmetric tensor constructed using the orientation and the length of the three characteristic axes of each grain (simplified to a best fit ellipsoid). The analysis of the fabric tensor permits calculation of mean principal directions and associated confidence ellipses, and quantifies the degree of anisotropy (P 0) and the shape (T) of the fabric ellipsoid by eigenvalue and eigenvector analysis. We implement this method in the TomoFab open-source MATLAB package. The code integrates a graphical user interface (GUI) that allows the visualisation of the full set of ellipsoid orientation, shape, and size. Density plots and contouring can be utilised to identify fabrics graphically, and a full set of fabric parameters can be calculated based on the analysis of the fabric tensor and/or the analysis of each principal direction orientation tensor. We demonstrate the versatility of TomoFab with synthetic datasets and a field-and laboratory-based investigation of a sample presenting a magmatic foliation and lineation, collected in the Mafic Complex within the lower crustal section of the Ivrea-Verbano Zone (North Italy). In the light of these developments, we stress that μXCT represents a pertinent tool for rock fabric analysis to characterise the SPO of rock components. This approach can be performed parallel or complementary to other rock fabric quantification methods (e.g., AMS, EBSD) and applied to various rock types. TomoFab is freely available for download at https://github. com/benpetri/tomofab.

Recent eruptions such as the Kilauea 2018 (fissure) eruption on Hawaii are the result of magma intruding into Earth’s crust and ascending towards the surface. Magma is dominantly transported, through the shallow crust in form of vertical sheet intrusions (dykes). Even though dyke propagation and emplacement has been monitored with geodetic and geophysical methods, direct observations of subsurface intrusion processes remain inaccessible due to the hazardous nature of active volcanic and igneous systems. Therefore, we studied the extinct and eroded volcanic system of the Chachahuén volcanic complex (CVC) in Argentina to investigate the scale and physical mechanisms of magma transport in volcanic and igneous plumbing systems.The Chachahuén volcanic complex is located in the northern part of the Neuquén Basin, east of the southern volcanic zone (SVZ) of the Andes. A decline in volcanic activity during the Quaternary and erosion have exposed the shallow part of the Miocene CVC’s plumbing system, including two major vertical sheet intrusions: (1) the Great Dyke and (2) the Sosa Dyke.The objective of this ongoing study is to characterize the mechanisms of magma transport within the two exposed dykes to better understand the physical processes during their emplacement. We apply a multiscale approach combining field work and state-of-the-art analytical techniques, i.e., drone/ground-based photogrammetry, Fourier Transform Infrared Spectroscopy (FTIR), Electron Backscatter Diffraction (EBSD) and Anisotropy of Magnetic Susceptibility (AMS), with traditional geological methods, i.e., microstructural analysis and igneous petrology. Thus, we can investigate the effect of magma rheology (small-scale) on the outer shape and morphology of the dykes (large-scale).Our results using high-resolution 3D outcrop models show a segmentation of the investigated dykes. Each of these dyke segments shows blunt ends. This suggests either the emplacement of a highly viscous magma or a weak brittle host rock. Flow features identified with AMS analysis indicate a dominantly lateral magma transport within the dykes. To estimate the magma viscosity during emplacement FTIR (H2O content of the initial melt), and microstructural analysis (for crystallinity) are performed at the moment. These analyses in combination with a map of the host rock and, the dyke morphologies, will help to characterize the dominantly controlling mechanism(s) of magma emplacements in the CVC. Finally, the new findings from this project will contribute to the general understanding on how the physical properties of the magma affect the shape of magma bodies and magma flow in the Earth’s shallow crust.

Magnetic fabric is used as strain indicator to provide further insights into different tectonic settings. Applying anisotropy of magnetic susceptibility (AMS) analysis on analogue models has shown to be a useful approach to understand details of deformation. Here we use this technique on shortened sandbox models to illustrate the relationship between rotation of grains and the influence of décollement friction in fold-and-thrust belts. Layers of sand were scraped to a thickness of 2.5 cm on top of high-friction sandpaper on one side and on low-friction fibreglass on the other side of the sandbox model. After shortening the model by 26%, samples were taken at the surface and at depth for measuring AMS. During shortening, above the high-friction décollement, a stack of imbricates was formed, which shows distinct clustering of the main principal magnetic susceptibility axes (k1 ≥ k2 ≥ k3) around the dip of the forethrusts. In contrast, AMS data above the low-friction décollement show a more heterogeneous AMS pattern due to complex structure development with box folds and fault bending. In general, the magnetic fabric can be differentiated between the initial model fabric in the foreland and a tectonic overprint within the hinterland. The AMS analysis show that strain increases with the development of structures towards the hinterland and additionally with depth, but differs between the two frictional décollements. At the transition zone between the two different frictional environments, a deflection zone developed where the trace of thrusts change trend causing additional rotation of sand grains within this zone perpendicular to main shortening direction, as reflected by the orientation of the k1 and k3 axes. Overall, the orientation of the AMS axes and shape of anisotropy depend on the structure geometry and movement, which are determined by the friction of the individual décollement beneath. Consequently, AMS in models indicates and describes the development of structures and reflects strain above different basal friction.

The continuous wireline core drilling of the COSC-1 borehole (Jämtland, Central Sweden) offered the unique opportunity to combine data and findings from drilling mud gas monitoring, downhole geophysical logging and drill core analysis. The COSC project aims to better understand deep orogenic processes in mountain belts in a major mid-Paleozoic environment in western Scandinavia. The 2.5 km deep fully cored borehole COSC-1 was drilled in 2014 into the lower part of the Seve Nappe Complex, characterized by a thick sequence of high-grade metamorphic rocks. Here, we present results from a combination of drill mud gas monitoring with data from geophysical logging and core analysis to identify and characterize fluid-bearing open fractures during drilling of metamorphic rocks. Geophysical downhole logging is an established technique for extracting information from the underground. Online monitoring of drilling mud gas (OLGA) is also increasingly used in scientific drilling operations, but a combined interpretation of the data sets obtained with these methods has rarely been carried out in the past. Nearly complete gas records were obtained by OLGA with three meter depth resolution from 662 m to 1709 m and six meter resolution from 1709 m to 2490 m depth (COSC-1 total depth: 2496 m) for hydrogen, methane, carbon dioxide and helium by on-line drilling mud gas monitoring. Between 662 m and approx. 1550 m, both He and CH4 form broad peaks superimposed by several spike-like features. Zones with gas spikes coincide with high resistivity intervals identified by dual laterolog measurements and show fractures in optical drill core scans, borehole televiewer images, and visual core inspection. Therefore, we assume gas inflow through open fractures where deep/shallow resistivity ratios is greater than 1.5 imply the presence of free gas. The correlation between helium and deep/shallow resistivity ratios no longer appears at depths greater than 1550 m, probably because the formation gases are dissolved in formation fluids at higher pressure. 13 gas zones found in the depth interval 662 – 1550 m match with areas of higher resistivity and with open fractures identified by optical core logging. Below 1550 m depth, He drops significantly, whereas CH4 remains relatively high and H2 and CO2 reach maximum values. The high amount of hydrogen and methane at depths below 1616 m, from where friction between the casing and the drill string was reported, imply that these gases are most certainly artificially generated at depths below 1616 m and at least partly of artificial origin at shallower depths. Comparison between OLGA data and resistivity downhole logging data can help to estimate degassing depths: at depths where OLGA identified formation gases, concurrent high resistivity would be diagnostic for free gas, whereas low resistivity would imply gases dissolved in saline formation fluids.

Seismic anisotropy is a key property to understand the structure of the crust and mantle. In this contribution, we investigate the influence of shape (morphological) preferred orientation (SPO), crystallographic preferred orientation (CPO) and the spatial distribution of grains on seismic anisotropy in rocks (Bazargan et al., 2018). A numerical toolset has been developed with COMSOL to investigate these effects numerically, which has been benchmarked analytically and against other numerical models. Numerical samples modelled in 2D and 3D can determine anisotropy, by measurements along different sample axes, using different geometrical setups and mineral compositions. This numerical tool can include a variety of mineral arrangements and propagate P and S waves from different directions to calculate anisotropy. Current numerical results confirm directly the relations between the structural framework of the rocks (foliation, lineation) and velocity anisotropy, shear wave splitting and shear wave polarisation. This has been proven numerically with the effects of layering, which represents foliation and lineation in 2D. One of the aims of this work is to apply the fundamental results and effects of effective medium to improve our finite element method (FEM) toolbox to provide a numerical modelling tool for seismic data that have been collected in the field. Since the numerical and laboratory measurements are worked on together to verify the numerical results, to compare the models and explain the laboratory measurements have been conducted.Here we also present laboratory measurements of directional dependence of elastic waves velocity and shear wave splitting to the internal rock structure. In the experimental part of this study, we illustrate the contribution of microstructural parameters (grain sizes, SPO and microcracks) to the elastic anisotropy of relatively similar quartzites and granites. An objective with the laboratory measurements is to investigate the effect of grain size and its possible influence on elastic wave speed and potential scattering effects due to wavelength effects. Granites are the one we use to investigate anisotropy related to SPO and CPO. Our experimental data consist of the measurements of elastic wave velocities (Vp, Vs1 and Vs2) at confining pressures up to 600 MPa (Bazargan et al., 2019). numerical modelling together with laboratory measurements are used to obtain a better understanding of the role of microstructures in elastic wave propagation and its anisotropy Bazargan, M. Almqvist, B. Hieronymus, Ch. Piazolo, S., Employing Finite Element Method using COMSOL multiphysics to predict seismic velocity and anisotropy: Application to lower crust and upper mantle rocks. EGU 2018.Bazargan, M. Motra, H. B. Almqvist, B. G. Hieronymus, Ch. Piazolo, S., Elastic wave anisotropy in amphibolites and paragneisses from the Swedish Caledonides measured at high pressures (600 MPa) and temperatures (600 oC). EGU 2019.

Exhumation of the high‐grade metamorphic Seve Nappe Complex and its emplacement between lower‐grade nappes has been related to wedge extrusion in the central Scandinavian Caledonides. To test this ...

The initial wear, deformation and degradation of cemented carbide in contact with different rock types are studied using a crossed cylinder sliding test. The sliding distance is limited to centimet ...

Anisotropy of magnetic susceptibility (AMS) analysis is used as a petrofabric indicator for a set of four identical-setup sandbox models that were shortened by different amounts and simulate contra ...

We present calculated seismic velocities and anisotropies of mafic granulites and eclogites from the Cretaceous deep lower crust (∼40–65 km) of Fiordland, New Zealand. Both rock types show a distinct foliation defined by cm-scale compositional banding. Seismic properties are estimated using the Asymptotic Expansion Homogenisation – Finite Element (AEH-FE) method that, unlike the commonly used Voigt–Reuss–Hill homogenisation, incorporates the phase boundary network into calculations. The predicted mean P- and S-wave velocities are consistent with previously published data for similar lithologies from other locations (e.g., Kohistan Arc), although we find higher than expected anisotropies ( A V P ∼ 5.0–8.0%, A V S ∼ 3.0–6.5%) and substantial S-wave splitting along foliation planes in granulites. This seismic signature of granulites results from a density and elasticity contrast between cm-scale pyroxene ± garnet stringers and plagioclase matrix rather than from crystallographic orientations alone. Banded eclogites do not show elevated anisotropies as the contrast in density and elastic constants of garnet and pyroxene is too small. The origin of compositional banding in Fiordland granulites is primarily magmatic and structures described here are expected to be typical for the base of present day magmatic arcs. Hence, we identify a new potential source of anisotropy within this geotectonic setting.

Progress in seismic methodology and ambitious large-scale seismic projects are enabling high-resolution imaging of the continental crust. The ability to constrain interpretations of crustal seismic data is based on laboratory measurements on rock samples and calculations of seismic properties. Seismic velocity calculations and their directional dependence are based on the rock microfabric, which consists of mineral aggregate properties including crystallographic preferred orientation (CPO), grain shape and distribution, grain boundary distribution, and misorientation within grains. Single-mineral elastic constants and density are crucial for predicting seismic velocities, preferably at conditions that span the crust. However, high-temperature and high-pressure elastic constant data are not as common as those determined at standard temperature and pressure (STP; atmospheric conditions). Continental crust has a very diverse mineral composition; however, a select number of minerals appear to dominate seismic properties because of their high-volume fraction contribution. Calculations of microfabric-based seismic properties and anisotropy are performed with averaging methods that in their simplest form takes into account the CPO and modal mineral composition, and corresponding single crystal elastic constants. More complex methods can take into account other microstructural characteristics, including the grain shape and distribution of mineral grains and cracks and pores. Dynamic or active wave propagation schemes have recently been developed, which offer a complementary method to existing static averaging methods generally based on the use of the Christoffel equation. A challenge for the geophysics and rock physics communities is the separation of intrinsic factors affecting seismic anisotropy, due to properties of crystals within a rock and apparent sources due to extrinsic factors like cracks, fractures, and alteration. This is of particular importance when trying to deduce crustal composition and the state of deformation from seismic parameters.

Nappe assembly in the Köli Nappe Complex, Jämtland, Sweden, has been associated with in- and out-of-sequence thrusting. Kinematic data from shear zones bounding the Köli Nappe Complex are compatible with this model, but direct evidence from fault zones internally subdividing the nappe complex does not exist. We studied a series of pseudotachylyte exposures in these fault zones for deciphering the role seismic faulting played in the assembly of the Caledonian nappe pile. To constrain the fault kinematics, microstructural and magnetic fabrics of pseudotachylyte in foliation-parallel fault veins have been investigated. Because the pseudotachylyte veins are thin, we focused on small (c. 0.2 cm3) samples for measuring the anisotropy of magnetic susceptibility. The results show inverse proportionality between specimen size and anisotropy of magnetic susceptibility degree, which is most likely an analytical artifact related to instrument sensitivity and small sample dimensions. This finding implies magnetic anisotropy results acquired from small specimens demand cautious interpretation. However, analysis of structural and magnetic fabric data indicates that seismic faulting occurred during exhumation into the upper crust but yield no kinematic in-formation. Structural field data suggest that seismic faulting was postdated by brittle E–W extensional deformation along steep normal faults. Therefore, it is likely that the pseudotachylytes formed late during out-of-sequence thrusting of the Köli Nappe Complex over the Seve Nappe Complex.

Anisotropy of magnetic susceptibility data obtained from discrete subsamples recovered from two Integrated Ocean Drilling Program sites (Expedition 347 sites M0061 and M0062 in the Baltic Sea) by an Advanced Piston Corer are compared to results obtained on subsamples recovered by replicate 6-m-long Kullenberg piston cores. Characteristic natural remanence directions were obtained from the total of 1097 subsamples using principal component analyses. The three principal anisotropy axes of subsamples taken from Advanced Piston Core liners align to the subsample axes, with the maximum axis (K1) parallel to the split core surfaces, possibly caused by outwards relaxation of the core-liners after splitting. A second anomalous anisotropy fabric is characterized by steep values of the angular difference between the inclination of the minimum anisotropy axes (K3) and that expected for horizontal bedding (90°). This fabric is confined to the upper 1–2 m of the Kullenberg cores and specific sections of the advanced piston cores, and we attribute it to conical deformation caused by either excessive penetration speeds and downwards dragging of sediment along the edge of the liner or stretching caused by undersampling. By using our data in an example, we present a protocol to accept palaeomagnetic secular variation data that uses (i) a threshold 90-K3 value of 15°, combined with a modelled, locally applicable minimum inclination of 65° and (ii) an A95 cone of confidence based on Fisher statistics applied to virtual geomagnetic pole distributions. This article has been accepted for publication in Geophysical Journal International ©: 2019 The Author(s). Published by Oxford University Press on behalf of the Royal Astronomical Society. All rights reserved.

The 2.5 km deep scientific COSC-1 borehole (ICDP 5054-1-A) was successfully drilled with nearly complete core recovery during spring and summer of 2014. Downhole and on-core measurements through the targeted Lower Seve Nappe provide a comprehensive data set. An observed gradual increase in strain below 1700 m, with mica schists and intermittent mylonites increasing in frequency and thickness, is here interpreted as the basal thrust zone of the Lower Seve Nappe. This high strain zone was not fully penetrated at the total drilled depth and is thus greater than 800 m in thickness. To allow extrapolation of the results from downhole logging, core analysis and other experiments into the surrounding rock and to link these with the regional tectonic setting and evolution, three post-drilling high-resolution seismic experiments were conducted in and around the borehole. One of these, the first 3D seismic reflection land survey to target the nappe structures of the Scandinavian Caledonides, is presented here. It provides new information on the 3D geometry of structures both within the drilled Lower Seve Nappe and underlying rocks down to at least 9 km. The observed reflectivity correlates well with results from the core analysis and downhole logging, despite challenges in processing. Reflections from the uppermost part of the Lower Seve Nappe have limited lateral extent and varying dips, possibly related to mafic lenses or boudins of variable character within felsic rock. Reflections occurring within the high strain zone, however, are laterally continuous over distances of a kilometer or more and dip 10–15° towards the southeast. Reflections from structures beneath the high strain unit and the COSC-1 borehole can be followed through most of the seismic volume down to at least 9 km and have dips of varying degree, mainly in the east–west thrust direction of the orogen. Collisional Orogeny in the Scandinavian Caledonides (COSC)

Thirty-four broadband magnetotelluric stations were deployed across the Alno alkaline and carbonatite ring intrusion in central Sweden. The measurements were designed such that both 2D models along ...

The Engare Sero Footprint Site, situated on the southern shore of Lake Natron in northern Tanzania, has been reported to host one of the best preserved sets of fossilized hominid footprints in the ...

Recent drilling of the first Collisional Orogeny in the Scandinavian Caledonides scientific borehole (COSC-1) near Are, Sweden permitted a laboratory investigation of seismic anisotropy on high met ...

Magnetic susceptibility in sediments has been thoroughly studied as a paleoenvironmental proxy over the last decades. However, it is unknown to what extent magnetic susceptibility variation is also a diagnostic of different sediment sources. Here we investigate if multiple magnetic susceptibility-based parameters can effectively be used as sediment source indicators. New magnetic property data from the Mu Us and Tengger Deserts in China are compared to previously known sediment provenance based on other well-established proxies. To assess the magnetic properties of these deserts, magnetic susceptibility and its out-of-phase component, its dependence on frequency, temperature and low-field amplitude are analyzed. Our results indicate similar sources for the western Mu Us Desert and the Tengger Desert and a distinct source for the eastern Mu Us, in-line with previously hypothesized provenance patterns. However, magnetic properties within the Tengger Desert sediments are homogenous, which may suggest a uniform provenance for the entire Tengger Desert, that the sediments are greatly reworked, or similar magnetic properties in potential multiple source regions. Magnetite is the major magnetic mineral in the study area and the dominant causes for divergence in magnetic properties are the magnetic mineral concentration and domain state. The results here, in particular from the Mu Us, suggest considerable promise for using magnetic susceptibility parameters in desert sediment provenance research.

On-line monitoring of drilling mud gas was for the first time applied during continuous wireline coring of the COSC-1 borehole (Jamtland, central Sweden) to analyse formation gases and to identify inflow gas zones. Nearly complete gas records were obtained with 3 m depth resolution from 662 m (installation of the separator for gas extraction) to 1709 m and 6 m resolution from 1709 m to 2490 m depth (COSC-1 final depth: 2496 m) for H2, CH4, CO2, and He. Between 662 m and 1400 m, both He and CH4 form broad peaks superimposed by several spike-like features. Zones with gas spikes coincide with high resistivity intervals from dual laterolog (DLL) geophysical borehole logging and show fractures in borehole televiewer (BHTV) images, drill core scans, and visual core inspection. Therefore, we assume gas inflow through open fractures where DLLd/DLLs ratios >1.5 imply the presence of free gas. The correlation between helium and DLLd/DLLs ratios no longer appears at depths greater than ~1550 m, probably because the formation gases are dissolved in formation fluids at higher pressure. Below 1550 m depth, the He concentration drops significantly, whereas the CH4 concentration remains relatively high and H2 and CO2 reach maximum values. The high amount of H2 and CH4 at depths below 1616 m, from where friction between the casing and the drill string was reported, imply that these gases are most certainly artificially generated at depths below 1616 m and at least partly of artificial origin at shallower depths.