Search

This paper utilizes critical race theory (CRT) to identify inequalities perpetuated by racialized epistemicide, the race-based discriminatory destruction of knowledge, through the loss of cultural heritage and the limitation of access to accurate narratives. We introduce the term reparative storytelling as a way to describe work centering oral and performance-based ways of knowing and remembering that establish the evidence needed for dignity, healing, and justice. By discussing the history of library services to the Black community in Huntsville, Alabama, this paper explains how racism and urban renewal perpetuated racialized epistemic injustice by destroying cultural heritage and narratives of marginalized communities. We demonstrate strategies and tools that can be used to unsilence library history and give people access to their past by using counternarratives for reparative storytelling. We believe that the archive combined with digital visualization, humanities, and storytelling tools can help us correct historical narratives by honoring neglected voices. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This paper uses systems psychodynamic concepts to develop theory about the persistence of racial inequality in U.S. organizations and to inform an approach for disrupting it. We treat White men as the dominant group and Black people as the archetypal subordinate group in U.S. society. In our theory, work contexts that conflate merit with idealized images of White masculinity provoke unconscious distress in White men who aspire to meet those ideals. An unconscious, multilevel defense system, comprising projective identification at the individual level bolstered by a social defense at the organization level, keeps this distress at bay. This system diverts attention away from the real culprit—work contexts that threaten White men's self-worth—by contriving and making credible a substitute problem—a shortage of "qualified" Black people. At the same time, the social defense fuels the very work contexts that pose threats to White men in the first place. The upshot is the persistence of racial inequality. We offer guidance on how to disrupt these dynamics by building mutually reinforcing holding environments where organization members can engage in intrapsychic and intergroup reparative work. We conclude by offering theoretical contributions to the literatures on race, organizational inequality, systems psychodynamics, and masculinity. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The article provides a historical account of the establishment of independent labor and industry by Black refugees and freedpeople in postwar Yorktown, York County, Virginia. Information is provided on the patterns of land use and production introduced by formerly enslaved people, efforts of Black residents to negotiate with federal authorities for economic independence, alternate forms of industry to farming free-labor such as oystering and fishing, the advocacy for self-supporting farming.

Despite continued research on workers' quit behavior, questions remain on how race influences voluntary departure. To make progress on this topic, in this study I treat race as a structural position with respect to resources in order to develop a theoretical frame on why members of racial groups leave jobs. I argue that Black workers are more apt than White workers to voluntarily depart for reasons related to a lack of resources, such as a lack of health or transportation, whereas White workers are more likely than Black workers to depart for reasons that require resources, such as to start a new business or to take a new job. Using a nationally representative cohort sample spanning a period of two decades, I find support for my theory. The results indicate that Black workers are more likely than White workers to voluntarily depart their jobs due to resource constraints, and White workers are more likely than Black workers to voluntarily depart their jobs for reasons that require resources. This study suggests ways to reconceptualize the constraints and opportunities underlying voluntary departure and why such departure varies across racial groups. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

BACKGROUND: Previous studies have suggested differences in multiple sclerosis (MS) severity according to ethnicity. METHODS: Data were obtained from the UK MS Register, a prospective longitudinal cohort study of persons with MS. We examined the association between self-reported ethnic background and age at onset, symptom of onset and a variety of participant-reported severity measures. We used adjusted multivariable linear regression models to explore the association between ethnicity and impact of MS, and Cox proportional hazards models to assess disability progression. RESULTS: We analysed data from 17,314 people with MS, including participants from self-reported Black (n = 157) or South Asian (n = 230) ethnic backgrounds. Age at MS onset and diagnosis was lower in those of South Asian (median 30.0) and Black (median 33.0) ethnicity compared with White ethnicity (median 35.0). In participants with online MS severity measures available, we found no statistically significant evidence for an association between ethnic background and physical disability in MS in both cross-sectional and longitudinal analyses. CONCLUSION: We found no association between ethnic background and MS severity in a large, diverse UK cohort. These findings suggest that other factors, such as socioeconomic status and structural inequalities, may explain previous findings.

Chile has created its national cohesion and territorial assertion of sovereignty through a colonial metonymic operation whereby the removal of the Indigenous body, or part of this body, is possession of the land; whereby the Black body is instrumentalized as an extension of settler occupation, inhabitation, and Indigenous elimination. This operation is based on the "associative matter" or qualifying characteristics of a metonymic relation within settler logics that performatively call into being both "territory" and "nation." This essay argues that this is an ontoepistemological substitution and the foundation on which the current 1980 Chilean constitution is based, and on which the majority rejected the proposed 2022 constitution. The essay critiques both the 1980 and the recently rejected constitutions through consideration of what a Mapuche cosmological conception of land-as-mapu, of mapu as everything rather than as propertied resource, might mean for demolishing the land and body logics of the settler-colonial state that continue to devastate ecological relations through the dispossession and elimination of Indigenous and Black peoples. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This issue navigates the intersections of Black and Indigenous ecologies. Colonial epistemologies still marginalize Black and Indigenous peoples in discussions about ecologies: they neglect Black and Indigenous peoples' disproportionate environmental dispossession and the effects of environmental racism while "naturalizing" Black and Indigenous peoples as closer to the natural environment. The contributions to this issue draw on convergences between environmental inequality, sonic ecologies, and the legacies of colonialism to shape ongoing conversations. The issue traces historical as well as contemporary relationships and attends to the linkages and disruptions at work in Black and Indigenous ecologies, especially in the midst of climate change, which continues to affect those who are least responsible for the planet's degradation. The articles in this issue make visible entwined histories in Black and Indigenous ecologies, as well as histories of oppression, that may trouble territorial boundaries and expand relationalities. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

BackgroundTo examine long-term retinal nerve fibre layer thickness (RNFLT) variability and associated clinical factors in African (AD) and European descent (ED) individuals with glaucoma.MethodsThis retrospective cohort study included glaucoma eyes of AD and ED from Diagnostic Innovations in Glaucoma Study/The African Descent and Glaucoma Evaluation Study with ≥4 visits/2 years of follow-up. We calculated optic nerve head RNFLT variability per-examination/visit as the absolute error of its residuals across follow-up. Full, baseline and parsimonious linear-mixed models were fit to evaluate the effects of clinical factors (demographics and ocular characteristics, prior/intervening glaucoma surgeries and cataract extraction (CE), RNFLT thinning rate, scan quality, visit/testing frequency, etc) on RNFLT variability in both races.ResultsThere were 376 and 625 eyes (226 and 349 participants) of AD and ED, and the mean (95% CI) RNFLT variability was 1.62 (1.52, 1.71) µm and 1.42 (1.34, 1.50) µm, respectively (p=0.002). AD and ED had some shared predictors of RNFLT variability, including intraocular pressure fluctuation and scan quality, although the effects varied (p

BACKGROUND: Over two decades of research about traumatic brain injury (TBI) rehabilitation emphasized the persistence of racial health disparities in functional outcomes that disproportionately impact Black populations without naming or addressing racism as the root problem. Further, the experiences of Black people with TBI have yet to be documented and accounted for in scientific scholarship from the perspectives of Black persons in Canada. PURPOSE: This study intended to examine the rehabilitation narratives of Black TBI survivors, family caregivers, and rehabilitation providers and use critical race theory as a conceptual framework to understand how anti-Black racism manifests in those experiences. METHODS: Through critical narrative inquiry informed by a critical constructivist paradigm and a critical race theory lens, in-depth narrative interviewing were conducted with seven survivors, three family caregivers, and four rehabilitation providers. Data were analyzed using reflexive thematic analysis within and across groups of participants to conceptualize themes and sub-themes. FINDINGS: Themes captured how racism becomes institutionalized in TBI rehabilitation: (1) the institutional construction of deficient Black bodies, (2) the institutional construction of rehabilitation access, (3) the institutional investment in resisting and approximating whiteness in rehabilitation practice, and (4) the institutional construction of deficient Black futures. CONCLUSION: Study findings point to the dire need to ensure rehabilitation programs, services, and the delivery of care are not determined based on inequitable practices, racial biases and assumptions about Black people, which determine who deserves to get into rehabilitation and have opportunities to be supported in working towards living a full and meaningful life.

Introduction: National data reveal that the age-adjusted prevalence of leisure-time physical inactivity is higher among Blacks and Hispanics compared with Whites. However, these estimates do not consider nonleisure physical activity (PA). Also, race/ethnicity in these findings may by confounded by socioeconomic status disparities in PA. Here, we examine racial/ethnic differences in multiple measures of PA within a lower socioeconomic status sample. Methods: Participants in the current cross-sectional study (n = 1526 adults, aged ≥ 18 y) were recruited from Supplemental Nutrition Assistance Program-Education classes (nutrition education classes that target low-income people) in Texas. Self-report data were obtained using survey questionnaires in spring and fall 2018. PA outcomes of 4 different intensities were assessed: mean daily time spent walking, engaging in moderate and vigorous PA, and sitting. Additional PA-related measures included use and awareness of community PA resources. Linear regression models examined racial/ethnic differences in the 4 PA outcomes after adjusting for participant gender, age, household composition measures, and various socioeconomic status measures. Results: In this low-income sample, Hispanic and Black participants spent 6 to 9 more minutes per day walking and engaging in moderate and vigorous PA compared with White/other participants (P <.05 for each measure). Conversely, White/other participants reported spending 82 more minutes sitting per day than Black and Hispanic participants (P <.01). Overall, Black participants were most likely to utilize community PA resources and report ease of engaging in exercise. Discussion: Together, these results reveal greater engagement in PA by racial/ethnic minorities in low-income communities compared with Whites. Our results have implications for tailoring PA programming to these communities. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

How human genetic variation contributes to vaccine effectiveness in infants is unclear, and data are limited on these relationships in populations with African ancestries. We undertook genetic analyses of vaccine antibody responses in infants from Uganda (n = 1391), Burkina Faso (n = 353) and South Africa (n = 755), identifying associations between human leukocyte antigen (HLA) and antibody response for five of eight tested antigens spanning pertussis, diphtheria and hepatitis B vaccines. In addition, through HLA typing 1,702 individuals from 11 populations of African ancestry derived predominantly from the 1000 Genomes Project, we constructed an imputation resource, fine-mapping class II HLA-DR and DQ associations explaining up to 10% of antibody response variance in our infant cohorts. We observed differences in the genetic architecture of pertussis antibody response between the cohorts with African ancestries and an independent cohort with European ancestry, but found no in silico evidence of differences in HLA peptide binding affinity or breadth. Using immune cell expression quantitative trait loci datasets derived from African-ancestry samples from the 1000 Genomes Project, we found evidence of differential HLA-DRB1 expression correlating with inferred protection from pertussis following vaccination. This work suggests that HLA-DRB1 expression may play a role in vaccine response and should be considered alongside peptide selection to improve vaccine design.

Background and objectivesThe incarcerated population is growing older and by the year 2030, more than one third of people incarcerated in the United States will be over the age of 55. This population shift will have a profound impact on correctional health care systems as older incarcerated people often have multiple chronic illnesses and correctional institutions were not designed with aging and disability in mind. Black women experience greater burdens of comorbid conditions and are disproportionately represented among incarcerated women.Research design and methodsWe utilized Black Feminist Epistemological Methodology to explore the intersection of aging, chronic illness, and mass incarceration via in-depth interviews with 13 formerly incarcerated older Black women.ResultsFirst, participants described needing to prove themselves to be trustworthy prior to becoming ill in order to be believed and granted access to care when they report symptoms. Next, participants report being treated, not as patients, but as "inmates." The punitive nature of prison health care disrupted the patient-provider relationship and complicated the ability of patients to maintain autonomy in health care interactions. Finally, I describe how carceral health extends beyond the walls of both the clinic and the institution.Discussion and implicationsFor older Black women, medical care and decision making inside prisons occur within a punitive context, which presents unique barriers when seeking care. Their experiences of health and illness while incarcerated may continue to influence if and how they seek care as they age in the community and thus must be interrogated when discussing aging in the Black community.

Disparities in data underlying clinical genomic interpretation is an acknowledged problem, but there is a paucity of data demonstrating it. The All of Us Research Program is collecting data including whole-genome sequences, health records, and surveys for at least a million participants with diverse ancestry and access to healthcare, representing one of the largest biomedical research repositories of its kind. Here, we examine pathogenic and likely pathogenic variants that were identified in the All of Us cohort. The European ancestry subgroup showed the highest overall rate of pathogenic variation, with 2.26% of participants having a pathogenic variant. Other ancestry groups had lower rates of pathogenic variation, including 1.62% for the African ancestry group and 1.32% in the Latino/Admixed American ancestry group. Pathogenic variants were most frequently observed in genes related to Breast/Ovarian Cancer or Hypercholesterolemia. Variant frequencies in many genes were consistent with the data from the public gnomAD database, with some notable exceptions resolved using gnomAD subsets. Differences in pathogenic variant frequency observed between ancestral groups generally indicate biases of ascertainment of knowledge about those variants, but some deviations may be indicative of differences in disease prevalence. This work will allow targeted precision medicine efforts at revealed disparities.

Multiple myeloma (MM) is twice as common in Black individuals compared with in White individuals, and diabetes mellitus (DM) disproportionately affects Black patients. Although numerous studies have shown a correlation between DM and MM, this has not been studied in the context of race and in vivo mechanisms. We conducted a retrospective clinical study of 5383 patients with MM of which 15% had DM (White, 12% and Black, 25%). Multivariable Cox models showed reduced overall survival (OS) for patients with DM (hazard ratio, 1.27; 95% confidence interval, 1.11-1.47; P < .001). This appeared to be driven by a marked difference in OS between White patients with and without DM but not in Black patients. In contrast, obesity was associated with better OS in Black patients but not in White patients. To complement this analysis, we assessed MM growth in a genetically engineered immunocompromised nonobese diabetic (Rag1-/-/muscle creatinine kinase promoter expression of a human IGF1R [M] with a lysine [K] to arginine [R] point mutation) mouse model to evaluate the mechanisms linking DM and MM. MM.1S xenografts grew in more Rag1-/-/MKR mice and grew more rapidly in the Rag1-/-/MKR mice compared with in controls. Western blot analysis found that MM1.S xenografts from Rag1-/-/MKR mice had higher phosphorylated S6 ribosomal protein (Ser235/236) levels, indicating greater activation of the mammalian target of rapamycin pathway. Our study is, to our knowledge, the first to evaluate racial differences in DM prevalence and survival in MM, as well as the effect of DM on tumor growth in mouse models. Our results suggest that DM may contribute to the higher incidence of MM in Black patients; and to improve survival in MM, DM management cannot be ignored.

BACKGROUND: Black-White racial disparities in cancer mortality are well-documented in the US. Given the estimated shortage of oncologists over the next decade, understanding how access to oncology care might influence cancer disparities is of considerable importance. We aim to examine the association between oncology provider density in a county and Black-White cancer mortality disparities. METHODS: An ecological study of 1048 US counties was performed. Oncology provider density was estimated using the 2013 National Plan and Provider Enumeration System data. Black:White cancer mortality ratio was calculated using 2014-2018 age-standardized cancer mortality rates from State Cancer Profiles. Linear regression with covariate adjustment was constructed to assess the association of provider density with (1) Black:White cancer mortality ratio, and (2) cancer mortality rates overall, and separately among Black and White persons. RESULTS: The mean Black:White cancer mortality ratio was 1.12, indicating that cancer mortality rate among Black persons was on average 12% higher than that among White persons. Oncology provider density was significantly associated with greater cancer mortality disparities: every 5 additional oncology providers per 100 000 in a county was associated with a .02 increase in the Black:White cancer mortality ratio (95% CI: .007 to .03); however, the unexpected finding may be explained by further analysis showing that the relationship between oncology provider density and cancer mortality was different by race group. Every 5 additional oncologists per 100 000 was associated with a 1.6 decrease per 100 000 in cancer mortality rates among White persons (95% CI: -3.0 to -.2), whereas oncology provider density was not associated with cancer mortality among Black persons. CONCLUSION: Greater oncology provider density was associated with significantly lower cancer mortality among White persons, but not among Black persons. Higher oncology provider density alone may not resolve cancer mortality disparities, thus attention to ensuring equitable care is critical.

BACKGROUND: In the US, non-Hispanic (NH) Black birthing persons show a two-fold greater risk of fetal death relative to NH white birthing persons. Since males more than females show a greater risk of fetal death, such loss in utero may affect the sex composition of live births born preterm (PTB;

OBJECTIVE: We sought to examine trends in diagnosed behavioral health (BH) conditions [mental health (MH) disorders or substance use disorders (SUD)] among pregnant and postpartum individuals between 2008-2020. We then explored the relationship between BH conditions and race/ethnicity, acknowledging race/ethnicity as a social construct that influences health disparities. METHODS: This study included delivering individuals, aged 15-44 years, and continuously enrolled in a single commercial health insurance plan for 1 year before and 1 year following delivery between 2008-2020. We used BH conditions as our outcome based on relevant ICD 9/10 codes documented during pregnancy or the postpartum year. RESULTS: In adjusted analyses, white individuals experienced the highest rates of BH conditions, followed by Black, Hispanic, and Asian individuals, respectively. Asian individuals had the largest increase in BH rates, increasing 292%. White individuals had the smallest increase of 192%. The trend remained unchanged even after adjusting for age and Bateman comorbidity score, the trend remained unchanged. CONCLUSIONS: The prevalence of diagnosed BH conditions among individuals in the perinatal and postpartum periods increased over time. As national efforts continue to work toward improving perinatal BH, solutions must incorporate the needs of diverse populations to avert preventable morbidity and mortality.

Given the history of racialized transgressions towards Black adults in the United States and the legacy of forgiveness towards White people despite these transgressions, the current studies examined whether forgivingness is implicated within Black adults’ tendency to engage in activism as a response to discrimination. Study 1 (n = 250) demonstrated that Black adults who reported greater everyday experiences of discrimination were more likely to engage in activism. However, this association was moderated by forgivingness, as it was stronger for those higher on forgivingness. Study 2 (n = 223) asked participants to imagine a potentially racially-charged transgression (a police stop), and then assessed their reactions to the event. Again, forgivingness played a moderating role, insofar that for Black adults higher on forgivingness, the association between perceived discrimination and activist identity was stronger. This research suggests that forgivingness plays a nuanced role in the promotion of activism among marginalized communities. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The role of sickle cell trait (SCT) in sudden exertional death is well‐recognized in sports and military training. However, it is not yet studied for non‐firearm arrest‐related death (NF‐ARD). With extensive multi‐pronged searches, a large database (n = 1389) of NF‐ARDs was established. For the years 2006–2021 (inclusive) there were 50 NF‐ARDs of Black persons in which postmortem evidence of SCT was found. A control cohort consisted of 414 NF‐ARDs of Black persons with no reported SCT. The mean age for SCT cases was 33.1 ± 10.4 years versus 37.0 ± 10.4 years for the control group (p = 0.01). The body‐mass index for SCT cases was 28.3 ± 6.6 kg/m2 versus 30.7 ± 7.6 kg/m2 for the control group (p = 0.03). The prevalence of cardiomegaly was 21% for SCT cases versus 39% in the control cohort (p = 0.008). The postmortem prevalence of SCT in NF‐ARDs of Black persons (n = 50, 10.7%) was higher than the prevalence of SCT in the US Black population, which is 7.1% (p = 0.003). In this study of NF‐ARDs in Black persons, the prevalence of SCT and the differences between the SCT cases and the control cohort suggest that exertional collapse associated with sickle cell trait may be a contributory factor in NF‐ARDs. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background: Medical mistrust among Black patients has been used to explain the existence of well-documented racial inequities at the end of life that negatively impact this group. However, there are few studies that describe patient perspectives around the impact of racism and discriminatory experiences on mistrust within the context of serious illness. Objective: To better characterize experiences of racism and discrimination among patients with serious illness and its association with medical mistrust. Participants: Seventy-two Black participants with serious illness hospitalized at an academic county hospital. Approach: This is a convergent mixed methods study using data from participant-completed surveys and existing semi-structured interviews eliciting participants' perspectives around their experiences with medical racism, communication, and decision-making. Main Measures: The experience of medical racism and its association with Group-Based Medical Mistrust (GBMM) scale scores, a validated measure of medical mistrust. Key Results: Of the 72 Black participants, 35% participated in interviews. Participants were mostly men who had significant socioeconomic disadvantage, including low levels of wealth, income, and educational attainment. There were reported high levels of race-based mistrust in the overall GBMM scale score (mean [SD], 36.6 [9.9]), as well as high scores within the suspicion (14.2 [5.0]), group disparities in healthcare (9.9 [2.8]), and lack of support (9.1 [2.7]) subscales. Three qualitative themes aligned with the GBMM subscales. Participants expressed skepticism of healthcare workers (HCWs) and modern medicine, recounted personal experiences of discrimination in the medical setting, and were frustrated with poor communication from HCWs. Conclusions: This study found high levels of mistrust among Black patients with serious illness. Suspicion of HCWs, disparities in healthcare by race, and a lack of support from HCWs were overarching themes that influenced medical mistrust. Critical, race-conscious approaches are needed to create strategies and frameworks to improve the trustworthiness of healthcare institutions and workers. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background: No large-scale characterizations of neurofilament light chain (NfL) and cognitive outcomes have been conducted in community-dwelling non-Hispanic Blacks. Objective: This study aims to enhance the application of blood biomarkers, in particular NfL, to ethno-racially diverse communities. We assess the association of NfL with cognitive outcomes, hypothesizing that NfL can identify cognitive changes regardless of diagnostic category. Methods: Baseline data were analyzed among n = 283 non-Hispanic Blacks (NHB) from the multi-ethnic Health and Aging Brain Study- Health Disparities (HABS-HD). Plasma NfL was measured on the Simoa platform. Linear regression models were conducted, covarying for age, gender, and education. Results: The majority of study participants (72%) were cognitively unimpaired (CU), with 21% having mild cognitive impairment (MCI), and 6.7% with Alzheimer's disease (AD). In adjusted models among the entire sample, significant associations existed between NfL and Trails A (p < 0.0001), Trails B (p < 0.0001), phonemic (FAS) and semantic (Animals) fluency (p = 0.03), and Symbol Digit Substitution (p < 0.001). When separated by diagnostic classification, significant associations were removed for functions involving executive functions for all diagnostic groups. Higher levels of NfL were positively associated with cognitive diagnosis, older age, and less education. Conclusions: Plasma NfL levels are significantly associated with measures of executive functioning, which elucidate NfL as a non-specific marker of neurodegeneration associated with efficiency of brain functions involving attention, processing, and generativity. NfL may be a sensitive measure for the detection of alterations in cognitive processing before the onset of phenotypic functional changes of neurodegeneration. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

AbstractBlack/African American (hereafter, Black) adults who smoke are at risk for tobacco-related health disparities in the United States (US). Although racial-based stressors (e.g., discrimination) are associated with smoking among this group, past work has not characterized individual differences in negative emotional reactivity to racial/ethnic stress in terms of smoking. The present investigation sought to address this limitation and evaluate the incremental validity of negative emotional reactivity to racial/ethnic stress on smoking processes after accounting for clinically important covariates. Participants included 517 Black individuals from the US who endorsed daily cigarette smoking (≥5 cigarettes per day, Mage = 45.1 years of age, 51.5% female). Results indicated that negative emotional reactivity to racial/ethnic minority stress was associated with an increased risk of severity of problems when quitting (ΔR2 = .01), perceived barriers for smoking cessation (ΔR2 = .03), and addictive (ΔR2 = .03) as well as negative mood reduction smoking motives (ΔR2 = .04); with effects evident after adjusting for frequency of racial/ethnic discrimination and other factors (e.g., drug use problems). Overall, the present findings provide novel empirical evidence that negative emotional reactivity to racial/ethnic minority stress among Black adults in the US is associated with several smoking processes implicated in the maintenance and relapse of smoking. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

We hypothesized that while both religious commitment and quest orientation directly reduce prejudice, their overall influence would largely depend on their indirect effects through two serial mediators: religious fundamentalism and religious ethnocentrism. Our study (N = 429) examined six different forms of prejudice (toward Muslims, Jews, Blacks, atheists, homosexuals, the poor). Serial mediation path analyses confirmed that (a) religious fundamentalism and religious ethnocentrism mediate the connection between religious commitment and prejudice and between quest orientation and prejudice, and (b) religious ethnocentrism mediates the connection between religious fundamentalism and prejudice. For all six forms of prejudice, religious ethnocentrism was the stronger predictor of prejudice. Consistently, religious commitment directly decreased prejudice but indirectly increased prejudice through heightened levels of religious fundamentalism, and in turn, heightened levels of religious ethnocentrism. The implications of these findings, and the importance of studying factors that moderate the direct and indirect influences of religiousness, are discussed. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

ABSTRACT Background Methods Results Conclusions The burden of atrial fibrillation (AF) hospitalizations in young patients is not well characterized. We aimed to study the burden, comorbidities, outcomes, and resource utilization of AF hospitalizations in young patients.We conducted a retrospective analysis of all primary AF hospitalizations in patients 18–45 years of age using the National Inpatient Sample data from January 1, 2008 to December 31, 2019. We collected data on various clinical and socioeconomic features including demographics and clinical outcomes.AF hospitalizations decreased over time from 18.7 per 100,000 in 2008 to 13.0 per 100,000 in 2019 (p < 0.001). AF hospitalizations were higher amongst males compared to females (24.0 vs. 7.5 per 100,000), and higher in Black patients compared to other ethnicities (20.4 for Black vs. 15.6 for White vs. 8.5 Hispanic per 100,000). The utilization of electrical cardioversion increased from 17.6% in 2008 to 21.9% in 2019 (p < 0.001), and catheter ablation decreased from 7.1% in 2008 to 4.3% in 2019 (p < 0.001). Men were more likely to undergo electrical cardioversion than women (20.1% vs. 14.8%, p < 0.001). White patients were more likely to undergo electrical cardioversion (20.8% vs. 14.3% vs. 15.5%, p < 0.001) and catheter ablation (6.1% vs. 3.3% vs. 4.2%, p < 0.001) compared to Black and Hispanic patients, respectively. Patients in the highest income residence quartile were more likely to undergo electrical cardioversion (21.9% vs. 16.4%, p < 0.001) and catheter ablation (8.0% vs. 3.7%, p < 0.001) compared to patients in the lowest income residence quartile.We found significant differences in inpatient AF management based on sex, ethnicity, and SES. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

While racial inequities in dementia risk are well-documented in the United States, research has paid less attention to role of US Southern context in shaping dementia risk through life course exposures. In this study, we examine how Southern birth and Southern residence in adulthood are linked to dementia incidence for Black and White older adults in the United States. Using the Health and Retirement Study (N = 15,613), we estimate a series of hazard models to evaluate how life course risk factors such as childhood health and social disadvantage, education, adult socioeconomic status, health behaviors, and cardiometabolic conditions impact the association between Southern life course residency and dementia risk. We find different patterns in how Southern life course context shapes dementia risk among Black and White adults, with dementia risk among Blacks especially sensitive to combinations of Southern life course context. These findings demonstrate the importance of considering potential heterogenous life course pathways to cognitive aging and health that may be shaped by larger socio-historical experiences. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The article "Re-imagining the Global South: perspectives from the South Atlantic" delves into Paul Gilroy's book "The Black Atlantic: Modernity and Double Consciousness," which explores the intricate relationships between slavery, identity, culture, and race across the Atlantic Ocean. It highlights the significance of Afro-diasporic populations in shaping modern society and calls for a broader consideration of the South Atlantic in discussions of Blackness and modernity. The text underscores the need for further research and dialogue to deepen our understanding of the interconnected histories and experiences of Africa and Latin America, challenging conventional narratives and promoting diverse perspectives. Various academic works and research projects are showcased to encourage a more inclusive and interconnected approach to studying the South Atlantic region. [Extracted from the article]

AbstractObjectiveMethodsResultsConclusionsWe use 2021 data to compare the demographic patterns of adult White and Black gun ownership with their respective race-specific rates of firearm, non-firearm and total suicide, and the percentage of suicides using firearms.Data on gun ownership came from a nationally representative sample of over 19,000 respondents to the 2021 National Firearms Survey. Both race-specific gun ownership and suicide rates were stratified by respondent demographics—sex (male, female), census region (Northeast, South, Midwest, West), urbanicity (metropolitan or non-metropolitan), and age (18-29, 30-44, 45-59, 60+).White adults reported higher rates of gun ownership than did Black adults (33% vs 24%) but a firearm was used in a similar percentage of suicides (56% vs 58%). The demographic patterns of gun ownership of White and Black adults were similar—those least likely to report owning firearms were females, those living in the Northeast, residents of metropolitan areas, and younger adults. But the suicide patterns were somewhat different—whereas suicide rates among White adults were highest among older Whites and among Whites in non-metropolitan areas, suicide rates among Black adults were highest among younger Blacks and similar in metropolitan and non-metropolitan areas.The self-reported levels and patterns of Black gun ownership cannot explain why such a high percentage of Black suicides are firearm suicides or why firearm and total suicide rates of Black adults fall so dramatically with age. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background: At the U.S. Food and Drug Administration (FDA), the mission of the Center for Devices and Radiological Health (CDRH) is to ensure that all patients and providers have timely and continued access to safe, effective, and high-quality medical devices and safe radiation-emitting products. Although the CDRH has observed enrollment differences in some clinical trials, no systematic analysis has been conducted regarding enrollment differences in baseline demographics, to our knowledge. Methods: The CDRH has summarized information on study participants and their baseline demographics in public-facing documentation for all authorized medical devices that involved orthopaedic clinical studies from 1985 to 2020. Descriptive analyses and exploratory statistical testing have been conducted to investigate the reported percentages by sex and race compared with those reported in the U.S. National Census and the American Joint Replacement Registry (AJRR), respectively. Results: We identified 94 submissions and corresponding combined clinical trials from 261 original clinical study arms with 34,193 participants. Most of the submissions reported age and sex, while only 36 submissions (38.3%) reported racial demographics. Among the 88 trials providing enrollment by sex, the female enrollment percentage ranged from 22.2% to 88.7%, with a mean of 55.0%. In the submissions that reported racial data (38.3%), White and Black patients had a mean enrollment of 89.2% (range, 64.8% to 98.7%) and 6.2% (range, 0.4% to 20.7%), respectively. The enrollment for other minority groups ranged from 0% to 3.0%. These clinical trials have shown numerically lower female representation (55.0%) but higher White representation (89.2%) than what has been reported in the AJRR. The other racial groups have participated much less than their corresponding percentages in the U.S. population, but they are similarly represented in the AJRR. Conclusions: The clinical trials supporting the FDA's authorization of orthopaedic devices had a wide range of sex and racial enrollments. It appears that female enrollment mirrors the percentage of women in the U.S. population. However, despite prior efforts, some racial groups are still underrepresented. The FDA has made a commitment to advancing health equity as part of the 2022-2025 Strategic Priorities of the CDRH. We hope that the results of this study will help health-care professionals make informed clinical decisions when using medical devices. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

ObjectiveMethodsResultsConclusionDiscrimination disrupts sleep and contributes to race-based health inequities for Black Americans, but less is known about the psychological mechanisms underlying this relation. The current work tests whether emotion invalidation, termed Social Pain Minimization (SPM), mediates discrimination’s negative effects on sleep quality. We focus on the experiences of Black Americans because of racism’s disproportionate effect on the health outcomes of Black individuals in the U.S.Four studies with cross-sectional (Studies 1a-1b) and cross-lagged panel designs (Studies 2–3; Ntotal = 1,176) were used. Discrimination and SPM were assessed with established measures and self-reported sleep quality was assessed with three different operationalizations including the short form Patient-Reported Outcomes Measurement Information System (PROMIS) Sleep-Related Impairment (SRI) subscale and composites of the Insomnia Severity Index (ISI).Cross-sectional (Studies 1a-1b) and longitudinal mediation analyses (Studies 2–3) indicated discrimination’s negative effect on sleep quality partially operated through SPM (Study 1a, 95% CI = [−.24, −.016]); Study 1b, 95% CI = [−.22, −.03]; Study 2, 95% CI = [−.268, −.007]]; Study 3, 95% CI = [−0.043, −.002]).Beyond its direct negative effect on sleep, discrimination also operates through SPM to reduce sleep quality. Emotion invalidation stemming from discrimination damages sleep. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

We investigated power imbalances in racially discordant medical interactions in the context of advanced cancer care within the United States. We applied co-cultural theory to the transcripts of 43 interviews conducted with Black and White cancer patients and their care partners. We found Black patients and care partners perceived providers as dismissing their concerns. In response, they engaged in extensive preparation, rationalization, and utilizing liaisons. White patients and care partners recognized and took advantage of their privilege and utilized liaisons. Some patients acquiesced and conferred with others in response to power enacted by oncologists. We concluded co-cultural theory is useful in explaining what occurs in racially discordant patient-provider interactions. Our findings highlight the need for provider communication and de-biasing training.Trial registration: ClinicalTrials.gov identifier: NCT03780816.. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Ovarian cancer has poor 5-year survival, particularly among non-Hispanic (NH) Black patients. Efforts to identify patients at high-risk of functional limitations and frailty may improve outcomes. In this study, we examined how healthcare access (HCA) and race/ethnicity relate to frailty among patients with ovarian cancer. We identified Hispanic, NH Black, and NH White patients diagnosed at ages ≥6 5 years with ovarian cancer between 2009 and 2015 using SEER-Medicare. Log-binomial regression was used to estimate prevalence ratios (PRs) and 95% confidence intervals (CIs) for the association between HCA and race/ethnicity with pre- or post-diagnosis frailty, adjusting for age and comorbidities. A total of 6041 patients with ovarian cancer were included, including 91.8% NH White, 6.6% NH Black, and 1.7% Hispanic. Pre-diagnosis, 14.7% of patients were defined as frail (NH White: 14.3%; NH Black: 17.9%; Hispanic: 20.8%). Post-diagnosis, frailty prevalence increased to 58.8% (NH White: 58.2%; NH Black: 65.2%; Hispanic: 70.2%). No statistically significant associations were observed between race/ethnicity and pre- or post-diagnosis frailty in fully adjusted models. After adjustment for patient characteristics and healthcare accessibility and availability, higher healthcare affordability was associated with a decreased prevalence of pre-diagnosis frailty (PR: 0.91, 95% CI: 0.8 5, 0.98). Patients with ovarian cancer have a high prevalence of frailty after diagnosis, particularly NH Black and Hispanic patients. Improving healthcare affordability may prevent or help manage frailty in Medicare patients, improve receipt of cancer treatment, and increase cancer survival. • This study examined how healthcare access and race/ethnicity are related to frailty in ovarian cancer patients. • Prior to diagnosis, about 15% of patients were defined as frail, which increased to nearly 60% in the year after diagnosis. • Higher healthcare affordability was associated with a reduced prevalence of frailty prior to diagnosis. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

To quantify the effect of neighborhood socioeconomic vulnerability as it relates to racial disparity in uterine cancer treatment and survival. Patients with a diagnosis of uterine cancer who underwent hysterectomy in New York State from 2004 to 2017 were included in this retrospective cohort study. Neighborhood socioeconomic vulnerability as quantified by the Area Deprivation Index was calculated. Primary outcome was guideline adherent treatment; secondary outcome was 5 year overall survival. A total of 34,356 patients were included in the final cohort. Residence within a vulnerable neighborhood was associated with a lower likelihood of receiving appropriate adjuvant chemotherapy (59.7% vs 75.7% with aRR = 0.81; 95% CI, 0.77–0.86) and timely surgery (63.7% vs. 74.5% with aRR = 0.85; 95% CI, 0.82–0.87). All-cause mortality was 24% higher for those who resided in vulnerable neighborhoods compared to affluent neighborhoods (aHR = 1.24; 95% CI, 1.16–1.32). The greatest Black/White racial disparity in 5 year overall survival was seen in the most affluent neighborhoods at 18.6%, with survival being 79.8% for White patients and 61.2% for Black patients (aHR 1.31; 95% CI 1.14–1.51). For patients with advanced stage disease, this disparity was driven by improved survival for White patients with increasing neighborhood affluence but no change in survival for Black patients. On adjusted analysis controlling for age, comorbidities, insurance, tumor histology, stage, and grade, the disparity remained widest in the most affluent neighborhoods in NYC (aHR = 1.59; 95%CI 1.26–1.2.01). Neighborhood socioeconomic vulnerability is associated with poor outcomes for patients with uterine cancer. The greatest Black/White survival disparities are in the wealthiest neighborhoods. Neighborhood affluence may not affect survival of Black patients with advanced stage endometrial cancer. • Neighborhood socioeconomic vulnerability is associated with poor outcomes for patients with uterine cancer. • Racial disparity in endometrial cancer survival was the widest in the wealthiest New York City neighborhoods. • Neighborhood affluence may not affect survival of Black patients with advanced stage endometrial cancer [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Objective: Electronic consultations (e-consults) provide a strategic solution to address challenges in health care systems related to cost management and access to care. This study aims to investigate the multilevel patient characteristics associated with higher frequency of receiving e-consults and increased likelihood of completion. Materials and Methods: University of Colorado's electronic medical record were analyzed to study factors influencing referral types (e-consult vs. standard) and their completion rates from April 2018 to September 2023. Multivariate probit regression assessed the impact of patient-level and community-level factors (urban–rural classification, Social Vulnerability Index, and technology accessibility) on e-consult referrals and completion. Results: In 263,882 records, 92.5% were standard referrals, and 7.4% were e-consult referrals. Analysis showed that females were less likely than males (OR = 0.95, 95%CI[0.93, 0.96]), and Blacks were more likely than Whites (OR = 1.03, 95%CI[1.01,1.06]) to receive e-consult referrals. Medicaid patients had lower odds compared to those with Medicare only (OR = 1.04, 95%CI[1.00,1.07]), and rural residency was associated with lower odds (OR = 0.80, 95%CI[0.73,0.88]) of e-consult referral. Factors such as areas with higher population without internet subscription (OR = 1.03, 95%CI[1.01,1.04]) and higher social vulnerabilities (OR = 1.26, 95%CI[1.16,1.37]) increased e-consult odds. Black patients were less likely to have their referrals completed compared to Whites. Patients who resided in regions with limited computer and smartphone access, as well as higher social vulnerabilities, showed decreased odds of referral completion. Discussions and Conclusion: This study highlights the need for partnering with a variety of health care organizations, especially those serving low-income and disadvantaged populations, to enhance health care access equity through the use of e-consults. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

We conducted a cross-sectional, multicenter study to compare the demographics, clinical characteristics, and lung cancer screening results among individuals eligible for lung cancer screening per 2013 vs 2021 US Preventive Services Task Force recommendations. Statistical tests are 2 sided, with P  less than  .05 considered statistically significant. Among 17 702 screened individuals (85.2% 2013 eligible, 14.8% 2021 newly eligible), a higher proportion of individuals screened per 2021 vs 2013 criteria were female (56.1% vs 48.1%, P  < .001) and non-Hispanic Black (19.3% vs 13.4%, P  < .001). The risk of developing and dying from lung cancer per 1000 people was statistically significantly higher among individuals eligible per 2013 vs 2021 criteria. A higher proportion of lung cancer screening exams had an increased suspicion of lung cancer in the 2013 vs 2021 criteria groups. Our data suggest that, as intended, updated 2021 US Preventive Services Task Force recommendations are leading to a higher proportion of lung cancer screening exams among non-Hispanic Black individuals and women. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background The benefits of colorectal cancer (CRC) screening programs rely on completing follow-up colonoscopy when a noncolonoscopy test is abnormal and on quality of colonoscopy screening as measured by the endoscopists' adenoma detection rate. Existing data demonstrate substantially lower follow-up colonoscopy rates and adenoma detection rate for Black Americans than White Americans. However, the contributions of racial differences in follow-up colonoscopy and adenoma detection rate on CRC outcomes have not been rigorously evaluated. Methods We used established and validated CRC-Adenoma Incidence and Mortality (CRC-AIM) model as our analysis platform, with inputs from published literature that report lower follow-up colonoscopy rates and adenoma detection rate in Black adults compared with White adults (15% and 10% lower, respectively). We simulated screening with annual fecal immunochemical test, triennial multitarget stool DNA, and colonoscopy every 10 years between ages 45 and 75 years using real-world utilization of the screening modalities vs no screening. We reported lifetime outcomes per 1000 Black adults. Results Elimination of Black-White disparities in follow-up colonoscopy rates would reduce CRC incidence and mortality by 5.2% and 9.3%, respectively, and improve life-years gained with screening by 3.4%. Elimination of Black-White disparities in endoscopists' adenoma detection rate would reduce CRC incidence and mortality by 9.4% and improve life-years gained by 3.7%. Elimination of both disparities would reduce CRC incidence and mortality by 14.6% and 18.7%, respectively, and improve life-years gained by 7.1%. Conclusions This modeling study predicts eliminating racial differences in follow-up colonoscopy rates, and quality of screening colonoscopy would substantially reduce Black-White disparities in CRC incidence and mortality. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background/Objective: Dementia is estimated to affect over 150 million individuals by 2050. Individuals with dementia commonly suffer from other comorbid conditions which can affect quality of life and result in increased health care expenditures. We conducted this study to determine the frequency of comorbid conditions between representative samples of non-Hispanic Black and White US adults aged ≥65 with dementia. Methods: This cross-sectional study was conducted on non-Hispanic Black and White adults aged 65 and older with dementia whose data were retrieved from the National Hospital Ambulatory Medical Care Survey, 2016–2021, and the National Ambulatory Medical Care Survey, 2016, 2018, and 2019. Dementia was defined based on medical record abstraction. The exposure was Black vs. White race. The outcome was a sum of 13 comorbid conditions, including obesity, hypertension, cancer, cerebrovascular disease, congestive heart failure, and coronary artery disease, assessed in older adults with dementia. Results: A total of 1354 non-Hispanic (1175 White and 179 Black) participants were studied. The mean number of comorbid conditions, as well as the prevalence of obesity, cerebrovascular disease, congestive heart failure, and coronary artery disease, was significantly (p  <  0.01) higher in the Black vs. White study participants. The Black participants were more likely to have more than two comorbid conditions relative to those who were White (odds ratio 2.5; 95% confidence interval 1.6 to 3.7). Conclusions: A higher burden of comorbid conditions was observed among non-Hispanic Blacks compared to non-Hispanic White older adults with dementia. Future studies should examine the quality of life and health care utilization implications of this finding. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Objective: There is a noticeable underrepresentation of Black, Indigenous, and People of Color (BIPOC) men in the existing empirical literature examining the sociocultural influences on body image concerns. To fill the gap, this study aimed to gain a better understanding of how sociocultural factors correlated with body dissatisfaction among BIPOC men living within the U.S. Design: Structural equation modeling was used to address this gap by examining how multiple sociocultural factors – interpersonal appearance pressure, media appearance pressure, ethnic-racial identity attitudes (including ethnic-racial salience, stereotype endorsement, and nationalistic assimilation) and ethnic self-hatred towards one's ethnic group – were linked to dissatisfaction with muscularity, body fat and height in a sample of 181 BIPOC men participants. Results: The proposed cross-sectional path model achieved satisfactory model fit and explained 31.9% in muscularity dissatisfaction, 36.2% in body fat dissatisfaction, and 26.4% in height dissatisfaction. Among direct relationships, interpersonal appearance pressure emerged most prominently associated with height dissatisfaction, whereas media appearance pressure and ethnic self-hatred were more related to muscularity and body fat dissatisfaction. Regarding the mediation effects, media appearance pressure was found to partially mediate the relationship between interpersonal appearance pressure and body dissatisfaction, as well as the relationship between ethnic self-hatred and body dissatisfaction. Furthermore, ethnic self-hatred was found to be predicted by ethnic-racial identity attitudes. Conclusion: This research profoundly expands our understanding of the ethnic and racial complexities surrounding body dissatisfaction among BIPOC men and encourages health practitioners to acknowledge the unique sociocultural and systemic dynamics (ethnic-racial identities and associated stressors) when working with BIPOC men who present with body image concerns. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Although current approaches to the study of resilience acknowledge the role of context, rarely do those conceptualizations attend to societal systems and structures that include hierarchies of power and privilege—namely systems of racism, colonialism, patriarchy, and capitalism—nor do they articulate how these structural realities are embedded within individual experiences. We offer critiques of the current literature from this structural lens, using the concept of master narratives to articulate the incomplete and, at times, damaging story that the discipline of psychology has told about resilience. We then provide three models that center history, systems, and structures of society that can be employed in the study of resilience. We close with lessons learned from listening to those voices who have been marginalized by mainstream society, lessons that require us to redefine, broaden, and deepen our conceptualization of resilience. Public Significance Statement: American narratives of growth after adversity are prominent in our larger culture as well as in the discipline of psychology. Such narratives rely on an overly narrow and simplistic focus on individuals who are responsible for their growth. This allows us to ignore larger forces, such as systemic oppression, which can create barriers to such growth. We argue for redefining such narratives of what it means to be healthy in the face of adversity by attending to people who have often been left out of the research on growth and resilience—such as those who are Black, Indigenous, lesbian, gay, bisexual, transgender, queer, and those who hold other marginalized identities. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Objectives: The impacts of stress on inflammation, although hypothesized, have not been thoroughly examined, especially in relation to social and environmental factors and particularly within Black populations. This study aims to explore the biological mechanisms of embodiment linking stress and health to understand physiological changes in the body's response to psychological stress in a Nigerian population. Through a multidisciplinary approach, this study queries the relationship between stress, cortisol, and salivary C‐reactive protein (sCRP), a biomarker of inflammation, while also validating the use of sCRP as a potential and accurate stress indicator in the field. Methods: In this cross‐sectional study, 138 passive drool saliva samples (nfemale = 89 nmale = 49) were collected and assessed for sCRP and cortisol levels in adults. Participants also completed a short demographic survey and, to measure psychological stress, the General Health Questionnaire 12 (GHQ‐12). Relationships between sCRP and stress‐related variables (i.e., cortisol, GHQ‐12, and demographic data) were assessed using Spearman's correlations, simple regression, multivariable linear regression, and exploratory factor analysis. Results: sCRP levels ranged from 20.57 to 6879.41 pg/mL across all samples, with significant differences between female and male participants. The GHQ‐12 was not a significant predictor of sCRP variability. However, socio‐demographic factors such as body mass index (BMI), age, self‐reported sex, ethnic identity, and cortisol were significant predictors, collectively explaining 24%–27% of the variation in sCRP. Conclusion: Socio‐demographic predictors like BMI, age, sex, and particularly ethnic group experience in Nigeria encapsulate aspects of embodied stress, that significantly affect sCRP variability. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

To evaluate donor gamete utilization, patient satisfaction, and fertility treatment outcomes of patients pursuing treatment with donor gametes stratified by the desired race as well as ethnicity of the gamete donor. Survey study. Clinic. Patients planning to undergo treatment using donor sperm and/or donor oocytes at a single academic fertility clinic in the Southeastern United States between 2015 and 2020. None. Utilization rates of donor gametes, satisfaction with donor gamete selection, and fertility treatment outcomes stratified by race and ethnicity of patient, as well as that of their gamete donor. Four hundred fifty patients were eligible for inclusion and 170 (38%) responded to the survey. Among the respondents, 59% desired a non-Hispanic White gamete donor and 20% desired a non-Hispanic Black gamete donor. Patients seeking a non-Hispanic Black gamete donor had lower odds of using donor gametes (Odds ratio [OR], 0.13; 95% confidence interval [CI], 0.04–0.40) compared with individuals seeking a non-Hispanic White gamete donor. When evaluating satisfaction with donor gamete selection, patients seeking a non-Hispanic Black gamete donor reported lower satisfaction compared with individuals seeking a non-Hispanic White gamete donor (OR, 0.19; 95% CI, 0.09–0.43). When evaluating fertility outcomes, Non-Hispanic Black patients and those using non-Hispaninc Black gamete donors were found to have lower odds of successful conception compared with non-Hispanic White patients (OR, 0.18; 95% CI, 0.07–0.46) and individuals seeking non-Hispanic White gamete donors (OR, 0.26; 95% CI, 0.09–0.75), respectively. Patients seeking non-Hispanic Black donor gametes have lower utilization rates, less satisfaction with gamete donor selection, and lower odds of conception when compared with those seeking non-Hispanic White gamete donors. These findings highlight the need for more racial diversity within donor gamete banks, as well as within the donor pools available through agencies and fertility clinics. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

To assess whether the provision of fertility treatment for patients with polycystic ovary syndrome (PCOS) varies by patient and physician-level demographic characteristics. Retrospective cohort study. University health system. Patients seeking care for PCOS and infertility from 2007–2021. Patient age, body mass index, race, ethnicity, estimated household income, primary insurance payor, provider sex, and provider medical specialty. Prescriptions for fertility treatment, including clomiphene citrate (CC), letrozole, and injectable gonadotropins. Differences in patient and physician demographics between patients who did as well as did not receive a prescription were identified with univariable analysis. Multilevel mixed-effects logistic regression was performed to determine associations between patient and physician demographics and prescription receipt. A total of 3,435 patients with PCOS and infertility were identified, with a mean age of 31.1 ± 5.7 years. Of the 68.8% of patients who received a prescription, 47.8% of prescriptions were CC, 38.6% were letrozole, and 13.7% were injectable gonadotropins. There were lower odds of prescription receipt for Black patients compared with White patients (adjusted odds ratio [aOR], 0.75; 95% confidence interval [CI], 0.61–0.93), those with estimated household income below the federal poverty level compared with those above the national median (aOR, 0.71; 95% CI, 0.46–0.97), and those with public compared with commercial insurance (aOR, 0.53; 95% CI, 0.40–0.71). These disparities persisted in a subanalysis of patients prescribed oral medications only with lower odds of prescription receipt for Black compared with White patients (aOR, 0.74; 95% CI, 0.57–0.95), those with estimated household income below the federal poverty level compared with above the national median (aOR, 0.93; 95% CI, 0.87–0.98), and those with public compared with commercial insurance (aOR, 0.57; 95% CI, 0.42–0.76). Black patients waited, on average, 153.3 days longer than White patients, from the initial visit to the prescription receipt. Patients had lower odds of receiving any prescription from family medicine physicians (aOR, 0.36; 95% CI, 0.24–0.52) and general internal medicine physicians (aOR, 0.55; 95% CI, 0.42–0.73) compared with reproductive endocrinologists. Racial and socioeconomic disparities exist in the provision of infertility treatments for patients with PCOS. Fewer primary care physicians engaged in first-line fertility treatment, indicating an opportunity for physician education to improve access to fertility care. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Objective: We use a survey experiment to study what explains white "not in my backyard" opposition (NIMBYism) to dense and affordable housing—racial threat, material self‐interest, or both. Methods: In a survey experiment on white U.S. respondents, we vary the presence of a racial prime about black and Latinx community organizations and the proximity of the housing development to the subject's home. We then measure levels of support for a proposed hypothetical housing development, willingness to take political action in support of or opposition to the development, and support for a number of housing‐related and redistributive policies. Results: We find that a racial threat, a material self‐interest threat, and a combined racial and material self‐interest threat decrease support for a proposed housing development. These effects are moderated by racial resentment, ideology, and partisanship such that the effects of the treatments are primarily driven by Republicans, conservatives, and the highly racially resentful. These groups are more threatened than others by either Latinx and black people moving in, the development being in their own neighborhood, or both. Conclusion: These findings indicate that racial and material perceived threats play important and interlocking roles in white Americans' resistance to multifamily housing being built. In a context where local political institutions empower an unrepresentative group of disproportionately white, economically privileged neighbors to mount opposition to dense housing, it is important to understand how white opposition to new dense housing is shaped by racial and financial concerns. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The victim devaluation thesis posits that crimes against minorities are less likely to be cleared than those against White victims. Tests of the victim devaluation thesis on violent crimes are inconclusive, and either focuses on homicides or non-lethal violent crimes. Using data from the National Incident-Based Reporting System, this study estimated the effect a victim's race has on lethal and non-lethal (rape, robbery, and aggravated assault) violent crime arrests. The results provide partial support for the victim devaluation thesis. Although non-lethal violent crimes against Blacks were less likely to be cleared than those against Whites, homicides against Blacks were more likely to be cleared than those against Whites. Further, extralegal variables and the seriousness of the crime affected arrest outcomes. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

BACKGROUND. Most GWAS of plasma proteomics have focused on White individuals of European ancestry, limiting biological insight from other ancestry-enriched protein quantitative loci (pQTL). METHODS. We conducted a discovery GWAS of approximately 3,000 plasma proteins measured by the antibody-based Olink platform in 1,054 Black adults from the Jackson Heart Study (JHS) and validated our findings in the Multi-Ethnic Study of Atherosclerosis (MESA). The genetic architecture of identified pQTLs was further explored through fine mapping and admixture association analysis. Finally, using our pQTL findings, we performed a phenome-wide association study (PheWAS) across 2 large multiethnic electronic health record (EHR) systems in All of Us and BioMe. RESULTS. We identified 1,002 pQTLs for 925 protein assays. Fine mapping and admixture analyses suggested allelic heterogeneity of the plasma proteome across diverse populations. We identified associations for variants enriched in African ancestry, many in diseases that lack precise biomarkers, including cis-pQTLs for cathepsin L (CTSL) and Siglec-9, which were linked with sarcoidosis and non-Hodgkin's lymphoma, respectively. We found concordant associations across clinical diagnoses and laboratory measurements, elucidating disease pathways, including a cis-pQTL associated with circulating CD58, WBC count, and multiple sclerosis. CONCLUSIONS. Our findings emphasize the value of leveraging diverse populations to enhance biological insights from proteomics GWAS, and we have made this resource readily available as an interactive web portal. FUNDING. NIH K08 HL161445-01A1; 5T32HL160522-03; HHSN268201600034I; HL133870. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The four generations of Hohenzollern rulers who transformed the electorate of Brandenburg into the kingdom of Prussia — a regional player into a great power — all employed Black men at their courts and in their armies. Through court performance, including processions and tournaments, as well as through artistic commissions, the Brandenburgian rulers adapted existing traditions of representing and displaying human difference and hierarchy for their own ends. As the only member of the Holy Roman Empire to join the Atlantic slave trade, Brandenburg had a particular commitment to staging its global aspirations, both during its slave-trading venture and after it failed. Brandenburg-Prussia's belated rise exhibits with particular clarity the importance to early modern statecraft not just of foreign enterprise but of its courtly representations. Through the display and representation of Black people in performance and art, the rulers of Brandenburg participated in forms of 'race-making' that altered the perception not only of sub-Saharan Africans but of the princely lineage as well. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This study examines the complex interplay of gender and other demographics on continuation rates in high school physics. Using a diverse dataset that combines demographics from the Canadian Census and eleven years of gendered enrolment data from the Ontario Ministry of Education, we track student cohorts as they transition from mandatory science to elective physics courses. We then employ hierarchical linear modelling to quantify the interaction effects between gender and other demographics, providing a detailed perspective on the on continuation in physics. Our results indicate the racial demographics of a school's neighbourhood have a limited impact on continuation once controlling for other factors such as socioeconomic status, though neighbourhoods with a higher Black population were a notable exception, consistently exhibiting significantly lower continuation rates for both male and female students. A potential role model effect related to parental education was also found as the proportion of parents with science, technology, engineering, and mathematics (STEM) degrees correlates positively with increased continuation rates, whereas an increase in non-STEM degrees corresponds with a reduced student continuation rate. The most pronounced effects are school-level factors. Continuation rates in physics are very strongly correlated with continuation in chemistry or calculus — effects that much stronger for male than female students. Conversely, continuation in biology positively correlates with the continuation of female students in physics, with little to no effect found for male students. Nevertheless, the effect sizes observed for chemistry and calculus markedly outweigh that for biology. This is further evidence that considering STEM as a homogeneous subject when examining gender disparities is misguided. These insights can guide future education policies and initiatives to increase continuation rates and foster greater gender equity and inclusivity in physics education. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Purpose: Although suicidal ideation (SI) is a serious concern in Canada, its prevalence and related factors among Black individuals are poorly documented. Using data from the Mental Health of Black Communities in Canada project (BeCoMHeal), this study aimed to assess the prevalence of SI in Black individuals aged 15–40 years old in Canada, the mediating role of traumatic life events in the association between depression and SI, and the moderating role of racial microaggressions and internalized racism. Methods: Eight hundred and sixty participants aged between 15 and 40 years (Mage =24.96, SD = 6.29) completed the online questionnaire assessing sociodemographic data, depression symptoms, traumatic life events, racial microaggressions, internalized racism, and SI. Results: Findings showed that 25.7% of the participants reported having experienced SI (26.5% women, 22.7% men, 훘2 = 1.08, p =.299). The moderated-mediation model revealed that traumatic life events fully mediated the association between depression and SI (B = 0.12, p =.004; 95% CI, [0.04, 0.20]) and that racial microaggressions (B = − 0.03, p =.042; 95% CI [-0.07, − 0.00]) and internalized racism (B = 0.06, p =.006; 95% CI [0.02, 0.10]) moderated this relationship. Conclusion: These findings underscore the importance of addressing racial microaggressions and internalized racism in therapy contexts among Black individuals to mitigate the potential negative impacts on their mental health. They also emphasize the need to develop effective, culturally sensitive, and racially adapted suicide prevention and intervention programs for Black communities in Canada. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]