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Tracked vehicles are integral for maneuvering diverse terrains, with hybrid propulsion systems offering potential benefits in terms of fuel efficiency and performance. However, research in hybrid electric tracked vehicles remains limited, thus necessitating a comprehensive analysis to maximize their advantages. This study presents a numerical analysis focusing on optimizing hybridization in speed-coupled parallel hybrid electric powertrains for tracked vehicles. A dynamic programming algorithm and custom drive cycle are utilized to determine optimal hybridization factors and assess parameter sensitivities. The study reveals that a hybridization factor of 0.48 is optimal for speed-coupled parallel configurations. Furthermore, the sensitivity analysis underscores the substantial impact of factors such as the engine displacement and bore-to-stroke ratio on the fuel economy, with a 10% change in these parameters potentially influencing the fuel economy by up to 2%, thus emphasizing the importance of thorough consideration during powertrain sizing. Parallel hybrid configurations exhibit considerable potential for tracked vehicles, thus highlighting the viability of choosing them over series configurations.

High-speed tracked vehicles have complex powertrains that, in addition to power transfer and transformation, also perform the functions of vehicle steering and braking systems, as well as power supply system for various subsystems on the vehicle. Analyzing the power balance of a tracked vehicle, especially in specific moving scenarios such as the turning process, is of great importance for understanding the power requirements and workload of the powertrain components and their optimization. A simulation model was developed, based on the construction parameters of an experimentally tested high-speed tracked vehicle to reduce the time and material resources required for experimental testing. Both the simulation and experimental tests were conducted using the same input parameters and driving conditions for different vehicle turning scenarios. Simulation and experimental test results are compared to verify the accuracy of the simulation model. The analysis of the obtained results shows that the average value of the relative rpm error is about 5%, the average value of the relative torque error is about 7%, while the average value of the relative power error is about 6.5%.

The research of influencing factors on the electricity consumption of electric buses Higer KLQ6125GEV3 in real working conditions is the result of experimental measurements conducted on the EKO 1 line in Belgrade over a long period which included typical seasonal periods (winter, summer, transitional) of electric bus operation as well as characteristic periods of work during the day (peak load, intermediate period, first/last departures). The results of this research are the basis for reviewing and ranking the influential factors on the electricity consumption of electric buses that are of great importance in planning operations of the line, analysis of energy efficiency and operating conditions.

Bus rollover is one of the most analyzed cases of accidents, having in mind the number of potential large number of injuries and fatalities. Therefore, this type of traffic accident became the object of numerous national and international standards and regulations. The aim of this paper is to investigate the possibilities of experimental verification of presented simplified model of the bus body section. For that purpose, completely new multifunctional test bench was presented. The methodology applied for the experimental part was explained. The results provided by the numerical simulation and by the experiment were presented, and appropriate analyses were performed. The key parameters needed for the experimental verification were specified. According to the result analysis, a comparative results review was presented, confirming that the experimental verification of the numerical model was fully acceptable. Also, all of the requirements prescribed by the applied methodology for the achieved results acceptance were fulfilled, providing that numerical simulation, with constant improvements, could be a powerful tool for quick and reliable bus structure analysis in design process.

High-speed tracked vehicles have a great advantage over wheeled vehicles when it comes to overcoming hard condition terrains. In order to maintain high mobility in low adhesion and high moving resistance conditions, these vehicles have robust powertrain components and complex turning mechanisms, which can withstand high torque, while producing a respectful velocity at the same time. This means that the power source, IC engine, has to produce enough power to satisfy all of these requests. Unlike with wheeled vehicles, the selection of the IC engine for a highspeed tracked vehicle is calculated according to the power requirements for the lowest turning radius achieved with the highest vehicle velocity, turning towards the hill of a maximum gradient. To analyze the efficiency of a high-speed tracked vehicle powertrain, it is necessary to understand the powertrain workloads in specific working regimes. Experimental tests are conducted on a specific high-speed tracked vehicle, in various terrain conditions, in order to obtain accurate workload data and isolate the maximum workload regimes. The vehicle is driven on soft soil and in dry conditions, varying turning and rectilinear moving scenarios, with gear and vehicle velocity changes. In order to analyse the power losses during the turning mechanism slip, a scenario where the vehicle is driven with a relatively constant engine input velocity, in specific gear, with field condition change reduced to minimum is selected, varying only the activation pressure of the auxiliary clutch. The turning process of a high-speed tracked vehicle is evidently the most complex moving scenario, influenced by a large number of variables such as vehicle mass and dimensions, construction of the powertrain and turning mechanism, vehicle velocity, engagement state of the powertrain components, adhesion conditions, moving resistance etc. Given that, special attention is given to analysing the results from power balance point of view. The obtain

Rezime: Autobus na električni pogon (E-bus) je koncept vozila koji se sve više primenjuje u sistemu transporta putnika i predstavlja glavnu alternativu autobusima sa konvencionalnim pogonom. Energetske performanse E-busa istraživane su kroz potrošnju i rekuperaciju (regeneraciju) električne energije u realnim uslovima rada i analiziran je uticaj faktora (opterećenje, saobraćajni uslovi, rad sistema za grejanje i hlađenje, stil vožnje, itd) na vrednosti potrošene električne energije E-busa na linijama javnog gradskog transporta u Beogradu. Najmanja potrošnja električne energije E-busa je tokom prolećno-jesenjeg perioda rada, kada se ne koristi sistem za hlađenje ili grejanje vozila, pri spoljnim temperaturama između 17 i 18 sa malom i srednjom popunjenošću vozila putnicima u uslovima saobraćaja bez poremećaja na trasi. Na osnovu dobijenih rezultata istraživanja energetska efikasnost E-busa je veća 3,54 puta u odnosu na autobus sa pogonom na dizel gorivo i 4,94 puta u odnosu na autobus koji za pogon koristi komprimovani prirodni gas (KPG) u uslovima rada na liniji EKO 1 u Beogradu tokom prolećno-jesenjeg perioda rada. Ekološke performanse E-busa istraživane su kroz efekte smanjenja emisije štetnih izduvnih gasova koji nastaju povlačenjem iz upotrebe autobusa sa pogonom na dizel gorivo ili pogonom na KPG i uvođenjem E-busa umesto njih. Posmatrano na lokalnom nivou E-bus ima nultu emisiju zagađenja. U okviru ekoloških podobnosti upotrebe E-busa istraživana je emisija ugljen-dioksida (CO2) koja nastaje indirektno prilikom proizvodnje električne energije i vršeno je poređenje sa emisijama CO2 koje nastaju sagorevanjem dizel goriva i KPG kod autobusa sa konvencionalnim pogonom. Rezultati istraživanja na liniji EKO 1 dokazali su da autobusi na električni pogon posmatrano na godišnjem nivou imaju za 12,1% manju emisiju CO2 u odnosu na autobuse koji koriste dizel gorivo i za 16,4% manju emisiju CO2 u odnosu na autobuse koji koriste KPG. Istraživane su i karakteristike emitova, The electric bus (E-bus) is a vehicle concept that is increasingly being implemented in the public transport system and it represents a major alternative to conventionally powered buses. Energy performance of the E-buses was researched through consumption and recuperation (recovery) of electric energy in real working conditions and the influence of various factors (load, traffic conditions, operation of heating and air conditioning systems, driving style, etc.) on the values of consumed electricity of the Ebuses on urban public transport lines in Belgrade. The lowest electricity consumption of the E-bus is during the spring-autumn period of operation, when the vehicle air conditioning or heating system is not used, while the outdoor temperatures range between 17 and 18 , with low to medium passenger occupancy, and traffic conditions with no disturbances on the route. Based on the obtained research results, the energy efficiency of the E-bus is 3.54 times higher than the diesel-powered, and 4.94 times higher than the Compressed Natural Gas-powered bus (CNG-powered bus) in the conditions of work on the line EKO 1 in Belgrade, during the spring-autumn period. The environmental performance of E-buses was researched through the effects of reducing the emission of harmful exhaust gases caused by eliminating from the use of diesel-powered or CNG-powered buses and introducing E-buses. Observed locally, the Ebus has zero pollution emission. Within the ecological suitability of the use of E-buses, the emission of carbon dioxide (CO2) that occurs indirectly during electricity production was researched and a comparison was made with the emissions of CO2 caused by the combustion of diesel-fuel and CNG in buses with conventional propulsion. The results of the research on the EKO 1 line proved that electric buses, observed on an annual basis, have 12.1% lower CO2 emission, compared to buses that use diesel fuel, and 16.4% lower CO2 emission, compared to buses that use CN

Sva nedavna tehnološka dostignuća na polju raspodele snage između pogonskih agregata u hibridnim guseničnim vozilima su uglavnom teško primenjiva i teška za izračunavanje što ih čini nepraktičnim za primenu u stvarnom vremenu. U ovom radu predložena je nova strategija upravljanja paralelnim hibridnim električnim guseničnim vozilima zasnovana na robusnoj i jednostavnoj termostatskoj strategiji sa dodatkom nekih karakteristika power-follower strategije (PFCS). Cilj strategije upravljanja je smanjenje potrošnje goriva. Kao referentno vozilo izabrano je borbeno vozilo pešadije BVP M80-A domaće proizvodnje. U svrhu validacije, u Simulink okruženju je kreiran (backward-looking) model realnog vozila. Analiza rezultata pokazuje da predložena strategija upravljanja omogućava uštedu goriva od 12,8%, a istovremeno efikasno održava stanje napunjenosti baterije (SOC). Još bolji rezultati (23,2%) postignuti su primenom predložene strategije na modelu sa dodatim generatorom za dopunu baterije. Zaključeno je da se dodatna poboljšanja mogu postići kombinovanom optimizacijom konstrukcionih parametara vozila i parametara modela upravljanja., All recent technological developments in the field of power distribution in hybrid electric tracked vehicles are often hard to apply and carry high computational burden which makes them impractical for real-time applications. In this paper, a novel control strategy is proposed for parallel hybrid electric tracked vehicle based on robust and easy to implement thermostat strategy with added merits of power follower control strategy (PFCS). The goal of the control strategy is enhanced fuel economy. Serbian infantry fighting vehicle BVP M80-A is chosen as the reference vehicle. For the purpose of validation, a backward-looking, high fidelity model is created in Simulink environment. Investigation of the results indicates that the proposed control strategy offers 12.8% better fuel economy while effectively maintaining battery state of charge (SOC). Even better results (23.2%) were achieved applying the proposed strategy to a model with an additional generator. It is concluded that further improvements can be made with combined sizing and control optimization.

Kompozitni materijali se primenjuju u mnogim granama industrije, uključujući i automobilsku. Vozila treba da budu laka, imaju nizak nivo izduvne emisije i potrošnje energije u cilju zaštite životne sredine, dok posedovanjem velike čvrstoće i jačine unapređuje bezbednost putnika. Ove zahteve moguće je ispuniti korišćenjem kompozitnih materijala. Premda se kompoziti koriste u industriji decenijama, u automobilskoj je njihova upotreba prilično nova, što zahteva razvoj drugačijeg procesa projektovanja i proizvodnje, ispitivanja i reciklaže. Ovaj rad navodi detalje po kojima se primena kompozita u auto industriji razlikuje od primene u drugim granama industrije. Deo koji se odnosi na reciklažu opisuje osnovne metode reciklaže, povezane zakone i primenu produkata reciklaže. Takođe, radom se ističe specifična primena kompozita koja pokazuje visok nivo inovativnosti - hibridni i prirodni kompoziti, strukturne baterije i vozila visokih performansi., Composite materials have found extensive use among many industries including automotive. Vehicles are supposed to be lightweight, have low emission and energy consumption to provide some environmental protection while having appropriate stiffness and strength to assure occupant protection. These requirements can be met with the use of composite materials. Although composites have been present in the industry for decades, their use in the automotive sector is moderately new, which requires development in design and manufacturing processes, testing, and recycling - this paper indicates the details by which the automotive industry differs from others. Principal recycling methods, related legislation, and where recycling products are used are described. Specific uses of composite materials that show a high level of innovativeness are indicated - hybrid and natural composites, structural batteries, and high-performance vehicles.

Smanjenje emisije štetnih gasova jedan je od glavnih motiva za sve veću zastupljenost električnih autobusa u javnom gradskom prevozu širom sveta. Usled toga, sve veći značaj se pridaje smanjenju potrošnje energije kod elektroautobusa. Jedan od najefikasnijih načina za smanjenje potrošnje energije, odnosno povećanje autonomije kretanja, je odgovarajuća edukacija vozača. Sagledavanjem trenutno dostupnih istraživanja, može se uvideti da se većina istraživanja bavi procenom potrošnje energije elektrovozila na osnovu matematičkih modela i simulacija, dok je veliki deo ispitivanja sproveden u laboratorijskim uslovima, na dinamometrijskim valjcima. Ovim radom je prikazan postupak akvizicije i analize radnih parametara elektroautobusa koji kao izvor energije koristi superkondenzator. Postupak je korišćen pri ispitivanju elektroautobusa, kako u realnim uslovima eksploatacije, tako i na poligonskim ispitivanjima, gde je sprovedeno više različitih voznih ciklusa. Akvizicija podataka je izvršena pomoću postojećih priključaka na CAN magistralu vozila (gde je moguće pratiti različite radne parametre elektroautobusa), merenjem određenih analognih signala i korišćenjem nekoliko davača. Analizom prikupljenih podataka je moguće utvrditi uticaj različitih stilova vožnje na ekonomoičnost elektroautobusa i, na osnovu toga, definisati preporučeni stil vožnje. Takođe, prikupljeni podaci omogućuju utvrđivanje utrošene/rekuperisane energije za različite režime vožnje., Reducing the air pollution is one of the main reasons for increased usage of electric buses in city public transport around the world. As a result, reducing the energy consumption of electric buses is becoming increasingly important. One of the most effective ways to reduce energy consumption, and therefore increase vehicle autonomy, is proper driver education. Based on the conducted analysis, it can be seen that the most of researches deal with the estimation of the energy consumption in electric vehicles with the help of mathematical models and simulations, while, on the other side, majority of testing was conducted in laboratory conditions, on chassis dynamometers. This paper presents the method for acquisition and analysis of operating parameters of the electric bus that uses a supercapacitor as an energy source. This method was used during the testing of electric bus in real operating conditions, and on a test track where different driving cycles were performed. Data acquisition was conducted by using the existing CAN bus data and some additional sensors. By analysing the collected data, it is possible to determine the impact of different driving styles on the efficiency of the electric bus and, based on that, to define the recommended driving style. Also, the collected data can be used for determination of the energy consumed/recuperated during different driving regimes.

The current state of vehicle technology development has been characterized by the production of a very wide range of different types and categories of vehicles. Modern vehicles are characterized by a great complexity of fitted parts and mechanisms. These facts inevitably lead to the intensive development of legislation that cover the entire field of the automotive industry, as well as its harmonization at the international level. From the very beginning of harmonization, Yugoslavia has played a very active role in the development and implementation of the Regulations adopted within the United Nations, the Economic Commission for Europe. As the legal successor, Serbia continued on that path, but due to the situation in the previous 30 years, the activities within the harmonization of regulations have been significantly slowed down, primarily with the European legislation. The paper presents the current state of harmonization of regulations in Serbia with European legislation, as well as certain inconsistencies that occurred during the application of national regulations and performed comparative analysis. Also, an overview of the plan for harmonization of legislation has been given, and some examples of non-compliance are pointed out, which should be overcome with the proposed harmonization plan.

Due to the predicted increase of electric vehicle worldwide market share, it is very important to analyse the energy consumption and the factors affecting it. The results of the research can contribute to a better understanding of the energy resources needed and vehicle autonomy, and also to the education of drivers and potential users. This paper deals with the analysis of various factors that influence the energy consumption in electric vehicles and the examination of mathematical model, developed to predict the autonomy of such vehicles. In addition to environmental, road and vehicle design factors, the influence of the driver on the energy consumption is also considered. Based on the conducted analysis, appropriate conclusions are drawn and a proposal for future research is given., Zbog predviđenog porasta broja elektrovozila na svetskom tržištu, od velikog je značaja analizirati potrošnju energije i faktore koji na nju utiču. Rezultati istraživanja mogu doprineti sagledavanju potrebnih energetskih resursa i realne autonomije kretanja vozila, kao i edukaciji vozača i potencijalnih korisnika. Ovaj rad se bavi analizom različitih faktora koji utiču na potrošnju energije kod elektrovozila i sagledavanjem matematičkog modela, razvijenog u cilju predviđanja autonomije kretanja. Pored uticaja okoline, uslova puta i konstrukcionih karakteristika vozila, razmatran je i uticaj vozača na potrošnju energije. Na osnovu sprovedene analize izvedeni su odgovarajući zaključci i dat je predlog za buduća istraživanja.

The goal of this paper is to analyse the collected data on energy efficiency of electric vehicles from researches done by other authors and also to summarise all the factors affecting it. The majority of data available are obtained through simula-tions – therefore the emphasis in this paper will be placed on experimentally acquired data. The results of the analysis will be used for the planned e-bus eco-driving project for the purpose of Belgrade’s public transportation system. Currently there are only 5 (ultracapacitor type) e-buses operating in Belgrade city public transport, which makes only 0.2 % of all vehicles in rolling stock (making 16 % together with other electric-powered vehicles – trams and trolleybuses), but there are plans to acquire new 80 electric buses. With the rise of the number of electric vehicles, appropriate training of drivers is gaining more and more importance, and the results of the presented analysis make the basis for such training. This will hopefully increase the range of the buses used and help save the energy spent by public transportation, thus giving a little contribution to global fight for cleaner planet.

Limited reserves of oil and the increasing environmental effect of its usage as a motor fuel represent global issue related to the constantly increasing number of motor vehicles. Therefore, the reduction of the fossil fuel consumed and the emission produced in internal combustion engines is the primary goal of the development of motor vehicle propulsion systems. In that sense, the present and the future of motor vehicles relies on hybrid drive systems, electric drive systems and drive systems which use hydrogen as a fuel (either by its combustion or by production of electric energy with the help of fuel cells). In this paper, the authors have presented the aforementioned motor vehicle propulsion systems by explaining their function and design, their basic elements and their functions. Authors have also analysed advantages and disadvantages of the mentioned propulsion systems in comparison to conventional internal combustion engine based systems, both technically and environmentally speaking, but also in relation to available infrastructure and energy resources.

Modern technology has made electric vehicles more accessible, which is important for the preservation of the environment. Although eco-friendly, from the standpoint of pedestrian safety, they may be baleful. The low levels of noise emitted by electric vehicles at speeds lower than 20 km/h are not sufficient for the pedestrian to become aware of the approaching vehicle based on sound. The topic of this paper is the research of sounds used to warn pedestrians of an incoming electric vehicle, while the goal is to single out the most suitable applicable sound based on an unique self-developed multiparameter methodology (which has been experimentally proved). The paper contains the results of the experiments, both of selecting the most suitable applicable sound and driving-range testing.

This paper analyzes the influence of damping ratio on the behaviour of the suspension system. Different tests have been carried out to simulate different types of vehicle movement. Simulations were performed in CarSim 8 software for the vehicle with chosen characteristics. Appropriate conclusions are drawn on the basis of conducted simulations, i.e. the differences in the behavior of the suspension system and the vehicle depending on the selected damping ratio are shown. Selected damping ratios correspond to two chosen damping levels of the damper: a higher and lower value of damping ratio. Symmetrical damper characteristic is used, as in the most theoretical analyzes.

Damper asymmetry is a phenomenon for which there is no confirmed explanation in the literature, although it is present in almost all variants of telescopic dampers. This paper analyzes the influence of various characteristics of dampers, both symmetrical and asymmetrical, on the behavior of the suspension system and the whole vehicle. Different tests have been carried out, and they simulate the different types of vehicle movement that are present in exploitation. The simulation was performed in CarSim 8 software package for the vehicle with chosen characteristics. Appropriate conclusions were drawn on the basis of the conducted research, i.e. the differences in the behavior of the suspension system and the vehicle depending on the selected characteristics of the damper are shown.

The manner of gear shifting is one of the main factors affecting the fuel efficiency of motor vehicles. Potential savings resulted from optimized gear shifting led to introduction of gear shift indicators in passenger vehicles as an obligation from year 2012. The effects of gear shift indicators usage are still not studied enough. That was the motive for the authors to conduct the experiments to justiji their usage, both from the economic and ecological standpoint. The presented results come from the tests conducted on FIAT 500L vehicle to determine the fuel consumption using the new European driving cycle, but for three different gear shift patterns:- (1) as defined in UNECE Regulation No, 83,(2) as indicated by vehicle's gear shift indicator, and (3) based on the average vehicle speed values collected from gear shift indicators of 35 passenger vehicles of different makes, types, and characteristics. Maximum difference in fuel consumption recorded in tests done using three different gear shift patterns is 18.7%.

Analizirani su rezultati dobijeni ispitivanjima prema Pravilniku (EU) 65/2012, koji se odnosi na indikatore promene stepena prenosa, na 59 različitih vozila. Osnovni parametri analize su vrednosti brzine vozila pri kojima indikator preporučuje promenu stepena prenosa i njihova odstupanja od standardnih brzina u kojima se menjaju prenosni odnosi u toku ispitivanja izduvne emisije prema Testu I UNECE pravilnika broj 83, pri čemu je zaključeno da standardne brzine treba revidirati. Analizirane su i relativne uštede goriva za slučajeve promene stepena prenosa prema indikatoru i prema standardnim brzinama (prosečna 5,2%, maksimalna 19,9%). Takođe, pokazano je da sledeći preporuke indikatora, automatski menjači u manuelnom modu pružaju mogućnost veće uštede nego manuelni menjači. Zaključeno je da se statistička analiza o tome u kojoj meri vozači poštuju preporuke indikatora može iskoristiti za unapređenje trenutno važećih ispitivanja samih indikatora, potrošnje goriva i izduvne emisije., The results of tests according to Regulation (EU) No 65/2012 regarding gear shift indicators on 59 different vehicles are analyzed. Primary parameters were the vehicle speeds at which the gear shift is indicated through gear shift indicator (GSI), and based on their deviation from standard gear shift points defined for type I emission tests in UNECE Regulation No 83, it is concluded that standard gear shift points need to be revised. Relative fuel savings when shifting according to GSI instructions compared to standard gear shift points were analyzed (average 5.2%, maximum 19.9%). It is also shown that automaatic transmission gave bigger fuel saving when manual mode is used according to GSI, compared to manual transmission, also used with GSI. It is concluded that statistical analysis on how drivers follow GSI instructions may be used to improve current test procedures for GSI efficiency, fuel consumption measurement and emission tests.

This paper presents the technology of constructing and linearization of binary program utilized for program generation, analysis and transformation into a self-modifying code. An example model of the self-modifying software system and its experimental application in vehicle control have been presented in this paper. The module responsible for vehicle control comprising two subsystems has been created within the simulation software. The first subsystem has emerged through the classical software process developed by a human-programmer. The second subsystem has been created as a result of a separate piece of software substituting the part of a programmer in a software process part. The result of this approach is software creation in conjunction with natural and Artificial Intel- ligence in addition to experimental integration into the vehicle control system.

Whole-body vibration has negative effects on passengers' comfort, health and safety. The objective of this study is to reduce these negative effects by optimising the control of an active suspension system according to the simulated behaviour of suspension system and collected data on the effects of vibration on passengers' body. Quarter-car model is created to simulate the behaviour of the suspension system in MATLAB. The parameters of suspension system components, both passive and active, are varied together with road profile parameters to obtain the set of correlations between these parameters and vehicle response. This data set is later used to train a backpropagation neural network which will serve as a controller for the active suspension system. Active suspension system controller created this way will operate based on the criteria of lowering the negative effects of whole-body vibration. Desirable vibration parameters are defined according to the collected data from the literature. The ability of the trained neural network to control the suspension system in a desired way is tested by simulating the quarter-car model behaviour in a series of predefined driving cycles. These cycles are created in such way to take into account a different road profiles (including the type and quality of road surface and road gradient) and different traffic conditions (urban and extra urban). When given the desired range of whole-body vibration frequencies, neural network model created for the purpose of this paper is efficient in more than 92% of operating time for all predefined driving cycles. When changing the desired range of vibration frequencies during driving, time needed for suspension system to adapt never exceeds 0.43 seconds. The effectiveness of the presented method is limited by the operating range of suspension system active components. Another limitation is the use of quarter-car model – further investigation will incorporate the tests on physical model, and lat

Disertacija je nastala sa ciljem praktičnog rešavanja problema optimizacije intervala periodičnog održavanja, koji se pojavljuje u oblasti održavanja motornih voyila i tehničkih sistema uopšte..., The investigation of this disertation was accomplished with a goal of solving practical problems arising in the field of vehicle maitenance, related to optimization of preventive maitenance intervals...

Many studies have proved that elements of driver’s behavior related to gear selection have considerable influence on the fuel consumption. Optimal gear shifting is a complex task, especially for inexperienced drivers. This paper presents an implemented idea for gear shifting optimization with the aim of fuel consumption minimization with more efficient engine working regimes. Optimized gear shifting enables the best possible relation between vehicle motion regimes and engine working regimes. New theoretical-experimental approach has been developed using on-board diagnostic technology which so far has not been used for this purpose. The matrix of driving modes according to which tests were performed is obtained and special data acquisition system and analysis process have been developed. Functional relations between experimental test modes and adequate engine working parameters have been obtained and all necessary operations have been conducted to enable their use as inputs for the designed algorithm. The created model has been tested in real exploitation conditions on passenger car with Otto fuel injection engine and on-board diagnostic connection without any changes on it. The conducted tests have shown that the presented model has significantly positive effects on fuel consumption which is an important ecological aspect. Further development and testing of the model allows implementation in wide range of motor vehicles with various types of internal combustion engines.

This paper presents an implemented idea for gear shifting optimization with the aim of fuel consumption minimization. A new combined theoretical and experimental approach has been developed using the On-Board Diagnostic (OBD) technology which so far has not been used for this purpose. A matrix of driving modes according to which tests were performed is obtained and a special data acquisition system and analysis process have been developed. Functional relations between experimental test modes and adequate OBD parameters have been obtained and all necessary operations have been conducted to enable their use as inputs for the designed algorithm. The created model has been tested in real exploitation conditions on a passenger car.

The implementation of various electronic subsystems in passenger cars and different kinds of on-road and off-road vehicles is constantly expanding. Accordingly the new vehicles, instead of being mechanical systems, become advanced mechatronic systems whose development and testing call for a new approach. Possibility of using data available on vehicles network seems to be extremely powerful tool on it. The paper deals with a new approach for service load data measurement and acquisition as a helpful tool in development and testing of vehicles. Based on complexity of the system and different communication protocols on the vehicles' networks it was found as extremely practical solution to make approach which will be based on standards which are widely accepted by the industry. The new approach is based on hardware and software platform oriented to the main vehicle controllers with the task to acquire data which exist on the network and which are relevant to the transmission service load. The said hardware as well as software utilities have to enable computer based monitoring of the vehicle systems behaviour and in that way to be the tool for new vehicles development. The new system was tested in real service. It was found that the system can enable significantly less time of vehicle instrumentation before testing and accurate data acquisition.

The implementation of various electronic subsystems in different kinds of on-road and off-road vehicles is constantly expanding. Accordingly, the new vehicles, instead of being mechanical systems, become advanced mechatronics systems whose development and testing call for a new approach. The possibility of using data available on vehicle network presents itself as an extremely powerful tool. This paper deals with a new approach for service load data measurement and acquisition as a helpful tool in developing and testing of different mechatronics vehicles' systems. The new approach is based on hardware and software platform oriented to main vehicle controllers with the task to acquire relevant transmission service load data. The said hardware as well as software utilities have to enable computer based monitoring of the vehicle systems behaviour and in that way to be the tool for new vehicles' development. The new system was tested in real service. The system significantly lessened time of vehicle instrumentation before testing and enabled accurate data acquisition.

Ovaj rad se bavi tehničkim propisima u oblasti homologacije vozila, kao i uslovima za uvoz putničkih vozila. Područje koje je analizirano obuhvata region jugoistočne Evrope, odnosno sve republike nekadašnje Jugoslavije, i dodatno, teritoriju Albanije. Rad je baziran na dva ključna, paralelna sistema koji definišu uslove i kriterijume za uvoz vozila na teritorijama pomenutih država, i to na: propisima Ekonomske komisije za Evropu Ujedinjenih nacija (UNECE), i propisima Evropske unije (EU). Obe grupe ovih propisa, koji su u značajnoj meri kompatibilni, su detaljno analizirane, sa posebnim akcentom na njihovu primenu u regionu jugoistočne Evrope, i to kroz analizu propisa svih država i teritorija pojedinačno. Nadalje, rad se bavi i kratkoročnim predviđanjima, do kraja 2012. godine, u pogledu izmene tehničkih propisa i uslova za uvoz vozila. Zaključna razmatranja uključuju i dugoročna predviđanja u pogledu pomenutih propisa na predmetnoj teritoriji., This paper deals with technical regulations in the area of vehicle type approval, and conditions for importing passenger vehicles. The territory analyzed comprises the region of Southeast Europe, that is, all former Yugoslav republics, with the addition of Albania. The paper is based on two key, parallel systems which define the conditions and criteria for importing vehicles on the territory of the above-mentioned countries, namely on the regulations of the United Nations Economic Commission for Europe (UNECE), and the European Union regulations (EU). Both groups of regulations, which are rather compatible, have been thoroughly analyzed with a special emphasis on their application on the territory of Southeast Europe, through the analysis of regulations of all countries and territories individually. Furthermore, the paper deals with short-term predictions by the end of 2012 focused on changes within technical regulations and conditions for importing vehicles. Final considerations include long-term predictions regarding the mentioned regulations on the above-mentioned territory.