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A structural equation modeling method was used for testing the theory-based model of different ways in which the exposure to truth counterindustry media campaign affected the beliefs, attitudes and smoking behavior in teens. Results suggest that the exposure to counterindustry campaigns could be responsible for the negative beliefs about the tobacco industry practices, which in turn results in the development of negative attitudes towards the industry.

Objective. To describe translation and cultural adaptation procedures, and examine the degree of equivalence between the Spanish and English versions of the Agency for Healthcare Research and Quality's (AHRQ) Consumer Assessments of Healthcare Providers and Systems (CAHPS®) Hospital Survey (H-CAHPS®) of patient experiences with care. Data Sources. Cognitive interviews on survey comprehension with 12 Spanish-speaking and 31 English-speaking subjects. Psychometric analyses of 586 responses to the Spanish version and 19,134 responses to the English version of the H-CAHPS survey tested in Arizona, Maryland, and New York in 2003. Study Design. A forward/backward translation procedure followed by committee review and cognitive testing was used to ensure a translation that was both culturally and linguistically appropriate. Responses to the two language versions were compared to evaluate equivalence and assess the reliability and validity of both versions. Data Collection/Extraction Methods. Comparative analyses were carried out on the 32 items of the shortened survey version, focusing on 16 items that comprise seven composites representing different aspects of hospital care quality (communication with nurses, communication with doctors, communication about medicines, nursing services, discharge information, pain control, and physical environment); three items that rate the quality of the nursing staff, physician staff, and the hospital overall; one item on intention to recommend the hospital. The other 12 items used in the analyses addressed mainly respondent characteristics. Analyses included item descriptives, correlations, internal consistency reliability of composites, factor analysis, and regression analysis to examine construct validity. Principal Findings. Responses to both language versions exhibit similar patterns with respect to item–scale correlations, factor structure, content validity, and the association between each of the seven qualities of care composites with both the hospital rating and intention to recommend the hospital. Internal consistency reliability was slightly, yet significantly lower for the Spanish-language respondents for five of the seven composites, but overall the composites were generally equivalent across language versions. Conclusions. The results provide preliminary evidence of the equivalence between the Spanish and English versions of H-CAHPS. The translated Spanish version can be used to assess hospital quality of care for Spanish speakers, and compare results across these two language groups. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The American Legacy Foundation developed the truth ® campaign, an aspirational antismoking brand for adolescents. This study tested whether a multidimensional scale, brand equity in truth ® , mediates the relationship between campaign exposure and youth smoking. We collected brand equity responses from 2,306 youth on a nationally representative telephone survey. Factor analysis indicates that the scale has excellent psychometric properties and effectively measures brand equity. We developed a structural equation model to test the mediation hypothesis. Results show that brand equity mediates the relationship between truth ® and smoking. Analyses of potential confounders show this relationship is robust. Behavioral branding (brands about a behavior or a lifestyle) is an important public health strategy. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The third Legacy Media Tracking Survey (LMTS III) was administered to a nationally representative sample of young people aged 12 to 24. The LMTS III contained a set of items designed to measure brand equity in the truth sm anti-smoking media campaign. This scale is a variant of Aaker's (1996) Brand Equity Ten. Confirmatory factor analysis was utilized to test the items and confirm a higher order brand equity factor structure on a sub-sample (n = 2306) of the target audience aged 12 to 17. Several measures of factor quality were calculated. The results indicate that the truth sm brand equity scale items do represent a well-defined, reliable higher order construct. This construct will be useful for other analyses involving LMTS survey data and other social marketing brand data. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]