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OBJECTIVE: The purpose of this study was to examine the use of a nurse-driven plan to describe factors associated with delays in the 1st case on time start within the operating room. METHODS:Aposttest-only quasi-experiment was conducted to examine the effect of designating specific time periods for steps in the preoperative process on 1st case operating delays. Rationale for delays was also examined. Using an audit form, data on target time, time met, delay inminutes, and reasons for delay were collected by an observer. RESULTS: Thirty-one percent (n = 31) of patient/participants (N = 99) were late to the operating room. Controllable factors, such as caregivers being late, and uncontrollable factors, such as patients' needing to use the restroom just prior to surgery, were identified. CONCLUSIONS: Results of this study support the identification and examination of steps in the preoperative process to prevent delays by adjusting activities as needed. Identifying controllable and uncontrollable factors can help in preparing to prevent delays. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

To assess the total medical costs and productivity losses associated with the 1993 waterborne outbreak of cryptosporidiosis in Milwaukee, Wisconsin, including the average cost per person with mild, moderate, and [...]

Objectives. This study examined whether differences in heat alone, as opposed to public health interventions or other factors, accounted for the reduction in heat-related deaths and paramedic emergency medical service (EMS) runs between 1995 and 1999 during 2 heat waves occurring in Milwaukee, Wis. Methods. Two previously described prediction models were adapted to compare expected and observed heat-related morbidity and mortality in 1999 based on the city's 1995 experience. Results. Both models showed that heat-related deaths and EMS runs in 1999 were at least 49% lower than levels predicted by the 1995 relation between heat and heat-related deaths or EMS runs. Conclusions. Reductions in heat-related morbidity and mortality in 1999 were not attributable to differences in heat levels alone. Changes in public health preparedness and response may also have contributed to these reductions.

Objectives. This study estimated the magnitude of cryptosporidiosis-associated mortality in the Milwaukee vicinity for 2 years following a massive waterborne outbreak. Methods. Death certificates were reviewed. Results. During approximately 2 years before the outbreak, cryptosporidiosis was listed as an underlying or contributing cause of death on the death certificates of four Milwaukee-vicinity residents. In the approximately 2 years after the outbreak, this number was 54, of whom 85% had acquired immunodeficiency syndrome (AIDS) listed as the underlying cause of death. In the first 6 months after the outbreak, the number of death certificates indicating AIDS, but not cryptosporidiosis, as a cause of death was 19 (95% confidence interval = 12,26) higher than preoutbreak trends would have predicted. Conclusions. Waterborne outbreaks of cryptosporidium infection can result in significant mortality, particularly among immunocompromised populations. Any discussion of policies to ensure safe drinking water must consider the potential fatal consequences of waterborne cryptosporidiosis among immunocompromised populations. (Am J Public Health. 1997,87:2032-2035)

The outbreak of cryptosporidium infection that occurred in Milwaukee, WI, in 1993 was most likely the result of cryptosporidium occysts in the water coming from one of the city's two water-treatment plants. Cryptosporidium is a protozoan that causes a gastrointestinal illness associated with diarrhea, fever, nausea and vomiting. As many as 400,000 people were infected during the Milwaukee outbreak. Tests were conducted on water from the city's two treatment plants and on the feces of people infected. The turbidity of the water at one of the water treatment plants was unusually high during the outbreak, and analysis of water that left the plant during the outbreak revealed a 100-fold increase in cryptosporidium. A survey of Milwaukee residents showed that only people drinking water that was treated at this plant were infected.

Australia today is a culturally diverse nation with people from over 190 different countries claiming 300 different ancestries. But despite an official commitment to diversity, contemporary Australian society continues to experience tensions between multicultural policies and a legacy of Anglo privilege and cultural dominance. To assess this, the Challenging Racism Project conducted a national survey, commissioned by the Special Broadcasting Service, to gauge the nature and extent of racist attitudes and experience of racism across Australia during July–August 2015 and November 2015. Results show that sociodemographic characteristics show little contemporary relationship to racist attitudes. Age, once associated with "old" racist attitudes, is no longer significant. On the other hand, Anglo privilege is empirically linked to racism through notions of social dominance. We conclude that it is to the media, and to public discourse generally, to which future research attention, using critical discourse analysis, should turn in efforts to make Australia a fairer, more tolerant, multicultural society. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Contamination of the public water supply in Milwaukee during March and April 1993 resulted in a massive outbreak of cryptosporidium infection. We investigated the clinical and epidemiological features of visitors to the Milwaukee area in whom cryptosporidiosis developed, and we conducted a telephone survey of Milwaukee County households to evaluate the risk of recurrent illness and secondary transmission. Cryptosporidium infection during this outbreak generally seemed more severe than cases described in previous reports of large case series. The risk of secondary transmission within a household was low (5%) when the index case involved an adult. The recurrence of watery diarrhea after apparent recovery was a frequent occurrence among visitors with laboratory-confirmed cryptosporidium infection (39%) and among visitors and Milwaukee County residents with clinical infection (21%). The interval between the initial recovery and the onset of recurrence was prolonged (⩾5 days) in 6%–8% of persons. This pattern of recurrence and its impact on transmission and our understanding of the pathophysiological mechanisms of cryptosporidium infection merit further investigation. [ABSTRACT FROM PUBLISHER]

Introduction: Although teen birth rates have declined significantly since 1991, teen pregnancy remains a significant public health problem in Milwaukee, Wis. Using historical teen birth data trends, this study sets a birth rate reduction goal by the year 2015 for Milwaukee teenagers between the ages of 15 and 17., Methods: Birth counts and birth rates for teenagers between the ages of 15 and 17 were obtained from the Wisconsin Interactive Statistics on Health (WISH). Trend analyses were performed on teen birth rate data gathered between 1991 and 2006 in an effort to forecast and set a birth rate goal for the year 2015., Results/discussion: Trend analyses yielded a predicted birth rate projection of 35.9 (Adjusted R2 = .95, P < .001) births per 1000 females. Using the exponential function estimate as well as national and state goals, Milwaukee community leaders set a feasible goal of 30 births per 1000 teens aged 15-17 years for the year 2015, which represents a 46% reduction of the 2006 rate of 55/1000.

Background: The Milwaukee Health Department and the Wisconsin Southeast Regional Center for Children with Special Health Care Needs (CSHCN) were interested in understanding the level of need and prevalence of CSHCN in the city of Milwaukee. It was determined that a survey of the Milwaukee area was needed to obtain a prevalence estimate., Methods: A survey to identify children with special health care needs in the Milwaukee metropolitan statistical area (MSA) was conducted using the CSHCN Screener. The survey was administered as part of the Greater Milwaukee Survey in October and November of 2004. Results from this survey were compared to state and national data from the National Survey of Children with Special Health Care Needs, 2001., Results: The prevalence of CSHCN in Milwaukee (23.5%) was found to be almost double that of the surrounding Milwaukee MSA counties (12.1%), the state (13.4%), and the nation (12.8%). The number and type of positive screener questions were not significantly different among the geographic areas., Conclusions: The prevalence of CSHCN has been consistently associated with poverty in numerous other studies. The survey conducted in Milwaukee MSA indicated increased prevalence in Milwaukee among poor and African American children. Improvement and augmentation of services available to urban poor is necessary to alleviate this excessive burden.