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En los últimos años, las rutas marítimas han enfrentado diversos factores desestabilizantes. Desde finales de 2020, las tensiones sanitarias, comerciales y geopolíticas han perturbado las cadenas de suministro globales. Además, nuevas exigencias medioambientales, especialmente en descarbonización, y la digitalización del sector, imponen reevaluaciones constantes de rutas e infraestructuras portuarias. En 2024, la situación se agrava con las tensiones comerciales entre potencias y la acelerada transición energética. Estos factores interrelacionados demandan una transformación hacia una navegación más eficiente y sostenible, presentando retos y oportunidades para la industria marítima.

l-glutamate is one of the major neurotransmitters in the central nervous system, directly and indirectly involved in numerous brain functions. In several neurodegenerative diseases, it has been observed that an excess of extracellular glutamate overstimulates glutamate receptors, leading to exacerbated neuronal excitation in a process of excitotoxicity and oxidative damage that promotes neuronal death. A number of l-glutamate transporters have been identified in the membrane of neurons and astrocytes. They are responsible for the reuptake of glutamate released into the synaptic cleft after excitatory neurotransmission concomitantly regulating the extracellular concentration of glutamate, protecting neurons from its excitotoxic action. Among all of them, literature highlights glutamate transporter 1, known as excitatory amino acid transporter type 2 in humans and glutamate transporter type 1 in rodents, also known as solute carrier family 1 member 2. It is the predominant glutamate transporter in the brain and ensures the majority of l-glutamate reuptake. Decreased expression of this transporter along with increased levels of oxidative stress have been observed in several chronic and acute neurodegenerative disorders. For this reason, the use of drugs capable of both increasing the expression of glutamate transporter 1 and mitigating oxidative damage has been proposed as an effective therapeutic strategy for these pathologies. We present in this work an overview of the main drugs displaying such a double effect.

Monitoring training load, recovery, and wellness in maturation ages is even more relevant than in adulthood, especially during congested schedules. The objective of this study was to quantify and describe the differences in external and internal load, recovery, and perceived wellness in elite under-16 female players during a period of three competitions in seven days based on their participation during matches. An observational design was used to quantify the external load (total distance, high-speed distance, and PlayerLoad) and internal load (differential sRPE), as well as the recovery and wellness of 18 international under-16 players during a development tournament. The external load pattern of the starting players was undulating, with matches showing the highest internal load values compared to training sessions and non-starters. Non-starter players (whether training or matches) showed similar external load and differential sRPE values throughout the tournament (p > 0.05). Starting players experienced higher internal load than non-starters during matches (p < 0.037), without differences between training sessions (p > 0.05). No changes were seen in wellness or recovery (all p-values > 0.05), except for non-starters in Session 3 compared to Session 7 (p = 0.024). Starting players had more weekly total minutes (p = 0.018), differential sRPE (breath: p = 0.002; leg: p = 0.002; cognitive: p = 0.003), total distance (p = 0.003), and PlayerLoad (p = 0.008) than non-starters. Our results indicate differing load patterns between starters and non-starters, which do not affect wellness and recovery differently. Starters accumulate more weekly total load. Coaches can use these findings to guide decisions and load compensations in high competition contexts for young female soccer players.

Since isometric training is gaining popularity, some devices are being developed to test isometric force as an alternative to the more expensive force plates (FPs); thus, the aim of this study was to test the reliability and validity of “GSTRENGTH” for measuring PF in the isometric belt squat exercise. Five subjects performed 24 contractions at three different knee angles (90°, 105° and 120°) on two occasions (120 total cases). Peak force data were measured using FPs and a strain gauge (SG) and analyzed by Pearson’s product–moment correlation coefficient, ICCs, Cronbach’s alpha, a paired sample t-test and Bland–Altman plots. Perfect or almost perfect relationships (r: 0.999–1) were found with an almost perfect or perfect level of agreement (ICCs: 0.992–1; α: 0.998–1). The t-test showed significant differences for the raw data but not for the predictions by the equations obtained with the SG values. The Bland–Altman plots, when significant, showed trivial to moderate values for systematic bias in general. In conclusion, “GSTRENGTH” was shown to be a valid alternative to FPs for measuring PF.

The aim of this study was to quantify weekly internal workload across the in-season and compare the workload variables between starter and non-starter Spanish female first league (Liga Iberdrola) football players. Twenty-six participants belonging to the same team (age, height, and mass: 25.4 ± 6.1 years, 167.4±4.8 cm and 57.96±6.28 kg, respectively) participated in this study. Training loads (TL) and match loads(ML) were assessed through breath-cardiovascular (RPE breath ), leg-musculature (RPE leg ) and cognitive (RPE cog ) rating of perceived exertion (RPE0–10) for each training session and match during the in-season phase (35 weeks). Session-RPE (sRPE) was calculated by multiplying each RPE value by session duration (minutes). From these, total weekly TL (weekly TL+ML), weekly TL, weekly ML, chronic workload, acute:chronic workload ratio, training monotony, and training strain were calculated. Linear mixed models were used to assess differences for each dependent variable, with playing time (starter vs non-starter players) used as a fixed factor, and athlete, week, and team asrandom factors. The results showed that total weekly TL(d = 1.23–2.04), weekly ML(d = 4.65–5.31), training monotony (d = 0.48–1.66) and training strain (d = 0.24–1.82) for RPE breath , RPE leg and RPE cog were higher for starters in comparison with non-starters (p = 0.01). Coaches involved in elite female football should consider implementing differentialsRPE monitoring strategiesto optimize the weekly load distribution for starters and non-starters and to introduce compensatory strategies to equalise players’ total weekly load.

Los estudios sobre la incidencia de lesión de ligamento cruzado anterior muestran una prevalencia de dos a ocho veces superior en mujeres futbolistas que en hombres. El objetivo de este estudio fue describir la epidemiología y características de la lesión de ligamento cruzado anterior en mujeres futbolistas de primera y segunda división española y analizar la relación entre las fases del ciclo menstrual y la lesión del ligamento cruzado anterior. Se analizaron un total de 94 lesiones de ligamento cruzado anterior acontecidas a 71 jugadoras en las últimas 10 temporadas. La edad media de las participantes en el estudio fue de 21.49 años (DT = 4.42). El mecanismo de lesión más acontecido fue sin contacto y durante los partidos se produjeron más lesiones que en los entrenamientos. El análisis estadístico mostró una asociación significativa entre el momento de lesión, es decir, si fue en entrenamiento o competición y si existía o no contacto. Igualmente, se comprobó una asociación significativa entre el tipo de campo donde acontece la lesión y el tipo del taco de la bota con la que se produce la lesión. Finalmente, en relación a la fase del ciclo menstrual se observó que la mayoría de las lesiones se produjeron durante la fase lútea (25 lesiones) y menstruación (19 lesiones). Los resultados obtenidos reflejan la alta incidencia de esta lesión en el fútbol femenino español y la necesidad de establecer un protocolo de prevención de lesiones que lo disminuya. Palabras clave: Lesión deportiva, rodilla, ciclo menstrual, fútbol, mujeres. Abstract. Research on the incidence of anterior cruciate ligament injury shows a prevalence of two to eight times higher in women soccer players than in men. The objective of this study was to describe the epidemiology and characteristics of the anterior cruciate ligament injury in female soccer players of the Spanish first and second division and to analyze the relationship between the phases of the menstrual cycle and the ACL injury. A total of 94 anterior cruciate ligament injuries occurred to 71 players in the last 10 seasons were analyzed. The mean age of the study participants was 21.49 years (4.42). The most common injury mechanism was non-contact and more injuries occurred during matches than in training. The statistical analysis showed a significant association between the time of injury, i.e. whether it was in training or competition, and whether or not there was contact. Likewise, a significant association was found between the type of field where the injury occurred and the type of boot heel with which the injury occurred. Finally, in relation to the phase of the menstrual cycle, it was observed that the majority of the injuries occurred during the phase of the menstrual cycle that more lesions occurred was in the luteal phase (25 injuries) and menstruation (19 injuries). The results obtained reflect the high incidence of this injury in Spanish women's football and the need to establish an injury prevention protocol to reduce it. Keywords: Sport injury, knee, menstrual cycle, football, women.

This study examined the force–velocity profile differences between men and women in three variations of row exercises. Twenty-eight participants (14 men and 14 women) underwent maximum dynamic strength assessments in the free prone bench row (PBR), bent-over barbell row (BBOR), and Smith machine bent-over row (SMBOR) in a randomized order. Subjects performed a progressive loading test from 30 to 100% of 1-RM (repetition maximum), and the mean propulsive velocity was measured in all attempts. Linear regression analyses were conducted to establish the relationships between the different measures of bar velocity and % 1-RM. The ANOVAs applied to the mean velocity achieved in each % 1-RM tested revealed significantly higher velocity values for loads < 65% 1-RM in SMBOR compared to BBOR (p < 0.05) and higher velocities for loads < 90% 1-RM in SMBOR compared to PBR (p < 0.05) for both sexes. Furthermore, men provided significantly higher velocity values than women (PBR 55–100% 1-RM; BBOR and SMBOR < 85% 1-RM; p < 0.05) and significant differences were found between exercises and sex for 30–40% 1-RM. These results confirm that men have higher velocities at different relative loads (i.e., % 1-RM) compared to women during upper-body rowing exercises.

The purpose of this paper was to conduct a systematic review and meta-analysis of studies examining the differences in the mean propulsive velocities between men and women in the different exercises studied (squat, bench press, inclined bench press and military press). Quality Assessment and Validity Tool for Correlational Studies was used to assess the methodological quality of the included studies. Six studies of good and excellent methodological quality were included. Our meta-analysis compared men and women at the three most significant loads of the force–velocity profile (30, 70 and 90% of 1RM). A total of six studies were included in the systematic review, with a total sample of 249 participants (136 men and 113 women). The results of the main meta-analysis indicated that the mean propulsive velocity is lower in women than men in 30% of 1RM (ES = 1.30 ± 0.30; CI: 0.99–1.60; p < 0.001) and 70% of 1RM (ES = 0.92 ± 0.29; CI: 0.63, 1.21; p < 0.001). In contrast, for the 90% of the 1RM (ES = 0.27 ± 0.27; CI: 0.00, 0.55), we did not find significant differences (p = 0.05). Our results support the notion that prescription of the training load through the same velocity could cause women to receive different stimuli than men.

The aim of this study was to assess the principal components (PC) of women’s field hockey players´ TL distinguishing by playing positions (i.e., back, midfielder, forward). Data were collected from sixteen players belonging to the Spanish National women’s field hockey team during 13 official matches from the European Championship, World Series, and Pre-Olympic tournament. The Principal Component Analysis (PCA) grouped a total of 16 variables in five to six PC, explaining between 68.6 and 80% of the total variance. Different variables formed the PC that explain the player’s performance in different field positions. There were differences by positions in the distance covered at 21 to 24 km·h-1 (midfielders>forwards), decelerations from 5 to 4 m·s-2 (midfielders>forwards), and in maximum accelerations (midfielders>backs). Overall, strength and conditioning coaches should combine exercises which induce a high degree of aerobic endurance and power. However, some specification should be made by playing position: (1) defenders should perform training sessions with at least the same amount of volume as in the matches; (2) forwards should perform training efforts that ensure high repeated sprint ability; and (3) midfielders should perform a high training volume to develop high-intensity aerobic endurance, in combination with short-term efforts.

The pace of women’s access to leadership positions is very different from country to country. With 69.4 out of 100 points, Spain ranks fourth in the European Union (EU) on social power, first measured in the 2020 edition of the Gender Equality Index. However, a need of deepening the reasons for gender inequalities remains. The Women As Managers Scale (WAMS) is a useful tool that allows for the measurement of the attitudinal factors that hinder access to managerial positions. The aim of this study was to validate the Spanish version of the WAMS among sport managers through three factors: acceptance of women in key positions, features for business success, and barriers to access to managerial positions. For that purpose, a questionnaire—as is the original WAMS—was distributed to 401 managers working within sports organizations in the community of Madrid, Spain. Interclass correlation coefficient (ICC) and Student’s test were performed to analyze the stability of the scores. The internal consistency of the scales was assessed through Cronbach’s alpha, the Homogeneity Index, and Discriminability Index. The construct validity was completed through exploratory factor analysis using principal components. The results show that the WAMS serves as a reference for use as a measure of attitudinal factors that hinder access to an executive position. Therefore, this work generates an instrument with adequate properties in the Spanish context.

Early diagnosis and treatment are critical for young children with infantile spasms (IS), as this maximizes the possibility of the best possible child-specific outcome. However, there are major barriers to achieving this, including high rates of misdiagnosis or failure to recognize the seizures, medication failure, and relapse. There are currently no validated tools to aid clinicians in assessing objective diagnostic criteria, predicting or measuring medication response, or predicting the likelihood of relapse. However, the pivotal role of EEG in the clinical management of IS has prompted many recent studies of potential EEG biomarkers of the disease. These include both visual EEG biomarkers based on human visual interpretation of the EEG and computational EEG biomarkers in which computers calculate quantitative features of the EEG. Here, we review the literature on both types of biomarkers, organized based on the application (diagnosis, treatment response, prediction, etc.). Visual biomarkers include the assessment of hypsarrhythmia, epileptiform discharges, fast oscillations, and the Burden of AmplitudeS and Epileptiform Discharges (BASED) score. Computational markers include EEG amplitude and power spectrum, entropy, functional connectivity, high frequency oscillations (HFOs), long-range temporal correlations, and phase-amplitude coupling. We also introduce each of the computational measures and provide representative examples. Finally, we highlight remaining gaps in the literature, describe practical guidelines for future biomarker discovery and validation studies, and discuss remaining roadblocks to clinical implementation, with the goal of facilitating future work in this critical area.

El objetivo de esta investigación fue describir las características cinemáticas durante partidos internacionales de hockey hierba masculino. Dieciséis jugadores (edad: 25.12 ± 3.66 años; altura: 177.12 ± 4.96 cm; peso: 72.45 ± 5.01 kg; internacionalidades: 79.12 ± 78.96) pertenecientes a la selección absoluta española, fueron monitorizados mediante sistemas de posicionamiento global y acelerometría durante 5 partidos del Campeonato de Europa de 2017. Los análisis se hicieron en función del cuarto de juego (C1, C2, C3 y C4), las demarcaciones (defensas, centrocampistas y delanteros), y los minutos jugados (por partido). Los datos analizados incluyeron distancias, aceleraciones y desaceleraciones en diferentes rangos de intensidad. Los defensas presentaron menor actividad cinemática a alta intensidad (velocidades, número de esprints, metros/min) respecto a medios y delanteros. El análisis por cuartos mostró que en el C1 hubo actividad cinemática mayor para todas las demarcaciones. En cuanto a minutos jugados, el análisis clúster agrupó a los jugadores en 3 grupos (48 minutos). Aquellos que jugaron 21km/h) y de m/min en comparación con los otros grupos, mientras que los que disputaron entre 37-48 minutos, fueron los que más distancia a alta intensidad (>16km/h) recorrieron y mayor cantidad de esprints realizaron. Los resultados de este estudio muestran que las demandas físicas de los jugadores de élite de hockey hierba, dependen de la demarcación en el campo, del tiempo de juego, con mayor actividad en el C1, y con una menor actividad cinemática de alta intensidad relativa en aquellos jugadores que acumulan más minutos durante el partido.

El objetivo de este estudio fue analizar las demandas de los períodos de máxima exigencia condicional (PMI) en partidos de competición oficial de fútbol femenino. 18 jugadoras profesionales (1ª División española, Liga Iberdrola) participaron en este estudio. Las jugadoras fueron analizadas en función del puesto específico: defensas centrales (DC), defensas laterales (DL), medios centros (MC), medios de banda (MB) y delanteras (DE). Se registraron los PMI en 3 ventanas temporales (1, 5, y 10 minutos), durante 15 partidos de competición oficial por medio de dispositivos GPS (10 Hz), y en función de cuatro variables de estudio: distancia total recorrida (DR), distancia sprint (D-SP>21km·h-1), distancia recorrida a alta potencia metabólica (D-APM>20w·kg-1) y acceleration density (AD). Además, se valoró el número de ocurrencias sub-máximas (intensidad>85% del PMI) en cada ventana temporal. Las DC y DE alcanzaron valores de DR significativamente menores que MC en todas las ventanas temporales. Mientras que las MC reflejaron valores de D-SP significativamente inferiores a DL, MB y DE en todas las ventanas temporales. Además, las DC obtuvieron valores significativamente menores de D-APM que DL, MC, MB y DE (ventanas temporales de 5´ y 10´). Respecto a AD, las DC, MC y DE alcanzaron valores significativamente inferiores a DL y MB (ventana temporal 1´). El número de ocurrencias sub-máximas en competición fue significativamente menor en las variables D-SP y D-APM en comparación con DR y AD en todas las ventanas temporales. Estos resultados podrían servir como referencia en el diseño de tareas de entrenamiento, que tengan como objetivo la simulación de los requerimientos condicionales de PMI.

This study aimed to investigate the variation in players’ physical demands profile during a major national men field hockey tournament which consisted of 3 matches on consecutive days. Ten Spanish National League hockey players participated in the study (age: 24.2 ± 2.6 years; body mass: 74.2 ± 5.7 kg; height 176.8 ± 5.1 cm). Participants´ physical demands were monitored using global positioning system devices (SPI Elite, GPSports). Activity was categorized into total distance (m), relative total distance (m·min-1), low speed running (LSR; 19 km·h-1 m·min-1), sprinting relative to minute played (SR; >23.0 km·h-1 m·min-1) and number of sprints (SN; >23.0 km·h-1/ n/min). The number of acceleration and deceleration efforts were analyzed using intensity thresholds (low: 1-1.9 m·s-2 n·min-1; moderate: 2-2.9 m·s-2 n·min-1; high: >3 m·s-2 n·min-1). The data were analyzed using one-way repeated measures ANOVA coupled with magnitude-based inferences. Players reduced distance covered at moderate- and high-speed running, sprints relative minute played and the number of moderate accelerations, and moderate and high decelerations per minute played in the third match compared to the first match. The results of this investigation show that intensity activity were the most affected variables with congestion schedule.

El estudio tiene por objeto el ánalisis de la responsabilidad en el marco del contrato de transporte terrestre de viajeros por carretera. En particular, se estudia la responsabilidad del porteador, cuyo alcance viene determinado por distintos regímenes legales, que convergen en ocasiones de forma cumulativa y, en otras, de forma subsidiaria. Desde esta perspectiva se analizan también las distintas coberturas asegurativas que, bien con carácter obligatorio o voluntario, podemos encontrar en el ámbito del transporte de viajeros y la compatibilidad de las indemnizaciones a que pudieran dar lugar en caso de siniestro.

Copyright of Environmental & Social Management Journal / Revista de Gestão Social e Ambiental is the property of Environmental & Social Management Journal and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Objetivo. Comparar las demandas cinemáticas de jugadoras internacionales de hockey sobre hierba durante partidos de competición oficial. Material y métodos. Dieciséis jugadoras (edad: 24.7 ± 2.8 años; peso: 57.9 ± 5.9 kg; altura: 165.2 ± 4.9 cm) pertenecientes a la selección absoluta española fueron monitorizadas mediante sistemas de posicionamiento global (GPS) durante 5 partidos del Campeonato de Europa. Los análisis fueron llevados a cabo en función de la demarcación de las jugadoras (defensas, medias y delanteras), de los cuartos de juego (C1, C2, C3, C4), y en base a los minutos jugados. Los datos analizados incluyeron distancias, aceleraciones y desaceleraciones en diferentes rangos de intensidad. Resultados. Las defensas presentaron menor actividad a alta intensidad (velocidades, aceleraciones y desaceleraciones) que medias y delanteras (9.4 ± 2.4%; TE: 0.78 con las medias y 33.1 ± 7.2%; TE: 2.1, con las defensas). El análisis por cuartos mostró que en el C4 la actividad fue mayor para todas las demarcaciones. En cuanto a minutos jugados, el análisis clúster agrupó a las jugadoras en 3 grupos en función de los minutos jugados ( 45 minutos). Las deportistas que jugaron 21 km/h) y distancia a alta intensidad (> 15 km/h) por minuto de juego en comparación con el grupo de > 45 min jugados. Conclusiones. Los resultados de este estudio muestran que las demandas físicas en jugadoras de élite de hockey dependen de la demarcación en el campo, con mayor actividad en el último cuarto y con menor actividad cinemática de alta intensidad relativa en las jugadoras que acumulan más minutos durante el partido.

Introducción: Debido al crecimiento exponencial del uso de foam roller tanto en el ámbito de la rehabilitación como en el entrenamiento, nuestro objetivo fue realizar una revisión sistemática para determinar la eficacia del uso de foam roller tanto para mejorar el calentamiento como favorecer los mecanismos de recuperación tras un estímulo de carga. Métodos: Se realizó una revisión sistemática en las bases de datos científicas (Pubmed, Wos, Scopus y PEDro). Los trabajos que cumplieron los criterios de inclusión fueron valorados en cuanto a su calidad metodológica a través de la escala PEDro. Resultados: Se examinaron 32 estudios publicados entre 2013 y 2019. En los cuales se analizaron las variables rango de movimiento (ROM) (n=19), dolor a través del umbral de dolor a la presión (PPT) o mediante escala visual analógica (VAS) (n=6). Para las variables de rendimiento se analizaron parámetros de fuerza a través del salto contra-movimiento (CMJ) (n=10), agilidad (n=4), máxima contracción isométrica voluntaria (MVIC) (n=4) y rendimiento en sprint (n=2). Conclusión: A pesar de la variabilidad de los estudios, el foam roller parece tener un efecto positivo en las variables de ROM, PPT y VAS. Con respecto a las variables de rendimiento, como CMJ, MVIC, velocidad y agilidad, existe controversia a la hora de determinar si existe una mejora significativa tras la aplicación del foam roller tanto en el calentamiento como en la recuperación post-ejercicio. Abstract. Introduction: There is a widespread use of foam rollers in the field of rehabilitation and training. Therefore, our goal was to carry out a systematic review to determine the effectiveness of foam rollers both during warm-ups and after exercising as a means for increasing recovery. Methods: A systematic review was performed in the scientific databases Pubmed, Wos, Scopus, and PEDro from November to March 2019. The PEDro scale was used to rate the methodological quality of the studies included for review. Results: We examined 32 studies published between 2013 and 2019, which analyzed: ROM (n=19), pain through Pain Pressure Threshold (PPT) or Visual Analogue Scale (VAS), countermovement jump height (CMJ) (n=10), agility (n=4), maximal voluntary isometric contraction (MVIC) (n=4), and sprint performance (n=2). Conclusion: Despite the variability of the studies, foam rollers seem to have a positive effect on ROM, PPT, and VAS. When performance variables were analyzed (such as CMJ, MVIC, speed, and agility) there is controversy when determining if there is a significant improvement after the application of foam rollers in warm-ups or in post-exercise recovery.

Los objetivos de esta revisión fueron analizar las causas y factores de riesgo de la lesión del LCA, realizar una revisión sistemática de los programas de prevención actuales y proponer un protocolo para la prevención de la lesión de LCA. Para ello, se realizó una búsqueda en las bases de datos PuBmed, PeDro y EBSCO, teniendo en cuenta palabras clave en términos DeCS y MeSH, los cuales aportaron 606 y 228 artículos respectivamente. De acuerdo a los criterios de inclusión y exclusión, se seleccionan 18 artículos para ser estudiados. En cuanto a los factores de riesgo de cualquier lesión de rodilla son: lesión previa, fatiga muscular y desequilibrio de fuerza entre isquiotibiales y cuádriceps (McCall y col., 2014). Específicamente para la lesión del LCA las causas pueden ser el ángulo Q, el valgo de rodilla, el genu recurvatum, el pie pronador y la torsión externa de la tibia. Además el LCA de la mujer es menor en longitud y en sección transversal que del el hombre (Sutton y col., 2013). Los programas de prevención que han mostrado disminuir la frecuencia lesional inciden en el trabajo del core, la propiocepción, el control motor, el aprendizaje de la técnica de amortiguación, la flexibilidad y el trabajo excéntrico (McCall y col., 2014). En conclusión, se exponen los factores de riesgo específicos a esta lesión en mujeres junto a la eficacia mostrada en los diferentes programas preventivos analizados. Los programas de prevención incluyen el trabajo de la fuerza neuromuscular, estiramientos, pliometría, equilibrio, core y corrección de la técnica de amortiguación del salto y los cambios de dirección. Abstract The aims of this review were to analyce the causes and risk factors for ACL injury, a systematic review of current prevention programs and pose a protocol for preventing of ACL injury. Searches were performed in PubMed, PeDRO, and EBSCO data, taking into account keywords in DeCS and MeSH terms, which provided with 606 and 228 articles respectively. According to inclusion and exclusion criteria, 18 articles were selected for study. For any knee injury risk factors are a previous injury, fatigue and muscle strength imbalance between hamstrings and the quadriceps muscle (McCall y col., 2014). In the case of ACL injury studies focus on causes like the Q angle, the valgus knee, the genu recurvatum, the pronator foot and the external tibial torsion among others. In addition, the ACL of women is smaller in length and has smaller cross section than the ACL of men (Sutton y Bullock, 2013). Prevention programs included training the core, propioception, flexibility, motor control, learn technique and eccentric work (McCall y col., 2014; Myer y col., 2012; Stevenson y col., 2014; Sugimoto y col., 2014). In conclusion, the specific risk factors for this injury in women are presented with the effectiveness shown in the different preventive programs analyzed. The prevention programs analyzed include improvements for neuromuscular strength, stretching, plyometry, balance, core and correction of the technique of jump landing and changes of direction.

PURPOSE:Nitrate-rich beetroot juice supplementation has been extensively used to increase exercise economy in different populations. However, its use in elite distance runners, and its potential effects on biomechanical aspects of running have not been properly investigated. This study aims to analyze the potential effects of 15 days of beetroot juice supplementation on physiological, psychological and biomechanical variables in elite runners. METHODS:Twelve elite middle and long-distance runners (age = 26.3 ± 5.1yrs, VO2Max = 71.8±5.2 ml*kg-1*min-1) completed an incremental running test to exhaustion on a treadmill before and after a 15-days supplementation period, in which half of the group (EG) consumed a daily nitrate-rich beetroot juice and the other group (PG) consumed a placebo drink. Time to exhaustion (TEx), running economy, vastus lateralis oxygen saturation (SmO2), leg stiffness and rate of perceived exertion (RPE) were measured at 15, 17.1 and 20 km/h during the incremental test. RESULTS:Likely to very likely improvements in EG were observed for the RPE (Standardized mean difference (SMD) = -2.17, 90%CI = -3.23, -1.1), SmO2 (SMD = 0.72, 90%CI = 0.03, 1.41) and TEx (SMD = 1.18, 90%CI = -0.14, 2.5) in comparison with PG. No other physiological or biomechanical variable showed substantial improvements after the supplementation period. CONCLUSIONS:Fifteen days of nitrate-rich beetroot juice supplementation produced substantial improvements in the time to exhaustion in elite runners; however, it didn't produce meaningful improvements in running economy, VO2Max or mechanical parameters.

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Objectives Compare the immediate effects of a Neurodynamic Mobilization (NM) treatment or foam roller (FR) treatment after DOMS. Design Double blind randomised clinical trial. Setting The participants performed 100 drop jumps (5 sets of 20 repetitions, separated by 2 min rests) from a 0.5-m high box in a University biomechanics laboratory to induce muscle soreness. The participants were randomly assigned in a counter-balanced fashion to either a FR or NM treatment group. Participants Thirty-two healthy subjects (21 males and 11 females, mean age 22.6 ± 2.2 years) were randomly assigned into the NM group (n = 16) or the FR group (n = 16). Main Outcome Measures The numeric pain rating scale (NPRS; 0–10), isometric leg strength with dynamometry, surface electromyography at maximum voluntary isometric contraction (MVIC) and muscle peak activation (MPA) upon landing after a test jump were measured at baseline, 48 h after baseline before treatment, and immediately after treatment. Results Both groups showed significant reduction in NPRS scores after treatment (NM: 59%, p .05). The percentage change improvement in the MVIC for the rectus femoris was the only significant difference between the groups (p

Hip thrust (HT) is a loaded bridging exercise that requires more hip extension than a back squat (SQ) does, while in a back squat, triple flex extension occurs. Due to the specificity of each exercise, it is claimed that HT gains can be better transferred to actions where hip extension occurs. In addition, strength improvements during squatting can be transferred in a greater way to vertical plane movement, such as vertical jumping. However, its effects on the performance of female soccer players are unclear. For this reason, the purpose of this study was to analyze a 7-week training program on performance variables using either HT or SQ exercises in female adolescent soccer players without lifting experience (N = 24, age = 16.82 ± 1.56 years, height = 1.64 ± 0.55 cm, body mass = 58.35 ± 6.28 kg). Players were randomized into three groups: A back squat group (SQG; N = 8), hip thrust group (HTG; N = 8), and control group (CG; N = 8). Participants in the HTG and SQG joined a progressive resistance training program twice per week for 7 weeks with either HT or SQ exercises. A countermovement jump, 10–20 m sprint, T-test, and barbell velocity during HTs and SQs (with the load that represents ~60 and ~80% RM) were measured before and after the intervention. The HTG showed greater improvements in the 10-m sprint (d = 0.7), 20-m sprint (d = 0.46), T-test (d = 0.36), and barbell velocity at 80% repetition maximal (RM) (d = 0.53) and 60% RM (d = 1.02) during hip thrusts, while the SQG showed higher barbell velocity at 80% RM (d = −0.7) during back squats. These results may be useful for strength and conditioning coaches working with adolescent female soccer athletes, since both strengthening exercises improved performance in different ways due to the nature of the exercise.

Introduction: Unfavorable lipid profile is associated with developed cardiovascular diseases. It is necessary to know the beneficial effects of different mode exercises to improve lipid profile. Objective: To investigate, in obese men and women, the effect on lipid profile of hypocaloric diet combined with structured exercise programs or recommendations of physical activity. Methods: Ninety six obese subjects (59 women and 61 men; 18 - 50 years; BMI >30 and < 34.9 kg/m²) were randomised into four supervised treatment groups: strength training (S; n = 24), endurance training (E; n = 26), combined S + E (SE; n = 24), and and received recommendations of physical activity (PA; n = 22). Energy intake, body composition, training variables (VO2peak, strength index, dynamometric strength index) and blood lipid profile were recorded at baseline and after 24 weeks of treatment. Results: Blood lipid profile improved in all groups. No statistically significant differences in baseline and posttraining values were observed between groups. HDL-Cholesterol showed no changes. A decrease in LDL-Cholesterol values was observed in all groups after the intervention (S: 11.2%, E: 10.8%, SE: 7.9%, PA: 10.8%; p < 0.01). S, E and PA subjects showed decrease in triglycerides (S: 14.9%, E: 15.8%, PA: 15.7%; p < 0.01). Total cholesterol decreased in all groups (S: 8.4%, p < 0.01; E: 8.8%, p < 0.01; SE: 4.9%, p < 0.01; PA: 8.3%, p < 0.05). Conclusion: All protocols proposed in our study improved blood lipid profile in obese people. There were no significant differences about the effect on the lipid profile between the implementation of a structured training protocol with physical activity professional supervision and follow recommendations of physical activity.