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Thyroid cancer is the most common endocrine malignancy and exhibits rising incidence. Annual incidence varies by sex, age, and geographical location. It has been reported that impairment of vitamin D signalling promotes thyroid cancer progression. Recent studies have shown that vitamin D, a fat-soluble vitamin that acts as both a nutrient and a hormone, may have utility in the prevention of autoimmune thyroid-related diseases. However, the precise role of vitamin D in the pathobiology of thyroid cancer is controversial. Previous studies have suggested that elevated serum vitamin D levels have a protective role in thyroid cancer. However, there is also evidence demonstrating no inverse relationship between vitamin D levels and the occurrence of thyroid cancer. Furthermore, recent data provide evidence that circulating vitamin D concentration is inversely correlated with disease aggressiveness and poor prognosis, while evidence of an association with tumour initiation remains weak. Nevertheless, a variety of data support an anti-tumorigenic role of vitamin D and its potential utility as a secondary chemopreventive agent. In this review, we highlighted recent findings regarding the association of vitamin D status with the risk of thyroid cancer, prognosis, potential mechanisms, and possible utility as a chemopreventive agent.

Introduction: Information on experience/management of severe hypoglycaemic events (SHEs) among people with insulin-treated diabetes (PWD) and caregivers (CGs) providing care to PWD was sought. Materials and methods: An online cross-sectional survey was conducted in eight countries. Inclusion criteria: PWD (aged ≥ 18 years; self-reported type 1 [T1D] or insulin-treated type 2 [T2D] diabetes; experienced ≥1 SHE [hypoglycaemia requiring external assistance] in past 3 years); CGs (layperson aged ≥18 years; caring for PWD meeting all criteria above except age [≥4 years]). This descriptive analysis provides data from Spain. SHE-associated data relate to the most recent SHE. Results: Across all groups (T1D PWD, n = 106; T2D PWD, n = 88, T1D CG, n = 87; T2D CG, n = 96), 76–89% reported that the SHE occurred at home; most common cause was eating less than planned (38–53%). Most usual action during the SHE was to intake carbohydrates (67–84%); glucagon use was low (9–36%). Discussion of the SHE with their healthcare provider (HCP) was reported by 70–75% of PWD. During the SHE, 35–69% of PWD/CGs reported feeling scared, unprepared and/or helpless. Conclusions: Most SHEs occurred outside the healthcare setting; treatment therefore depends greatly on CGs. SHEs have a negative emotional impact on PWD/CGs, underscoring the need for HCPs to discuss SHEs with PWD/CGs, and to provide tools and strategies to prevent and effectively manage SHEs.

AimsTo conduct a secondary analysis of the SAGE study to evaluate the association between glycaemic control and patient-reported outcomes (PROs), in adults with type 1 diabetes (T1DM) across different age groups and regions.Materials and methodsSAGE was a multinational, cross-sectional, observational study in adults with T1DM. Data were collected at a single visit, analysed according to predefined age groups (26-44, 45-64, and??65?years), and reported across different regions. PRO questionnaires were applied to assess hypoglycaemia fear (Hypoglycemia Fear Survey-II), diabetes-related distress (Problem Areas In Diabetes questionnaire), insulin treatment satisfaction (Insulin Treatment Satisfaction Questionnaire), and diabetes-specific quality of life (QoL; Audit of Diabetes-Dependent Quality of Life). Multivariable analysis was performed to evaluate the relationship between glycated haemoglobin (HbA1c) target achievement (less than 7% and individualised targets) with PRO scores.ResultsThe PRO scores showed relatively low levels of diabetes-related emotional distress and fear of hypoglycaemia, moderate to high treatment satisfaction, and low diabetes-related impact on QoL. Results were generally comparable across age groups with some regional variability. Achievement of the HbA1c?less than 7% target was associated with less worry about hypoglycaemia, lower diabetes-related emotional distress, higher insulin treatment satisfaction, and higher QoL. Achievement of individualised HbA1c targets was associated with lower diabetes-related emotional distress and higher insulin treatment satisfaction.ConclusionsBetter glycaemic control was most closely associated with low emotional distress due to diabetes and high patient-reported insulin treatment satisfaction.

The HbA1c value has been the gold standard for evaluating glucose control for decades. However, it has limitations such as the lack of information on glycemic variability or the risk of hypoglycemia. The increasing use of continuous glucose monitoring has provided patients and healthcare professionals with a range of useful metrics for the management of diabetes. Among them, Time in Range (TIR) is a simple and intuitive metric that gives information regarding the quality of glucose control. It is defined as the time spent in an individual's target glucose range. TIR is strongly correlated with HbA1c, and it has been linked to the risk of developing microvascular and macrovascular complications. The International Consensus on Time in Range has recently set targets for different diabetes populations. For the majority of people with type 1 or type 2 diabetes, a TIR (70-180mg/dL or 3.9-10.0mmol/L) of >70%, a time below range (TBR)

Sotagliflozin, a dual SGLT1/SGLT2 inhibitor, is currently approved in Europe as an adjunct to optimal insulin therapy in adults with type 1 diabetes (T1D) and a body mass index (BMI) =27 kg/m2. In this post hoc analysis, efficacy at 24weeks and safety at 52weeks from pooled phase 3 clinical trials were evaluated in patients with baseline BMI =27 kg/m2. Sotagliflozin 200 and 400 mg added to insulin reduced HbA1c and increased time-in-range by continuous glucose monitoring vs placebo and also reduced body weight and systolic blood pressure. Differences in efficacy endpoints between sotagliflozin and placebo tended to be greater among patients with BMI =27 kg/m2 compared to those with baseline BMI