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The genus Blepharicera Macquart, 1843 is recorded from Sichuan, China for the first time with the following three new species: B. gengdicasp. nov., B. balangshanasp. nov. and B. kongsicasp. nov., increasing the number of Chinese Blepharicera species to eleven. The new species are distinguished from congeners mainly by their male genitalia. Descriptions and illustrations for the new species and an updated key to Chinese Blepharicera species are presented.

Kelloggina Williston, 1907 is one of the least studied Blephariceridae genera in the world, despite being the most diverse in the Neotropics with 34 species. We provide a catalogue with the 14 nominal species of the genus described by Lane and d’Andretta from the Southeastern Region of Brazil, of which the type-specimens are deposited at the Diptera Collection of the Museu de Zoologia da Universidade de São Paulo. There are 60 specimens deposited at this museum, including male holotypes of 14 species and females “allotypes” (paratypes) for seven species. We include male diagnoses and photographs of the holotypes of all species.

Kelloggina edwardsi Lane & d’Andretta, 1956 (Fig. 3) Lane & d’Andretta (1956: 184, fig. 4). Hogue (1971: 4). Types in MZSP: HOLOTYPE (Fig. 3): 1 ♂ (# MZ 001866), from Brazil RJ, Itatiaia, Rio Campo Bello, 750 m a.s.l., II/1941, H. Laemmert coll. Diagnosis: Male (Fig. 3): General coloration brown. Head: Front and clypeus dark brown. Eyes broadly contiguous and united above; upper portion quite larger than the lower one. Antenna with 14 segments, scape brown, pedicel and flagellum black. Proboscis slightly longer than head. Palpus with four segments,three basal segments brown, the last one black. Thorax: Pronotum dark brown. Scutum light brown, with 1+1 thin antero-lateral yellow stripes. Scutellum yellow. Pleura dark brown with large yellow marks. Legs: Coxae and trochanters yellow,femora yellow at base and darker apically, tibiae and tarsi dark brown. Hind tibia with two spurs. Hind last tarsal segment with a bristly basal enlargement. Wing hyaline, with costal cell yellowish. Vein m-m present and complete. Distribution: BRAZIL: RJ (Itatiaia). Remarks: Female unknown., Published as part of Gil-Azevedo, Leonardo Henrique & Lamas, Carlos José Einicker, 2021, An illustrated catalogue of the types of Blephariceridae (Diptera) in the collection of Museu de Zoologia da Universidade de São Paulo, Brazil, pp. 1-19 in Papéis Avulsos de Zoologia 61 on pages 9-10, DOI: 10.11606/1807-0205/2021.61.61, http://zenodo.org/record/7177059, {"references":["Hogue, C. L. 1971. Family Blephariceridae. In: Papavero, N. (Ed.). Catalogue of the Diptera of the Americas South of the United States, n. 8. Sao Paulo, Museu de Zoologia, Universidade de Sao Paulo. 12 p."]}

Kelloggina gomesi Lane & d’Andretta, 1956 (Fig. 4) Lane & d’Andretta (1956: 186, fig. 5). Hogue (1971: 4): Kelloggina gomezi [typographic error]. Types in MZSP: HOLOTYPE (Fig.4): 1 ♂ (# MZ 006171) from Brazil, MG, Alto Caparaó, Córrego Candeias, 2,100 m a.s.l., XII/1941, Lério Gomes coll. PARATYPES: 1♀ (allotype) from Brazil, MG, Alto Caparaó, Córrego Macieira, 2,200 m a.s.l., XI/1941, Lério Gomes coll.; 1 ♂ from Brazil, MG, Alto Caparaó, Córrego Candeias, 2,100 m a.s.l., XII/1941, Lério Gomes coll; 3 ♂ from Brazil, MG, Alto Caparaó, Córrego Macieira, 2,200 m a.s.l., XI/1941, Lério Gomes coll.; 13 ♂ from Brazil, MG, Alto Caparaó, Rio Preto, 2,400 m a.s.l., XII/1941, Lério Gomes coll. Diagnosis: Male (Fig. 4): General coloration yellow. Head: Front and clypeus dark brown. Eyes broadly contiguous and united above; upper portion quite larger than the lower one. Antenna with 14 segments, scape and pedicel brown, flagellum black. Proboscis slightly longer than head. Palpus with four black segments. Thorax: Pronotum yellow. Scutum yellow. Scutellum yellow. Pleura yellow with light brown areas. Legs: Coxae and trochanters yellow, femora yellow at base and darker apically, tibiae and tarsi dark brown. Hind tibia with two spurs. Hind last tarsal segment with a bristly basal enlargement. Wing hyaline, with costal cell yellowish. Vein m-m present and complete. Distribution: BRAZIL: MG (Alto Caparaó). Remarks: Lane & d’Andretta (1956) listed an additional 11 ♂ and 11 ♀ paratypes. 5 ♂ and 2 ♀ paratype were lost during the MNRJ fire. The other 6 ♂ and 9 ♀ were not examined., Published as part of Gil-Azevedo, Leonardo Henrique & Lamas, Carlos José Einicker, 2021, An illustrated catalogue of the types of Blephariceridae (Diptera) in the collection of Museu de Zoologia da Universidade de São Paulo, Brazil, pp. 1-19 in Papéis Avulsos de Zoologia 61 on page 10, DOI: 10.11606/1807-0205/2021.61.61, http://zenodo.org/record/7177059, {"references":["Hogue, C. L. 1971. Family Blephariceridae. In: Papavero, N. (Ed.). Catalogue of the Diptera of the Americas South of the United States, n. 8. Sao Paulo, Museu de Zoologia, Universidade de Sao Paulo. 12 p."]}

Kelloggina willistoni Lane & d’Andretta, 1956 (Fig. 14) Lane & d’Andretta (1956: 202, fig. 17). Hogue (1971: 6). Types in MZSP: HOLOTYPE (Fig. 14): 1 ♂ (# MZ006166) from Brazil, RJ, Itatiaia, Rio Campo Bello, 1,800 m a.s.l., II/1941, Raymond C. Shannon & Hugo Laemmert coll. PARATYPE: 1 ♀ (allotype), same data of holotype. Diagnosis: Male (Fig. 14): General coloration brown. Head: Front and clypeus dark brown. Eyes broadly contiguous and narrowly separated above; upper portion quite larger than the lower one. Antenna with 14 segments, scape and pedicel brown, flagellum black. Proboscis slightly longer than head. Palpus with four black segments. Thorax: Pronotum dark brown. Scutum dark brown, with three pruinose stripes in the middle. Scutellum yellow. Pleura dark brown with large yellow marks. Legs: Coxae and trochanters yellow, femora yellow at base and darker apically, tibiae yellow, and tarsi light brown. Hind tibia with two spurs. Hind last tarsal segment with a bristly basal enlargement. Wing hyaline, with costal cell yellowish. Vein m-m absent, only a stump on M₄ vein. Distribution: BRAZIL: RJ (Itatiaia). Remarks: Lane & d’Andretta (1956) listed an additional 5 ♂ and 6 ♀ paratypes. Two male and two female paratypes were lost during the MNRJ fire. The other 3 ♂ and 4 ♀ were not examined. Lane & d’Andretta (1956) cited material from Itatiaia, Maromba, 100 m a.s.l., but it is probably an error in altitude number., Published as part of Gil-Azevedo, Leonardo Henrique & Lamas, Carlos José Einicker, 2021, An illustrated catalogue of the types of Blephariceridae (Diptera) in the collection of Museu de Zoologia da Universidade de São Paulo, Brazil, pp. 1-19 in Papéis Avulsos de Zoologia 61 on page 18, DOI: 10.11606/1807-0205/2021.61.61, http://zenodo.org/record/7177059, {"references":["Hogue, C. L. 1971. Family Blephariceridae. In: Papavero, N. (Ed.). Catalogue of the Diptera of the Americas South of the United States, n. 8. Sao Paulo, Museu de Zoologia, Universidade de Sao Paulo. 12 p."]}

Kelloggina tamoioi Lane & d’Andretta, 1956 (Fig. 10) Lane & d’Andretta (1956: 198, fig. 13). Hogue (1971: 6). Types in MZSP: HOLOTYPE (Fig. 10): 1 ♂ (MZ 001868) from Brazil, RJ, Itatiaia, Rio Campo Belo, 750 m a.s.l., II/1941, Hugo Laemmert coll. Diagnosis: Male (Fig. 10): General coloration black. Head: Front and clypeus dark brown. Eyes broadly contiguous and united above; upper portion quite larger than the lower one. Antenna with 14 segments, scape, pedicel, and flagellum black. Proboscis slightly longer than head. Palpus with four black segments. Thorax: Pronotum black. Scutum black, with three pruinose stripes in the middle. Scutellum black. Pleura dark brown with large yellow marks. Legs: Coxae and trochanters yellow, femora yellow at base and darker apically, tibiae and tarsi light brown. Hind tibia with two spurs. Hind last tarsal segment with a bristly basal enlargement. Wing hyaline, with costal cell yellowish.Vein m-m absent. Distribution: BRAZIL: RJ (Itatiaia). Remarks: Female unknown. Lane & d’Andretta (1956) listed an additional 3 ♂ paratypes, but they were not examined., Published as part of Gil-Azevedo, Leonardo Henrique & Lamas, Carlos José Einicker, 2021, An illustrated catalogue of the types of Blephariceridae (Diptera) in the collection of Museu de Zoologia da Universidade de São Paulo, Brazil, pp. 1-19 in Papéis Avulsos de Zoologia 61 on page 14, DOI: 10.11606/1807-0205/2021.61.61, http://zenodo.org/record/7177059, {"references":["Hogue, C. L. 1971. Family Blephariceridae. In: Papavero, N. (Ed.). Catalogue of the Diptera of the Americas South of the United States, n. 8. Sao Paulo, Museu de Zoologia, Universidade de Sao Paulo. 12 p."]}

Kelloggina shannoni Lane & d’Andretta, 1956 (Fig. 9) Lane & d’Andretta (1956: 195, fig. 12). Hogue (1971: 6). Types in MZSP: HOLOTYPE (Fig.9): 1 ♂ (# MZ 006165)from Brazil,RJ, Itatiaia, Cachoeira Simões, 1,150 m a.s.l., II/1941, Raymond C. Shannon coll. PARATYPES: 1♀ (allotype) from Brazil, RJ, Itatiaia, Cachoeira Bonita, 2,100 m a.s.l., II/1941; 6 ♂ from Brazil, RJ, Itatiaia, Cachoeira Simões, 1,150 m, II/1941, Raymond C. Shannon coll; 1 ♂ from Brazil, SP, Salesópolis, Boracéia (EstaÇão Biológica), 1948. Diagnosis: Male (Fig. 9): General coloration yellow. Head: Front and clypeus dark brown. Eyes broadly contiguous and united above; upper portion quite larger than the lower one. Antenna with 14 segments, scape and pedicel brown, flagellum black. Proboscis slightly longer than head. Palpus with four black segments. Thorax: Pronotum dark brown. Scutum yellow, with 1+1 antero-lateral dark brown spots continuous to the pronotum. Scutellum yellow. Pleura dark brown with large yellow marks. Legs: Coxae dark brown, trochanters yellow, femora and tibiae yellow at base and darker apically, tarsi dark brown.Hind tibia with two spurs.Hind last tarsal segment with a bristly basal enlargement. Wing hyaline,with costal cell yellowish.Vein m-m present and complete. Distribution: BRAZIL: RJ (Itatiaia), SP (Salesópolis, Santo Antônio do Pinhal). Remarks: Lane & d’Andretta (1956) listed an additional 17 ♂ and 2 ♀ paratypes. Five male and one female paratypes were lost during the MNRJ fire. The other 12 ♂ and 1 ♀ were not examined. Lane & d’Andretta (1956) cited paratypes from: “Campos do Jordão, Eugênio Lefévre (1,200 m. alt.), ii.1953 (Travassos, col.)”, but Eugênio Lefevre train station belongs to the Santo Antônio do Pinhal municipality and not to Campos do Jordão municipality., Published as part of Gil-Azevedo, Leonardo Henrique & Lamas, Carlos José Einicker, 2021, An illustrated catalogue of the types of Blephariceridae (Diptera) in the collection of Museu de Zoologia da Universidade de São Paulo, Brazil, pp. 1-19 in Papéis Avulsos de Zoologia 61 on page 14, DOI: 10.11606/1807-0205/2021.61.61, http://zenodo.org/record/7177059, {"references":["Hogue, C. L. 1971. Family Blephariceridae. In: Papavero, N. (Ed.). Catalogue of the Diptera of the Americas South of the United States, n. 8. Sao Paulo, Museu de Zoologia, Universidade de Sao Paulo. 12 p."]}

Suction is widely used by animals for strong controllable underwater adhesion but is less well understood than adhesion of terrestrial climbing animals. Here we investigate the attachment of aquatic insect larvae (Blephariceridae), which cling to rocks in torrential streams using the only known muscle-actuated suction organs in insects. We measured their attachment forces on well-defined rough substrates and found that their adhesion was less reduced by micro-roughness than that of terrestrial climbing insects. In vivo visualisation of the suction organs in contact with microstructured substrates revealed that they can mould around large asperities to form a seal. We have shown that the ventral surface of the suction disc is covered by dense arrays of microtrichia, which are stiff spine-like cuticular structures that only make tip contact. Our results demonstrate the impressive performance and versatility of blepharicerid suction organs and highlight their potential as a study system to explore biological suction mechanisms., eLife digest Suction cups are widely used to attach objects to surfaces in bathrooms and kitchens. They work well on tiles and other smooth surfaces, but do not stick well to rougher materials like brick or wood because they are unable to form an air-tight seal. Researchers have been searching for ways to improve these cups by studying how octopuses, remora fish and other sea animals use muscle-powered suction organs to stick to wet and rough surfaces. However, the experiments needed to understand the detailed mechanics of suction organs are difficult to perform on living specimens of these animals. The aquatic larvae of a family of insects known as the net-winged midges also have suction organs that are powered by muscles. These insects survive in fast flowing mountain streams where they use their suction organs to stick to rocks underwater. However, it remained unclear how these suction organs work. Here, Kang et al. found that net-winged midge larvae attach extremely well to a variety of surfaces. The larvae were able to withstand forces over one thousand times their body weight when attached to smooth surfaces. Even on rough materials, where human-made suction cups attach poorly, the larvae were able to withstand forces up to 240-times their body weight. Further experiments using several microscopy approaches revealed that the suction organs of the larvae are covered in multiple spine-like structures called microtrichia that interlock with bumps and dips on a surface to help the organ remain in place. Similar structures have previously been found on the suction organs of remora fish, but are not as tightly packed together. These findings demonstrate that net-winged midge larvae may be useful model systems to study how natural suction organs operate. Furthermore, they provide a new source of inspiration for scientists and engineers to design and manufacture suction cups capable of attaching to a wider variety of surfaces.

The Caribbean blepharicerid fauna comprises three described species: Paltostoma palominoi Hogue and Garces, 1990, found in eastern Cuba; P. agyrocincta Curran, 1927, widespread in Puerto Rico; and ...

Three new species of Harpellales, collected on Mt. Tsukuba, Kanto Plain on Honshu Island, are described. Stachylina philoricola, derived from midgut of Philorus sp. (Blephariceridae: Diptera), and Lancisporomyces tsukubaensis, derived from the hindgut of Amphinemura sp. (Nemouridae: Plecoptera) nymphs, are described. Blephariceridae is newly added to the host insect families of Harpellales. A new genus, Zygopolaropsis, is proposed to accommodate the new species Z. sphaerica, derived from the hindgut of Baetis thermicus (Baetidae, Ephemeroptera) nymphs.

La Española es la isla de mayor riqueza hidrológica de las Antillas Mayores y segunda en tamaño luego de Cuba. Dos naciones la ocupan, República Dominicana y Haití. En este trabajo se presenta el estado del conocimiento de los macroinvertebrados acuáticos de la isla La Española, resultando la primera lista de familias que unifica información dispersa y sirve de referente para futuros trabajos sobre la biota dulceacuícola. La metodología empleada incluyó la revisión de literatura y la inspección de aproximadamente 4.300 ejemplares de una colección de referencia. Los resultados muestran una rica biota compuesta por 107 familias de macroinvertebrados acuáticos, con los insectos como mayor componente (69 familias, 64,5% de los especímenes de la colección o 86,2% si se calcula con base en las 80 familias de insectos registradas para las Antillas Mayores), seguidos por los crustáceos (27) y los moluscos (11). Hay poca información sobre anélidos y platelmintos. Los órdenes de insectos con mayor riqueza de familias fueron Diptera (17), Coleoptera (15) y Trichoptera (12). El orden Megaloptera no está registrado para la isla y Plecoptera solo se conoce del registro fósil. Con base en el conocimiento de expertos se adicionaron Xiphocarididae (Decapoda), Hydrochidae (Coleoptera) y Blephariceridae (Diptera) y se sustituyó Tricorythidae por Leptohyphidae (Ephemeroptera). Se sugiere: a) mejorar las colecciones de referencia y su accesibilidad, b) realizar estudios taxonómicos enfatizando los grupos menos conocidos, c) realizar inventarios faunísticos, d) incorporar los macroinvertebrados en los programas de bioindicación y e) la formación de especialistas a nivel local.

Results of faunistic research of eight selected dipteran families (Bibionidae, Blephariceridae, Dixidae, Limoniidae, Pediciidae, Platypezidae, Ptychopteridae, and Rhagionidae) in the Uzh River Basin (Ukraine) are presented thanks to the support by the FAN (B) - Förderkreis für allgemeine Naturkunde (Biologie) in the framework of the project “Ephemeroptera, Plecoptera, Diptera biodiversity trip along the Uzh river, Ukraine”. Altogether 16 species are recorded as new to the fauna of Ukraine in the present paper. One species is newly recorded of the families Blephariceridae, Pediciidae, and Ptychopteridae, and two species each of the families Limoniidae and Bibionidae. Three species each belong to the families Dixidae, Platypezidae, and Rhagionidae.

2.AbstractSuction organs provide powerful yet dynamic attachments for many aquatic animals, including octopus, squid, remora, and clingfish. While the functional morphology of suction organs from various cephalopods and fishes has been investigated in detail, there are only few studies on such attachment devices in insects. Here we characterise the morphology, ultrastructure, andin vivomovements of the suction attachment organs of net-winged midge larvae (genusLiponeura) – aquatic insects that live on rocks in rapid alpine waterways where flow rates can reach 3 m s-1– using scanning electron microscopy, laser confocal scanning microscopy, and X-ray computed micro-tomography (micro-CT). We identified structural adaptations important for the function of the suction attachment organs fromL. cinerascensandL. cordata. First, a dense array of spine-like microtrichia covering each suction disc comes into contact with the substrate upon attachment. Similar hairy structures have been found on the contact zones of suction organs from octopus, clingfish, and remora fish. These structures are thought to contribute to the seal and to provide increased shear force resistance in high-drag environments. Second, specialised rim microtrichia at the suction disc periphery form a continuous ring in close contact with a surface and may serve as a seal on a variety of surfaces. Third, a V-shaped cut on the suction disc (the V-notch) is actively peeled open via two cuticular apodemes inserting into its flanks. The apodemes are attached to dedicated V-notch opening muscles, thereby providing a unique detachment mechanism. The complex cuticular design of the suction organs, along with specialised muscles that attach to them, allows blepharicerid larvae to generate powerful attachments which can withstand strong hydrodynamic forces and quickly detach for locomotion. Our findings could be applied to bio-inspired attachment devices that perform well on a wide range of surfaces.

В работе рассматривается фауна, численность и биомасса личинок блефарицерид, а также распределение по различным водоемам Тувы. Выявлено шесть видов личинок блефарицерид: Bibiocephala infuscata, Agathon decorilarva, Neohapalotrix acanthonympha, Asioreas nivia, Agathon sp, Blepharicera sp. Вид B. infuscata является новым для фауны России, в Туве же этот вид обычен и характерен как для типичных горных потоков, так и для крупных рек., The fauna, quantity and biomass of larva of Blephariceridae and also their distribution on various reservoirs of Tuva is considered in this work. By results of researches six species of larva of mosquitoes are revealed: Bibiocephala infuscata, Agathon decorilarva, Neohapalotrix acanthonympha, Asioreas nivia, Agathon sp, Bibiocephala sp. The species B. infuscata is new for fauna of Russia, in Tuva this kind is most usual and is characteristic both for typical mountain flows, and for the large rivers.

There are few studies of the ecology of waterfalls despite their being prominent landscape features and of ecological interest because of their physical characteristics. We compared invertebrate assemblages of 5 waterfalls in the Australian Wet Tropics over 12–18 mo. Waterfall assemblages were distinct from those of riffles and bedrock, with some taxa particularly abundant on waterfalls (e.g. Simuliidae, Hydropsychidae) and others restricted to them (e.g. Blephariceridae, Pyralidae), and supported more species than bedrock but fewer than riffles. Differences among waterfalls related to differences in discharge, shade and habitat complexity. Waterfalls comprised a complex of microhabitat patches, with high-flow smooth, high-flow rough, vertical and spray zones most prevalent and distinguishable by gradient, roughness, water velocity, depth and invertebrate assemblages. In high-flow microhabitats rheophilic taxa (e.g. Simuliidae) were prevalent, while in the spray zone a range of madicolous taxa (e.g. various Coleoptera) occurred. Within microhabitats, temporal change was moderate, with stable composition over 12 months. Flood disturbance had limited effect on assemblages, as large flows overshot steep surfaces; drought may be more of a threat because recovery is hindered by isolation and lack of hyporheic refugia. Given their isolation, limited extent and distinctive fauna, waterfalls merit special conservation attention.

This study aims to determine the diversity, abundance, dominance index, similarity index and inequality of land arthropods in the people's plantations in the village of Jawatongah, Hatonduhan Subdistrict, Simalungun Regency. This research was conducted in October 2019 until November 2019. Sampling was carried out at 5 stations in the People's plantation in Jawatongah Village, Hatonduhan District, Simalungun Regency. Data retrieval is done 3 times using trap traps. From the results of research and data analysis found 9 orders and 1 family consisting of 9 orders and 16 families consisting of: Formicidae, Flatidae, Silphidae, Anobiidae, Labiduridae, Tephritidae, Culicidae, Rhagionidae, Simuliidae, Blephariceridae, Gryllidae, Anobiidae, Labiduridae, Tephritidae, Culicidae, Rhagionidae, Simuliidae, Blephariceridae, Gryllidae, Anobiidae, Labiduridae, Tephritidae, Culicidae, Rhagionidae, Simuliidae, Blephariceridae, Gryllidae, Acobiidae, Acrididae, Phrididae, Acrididae, Acrididae, Acrididae, Acrididae, Acrididae, Acrididae, Acrididae, Acrididae, Acrididae, Acrididae, Acrididae, Acrididae, Acrididae. Lachesillidae, Liposcelidae, Pholidae, Araneidae, Ageleidae. The highest relative abundance of soil Arthropods was Tephritidae (71, 486%), the lowest was Liposcelidae and Aranidae (0.367%). The diversity index of the Athropods of the soil ranged from 0.996-1.536. The dominance index ranged from 0, 27155 - 0.53598. From these observations it can be seen that in general the Tephritidae group dominates all places in the study location. For the Arthropod similarity index of land in the smallholder plantations of Jawatongah village, Hatonduhan sub-district, Simalungun Regency, ranged between 55.56% - 80%. Knowledge and knowledge about diversity, abundance, status and distribution of animals are very important for humans and need to be preserved to improve the welfare of society, especially in agriculture.

The structure of the male terminalia and their musculature of species of tanyderid generaAraucoderusAlexander, 1929 from Chile andNothoderusAlexander, 1927 from Tasmania are examined and compared with each other and with published data on the likely relatives. The overall pattern of male terminalia of both genera is similar to those of most Southern Hemisphere genera, with simple curved gonostyli, lobe-like setose parameres, and setose cerci inconspicuous under the epandrium. Both genera have terminalia similarly rotated by 180° (and 90° as an intermediate stage); rotation may be either clockwise or counterclockwise. However, the similar patterns are realized differently: segment VIII is the decreased and asymmetrical due to completely membranose tergite VIII inNothoderus(the first record of such modification in Tanyderidae), but narrow and symmetrical inAraucoderus. Accordingly, pregenital muscles are very different between the genera. Based on localization of muscle attachment sites, the hypandrial origin of the stripe between gonocoxites is shown in both genera, and entire membranization of tergite VIII and partial membranization of hypoproct is shown inNothoderus. Tanyderidae are characterized by highly specialized sclerites and muscles of male terminalia and provide no evidence of relationship with previously studied members of Psychodidae, Blephariceridae and Ptychopteridae.

The genus Horaia is newly recorded in China. Two new species, Horaia xizangana sp. nov. and H. calla sp. nov., are described as new to science. A key to the known species of Horaia of the world is presented.

Waterfalls have unique physical characteristics and harbour highly specialised macroinvertebrate communities, but have been the subject of very few ecological studies. There are no previous studies of trophic structure of waterfall assemblages. It was hypothesised that because of the steep gradient of waterfalls and low retention of terrestrial-based resources, the abundant basal food resources would be periphyton. In addition, because of the frequent scouring flood events, it was predicted that periphyton would be a significant source of food for filter feeders. Waterfalls in the Ulu Temburong National Park (Brunei Darussalam) were used in the present case study. Methods included stable carbon (C)- and nitrogen (N)-isotope analyses (SIA; δ13C and δ15N of leaf litter and periphyton) and gut-content analysis (GCA) of the most the abundant macroinvertebrates. With δ15N values ranging from –1.9 to 5.5‰, literature suggests that this indicates that herbivores (Heptageniidae and Blephariceridae), omnivores (Simuliidae and Hydropsychidae) and predators (Buccinidae) live in the waterfalls. Apart from Buccinidae, the taxa had δ13C signatures ranging from –33 to –26‰, with a high dependence on periphyton, which is similar to other tropical-stream biotopes. The present study suggests that despite scouring velocities, waterfalls support animals with a range of diets, based on grazing or scraping, filter feeding and predation.

Genus Paltostoma Schiner Paltostoma Schiner, 1866: 931. Type species, Paltostoma superbiens Schiner, by orig. des., Published as part of Gil-Azevedo, Leonardo H. & Santos, Durval Da S., 2016, FAMILY BLEPHARICERIDAE, pp. 182-186 in Zootaxa 4122 (1) on page 184, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.4122.1.19, http://zenodo.org/record/258264, {"references":["Schiner, J. R. (1866) Bericht uber die von Weltumseglungsreise der k. Fregatte Novara mitgebrachten Dipteren. Verhandlungen der Kaiserlich-Koniglichen Zoologisch-Botanischen Gesellschaft in Wien, 16, 927 - 934."]}

superbiens Schiner, 1866: 931. Type locality: Colombia. HT Sex? (NHMW). Distr.: Colombia (exact locality unknown). Refs.: Schiner, 1866: 931, Schiner, 1868: 27., Published as part of Gil-Azevedo, Leonardo H. & Santos, Durval Da S., 2016, FAMILY BLEPHARICERIDAE, pp. 182-186 in Zootaxa 4122 (1) on page 184, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.4122.1.19, http://zenodo.org/record/258264, {"references":["Schiner, J. R. (1866) Bericht uber die von Weltumseglungsreise der k. Fregatte Novara mitgebrachten Dipteren. Verhandlungen der Kaiserlich-Koniglichen Zoologisch-Botanischen Gesellschaft in Wien, 16, 927 - 934.","Schiner, J. R. (1868) Diptera. In: Wullerstorf-Urbair, B. von (Ed.), Reise der osterreichischen Fregatte Novara um die Erde in den Jahren 1857, 1858, 1859 unter den Befehlen des Commodore B. von Wullerstorf-Urbair. Zoologischer Theil. Vol. 2. Abt. I. B. K. Gerold's Sohn, Wien, pp. i - vi + 1 - 388, pls. 1 - 4."]}

medius Hogue, 1989, in Hogue & Bedoya: 47. Type locality: Colombia, Antioquia, Quebrada Alarcona. HT M (LACM). Distr.: Colombia (Antioquia (Quebrada Alarcona, Quebrada La Agudelo, 2.5 km S. El Retiro)). Refs.: Hogue & Bedoya, 1989: 47., Published as part of Gil-Azevedo, Leonardo H. & Santos, Durval Da S., 2016, FAMILY BLEPHARICERIDAE, pp. 182-186 in Zootaxa 4122 (1) on page 183, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.4122.1.19, http://zenodo.org/record/258264, {"references":["Hogue, C. L. & Bedoya, I. (1989) The net-winged midge fauna (Diptera: Blephariceridae) of Antioquia Department, Colombia. Contributions in Science, 413, 1 - 57."]}

inca Hogue, 1989, in Hogue & Bedoya, 1989: 28. Type locality: Bolivia, La Paz, small tributary to south of R��o Unduari, 21.2 km W. Puente Villa. HT M (LACM). Distr.: Colombia (Antioquia (Quebrada La Espadera, 7.7 km E. Medell��n; 3 km N. Palmitas), Valle del Cauca (Quebrada Honda, Pe��as Blancas, 1.800 m)), Bolivia, Ecuador, Peru. Refs.: Hogue & Bedoya, 1989: 28., Published as part of Gil-Azevedo, Leonardo H. & Santos, Durval Da S., 2016, FAMILY BLEPHARICERIDAE, pp. 182-186 in Zootaxa 4122 (1) on page 184, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.4122.1.19, http://zenodo.org/record/258264, {"references":["Hogue, C. L. & Bedoya, I. (1989) The net-winged midge fauna (Diptera: Blephariceridae) of Antioquia Department, Colombia. Contributions in Science, 413, 1 - 57."]}

charadrae Hogue, 1989, in Hogue & Bedoya: 18. Type locality: Colombia, Antioquia, 1km SE. Paso de Boquer��n. HT M (LACM). Distr.: Colombia (Antioquia (1km SE. Paso de Boquer��n, 1 2 km W. Piedra Blanca, Guarne, Quebrada La Cascada, 9.1 km E. Medell��n, Quebrada El Treinta, 2 km N. Palmitas), Quind��o (Quebrada Salado, 4 km E. Calarc��)). Refs.: Hogue & Bedoya, 1989: 18., Published as part of Gil-Azevedo, Leonardo H. & Santos, Durval Da S., 2016, FAMILY BLEPHARICERIDAE, pp. 182-186 in Zootaxa 4122 (1) on page 184, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.4122.1.19, http://zenodo.org/record/258264, {"references":["Hogue, C. L. & Bedoya, I. (1989) The net-winged midge fauna (Diptera: Blephariceridae) of Antioquia Department, Colombia. Contributions in Science, 413, 1 - 57."]}

aspergonympha Hogue, 1989, in Hogue & Bedoya: 14. Type locality: Colombia, Antioquia, Quebrada El Treinta and nearby stream, 2 km N. Palmitas. HT M (LACM). Distr.: Colombia (Antioquia (Quebrada El Treinta and nearby stream, 2 km N. Palmitas, 1 km SE. Paso de Boquer��n)). Refs.: Hogue & Bedoya, 1989: 14., Published as part of Gil-Azevedo, Leonardo H. & Santos, Durval Da S., 2016, FAMILY BLEPHARICERIDAE, pp. 182-186 in Zootaxa 4122 (1) on page 184, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.4122.1.19, http://zenodo.org/record/258264, {"references":["Hogue, C. L. & Bedoya, I. (1989) The net-winged midge fauna (Diptera: Blephariceridae) of Antioquia Department, Colombia. Contributions in Science, 413, 1 - 57."]}

saltana Edwards, 1929: 71. Type locality: Argentina, Salta, Quebrada San Lorenzo. LT F des. by Zwick, 2007: 114, (BMNH). Distr.: Colombia (Antioquia (1 km SE. Paso de Boquer��n), Cundinamarca (R��o Frio, road from Zipaquira to Pacho, 2,900m)), Argentina. Refs.: Hogue, 1971: 8.7; Hogue & Bedoya, 1989: 27; Zwick, 2007: 114., Published as part of Gil-Azevedo, Leonardo H. & Santos, Durval Da S., 2016, FAMILY BLEPHARICERIDAE, pp. 182-186 in Zootaxa 4122 (1) on page 184, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.4122.1.19, http://zenodo.org/record/258264, {"references":["Edwards, F. W. (1929) Blepharoceridae. In: Diptera of Patagonia and South Chile. Part 2, Fascicle 2. British Museum (Natural History), London, pp. 1 - 75.","Zwick, P. (2007) Some net-winged midges from Argentina (Diptera: Blephariceridae). Studies on Neotropical Fauna and Environment, 42, 109 - 119.}","Hogue, C. L. (1971) 8. Family Blephariceridae. In: Papavero, N. (Ed.), Catalogue of the Diptera of the Americas South of the United States. Museu de Zoologia, Universidade de Sao Paulo, Sao Paulo, pp. 12.","Hogue, C. L. & Bedoya, I. (1989) The net-winged midge fauna (Diptera: Blephariceridae) of Antioquia Department, Colombia. Contributions in Science, 413, 1 - 57."]}

lichanos Hogue & Bedoya, 1989: 39. Type locality: Colombia, Antioquia, Quebrada La Hundida, 16.8 km E. Santuario. HT M (LACM). Distr.: Colombia (Antioquia (Quebrada La Hundida, 16.8 km E. Santuario, Quebrada Salado, Quebrada Santo Domingo, 7.6 km S. Porce, 7.6 km W. Porce, 7.6 km W. Porce at km 57, R��o Medell��n, Primavera), Caldas (5 km N. Supia), Cundinamarca (R��o Caqueza, 9 km NW. Caqueza, tributary to R��o Caqueza, 1 km NE. exit of Carrera 78 to Une), Quind��o (R��o Quind��o, 10 km N. Armenia, Boquia, Quebrada Salado, 4 km E. Calarc��), Valle del Cauca (km 23 Cali-Dagua Higway)). Refs.: Hogue & Bedoya, 1989: 39., Published as part of Gil-Azevedo, Leonardo H. & Santos, Durval Da S., 2016, FAMILY BLEPHARICERIDAE, pp. 182-186 in Zootaxa 4122 (1) on page 183, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.4122.1.19, http://zenodo.org/record/258264, {"references":["Hogue, C. L. & Bedoya, I. (1989) The net-winged midge fauna (Diptera: Blephariceridae) of Antioquia Department, Colombia. Contributions in Science, 413, 1 - 57."]}

kolomeros Hogue, 1989, in Hogue & Bedoya, 1989: 51. Type locality: Colombia, Antioquia, Quebrada Alarcona. HT M (LACM). Colombia (Antioquia (Quebrada Alarcona). Refs.: Hogue & Bedoya, 1989: 51., Published as part of Gil-Azevedo, Leonardo H. & Santos, Durval Da S., 2016, FAMILY BLEPHARICERIDAE, pp. 182-186 in Zootaxa 4122 (1) on page 183, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.4122.1.19, http://zenodo.org/record/258264, {"references":["Hogue, C. L. & Bedoya, I. (1989) The net-winged midge fauna (Diptera: Blephariceridae) of Antioquia Department, Colombia. Contributions in Science, 413, 1 - 57."]}

eldorado Hogue, 1989, in Hogue & Bedoya: 24. Type locality: Colombia, Antioquia, Quebrada Piedra Blanca, 12 km W. Guarne. HT M (LACM). Distr.: Colombia (Antioquia (Quebrada Piedra Blanca, 12 km W. Guarne; Salto Tequendamita), Caldas (6 km N. Manizales)). Refs.: Hogue & Bedoya, 1989: 24., Published as part of Gil-Azevedo, Leonardo H. & Santos, Durval Da S., 2016, FAMILY BLEPHARICERIDAE, pp. 182-186 in Zootaxa 4122 (1) on page 184, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.4122.1.19, http://zenodo.org/record/258264, {"references":["Hogue, C. L. & Bedoya, I. (1989) The net-winged midge fauna (Diptera: Blephariceridae) of Antioquia Department, Colombia. Contributions in Science, 413, 1 - 57."]}

Genus Limonicola Lutz Limonicola Lutz, 1928: 67. Type species, Limonicola plurivectis Lutz, by mon., Published as part of Gil-Azevedo, Leonardo H. & Santos, Durval Da S., 2016, FAMILY BLEPHARICERIDAE, pp. 182-186 in Zootaxa 4122 (1) on page 183, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.4122.1.19, http://zenodo.org/record/258264

Gil-Azevedo, Leonardo H., Santos, Durval Da S. (2016): FAMILY BLEPHARICERIDAE. Zootaxa 4122 (1): 182-186, DOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.4122.1.19

roldani Hogue & Bedoya, 1989: 6. Type locality: Colombia, Quind��o, Quebrada Salado, 4 km E. Calarc��. HT M (LACM). Distr.: Colombia (Antioquia (Quebrada Iguan��, Quebrada La Cascada, 9.1 km Medell��n, Quebrada Piedra Blanca, 12 km W. Guare, Quebrada La Espadera, 7.7 km E. Medell��n, Quebrada El Treinta, 2 km N. Palmitas; 1 km SE. Paso de Boquer��n, Quebrada La Hundida, 16.8 km E. Santuario; Quebrada Cadavid, 17.9 km E. Santurio), Quind��o (Quebrada Salado, 4 km E. Calarc��), Valle del Cauca (Quebrada Honda, Pe��as Blancas, 1.800 m)). Refs.: Hogue & Bedoya, 1989: 6., Published as part of Gil-Azevedo, Leonardo H. & Santos, Durval Da S., 2016, FAMILY BLEPHARICERIDAE, pp. 182-186 in Zootaxa 4122 (1) on page 184, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.4122.1.19, http://zenodo.org/record/258264, {"references":["Hogue, C. L. & Bedoya, I. (1989) The net-winged midge fauna (Diptera: Blephariceridae) of Antioquia Department, Colombia. Contributions in Science, 413, 1 - 57."]}