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The article comments on union bureaucracy. A small number of intellectuals who for personal and ideological reasons attached themselves to labor organizations, mainly during the 1930's, were about as close as most unions came to having professional bureaucrats. In recent years the staffs of all but the poorest or most stable unions have grown substantially. There are specialists in such professional capacities as research, education, publications, public relations and legal affairs. The position of an idealist is often a touchy one, for ferment must be created through, or at least with the aid of, the men of power, the elected officialdom.

The article focuses on local leader Walter Reuther, the president of United Automobile Workers. Reuther's simple inspirationalism gives a man something he can get hold of. There is a feeling of loyalty on the part of Autoworker members to Reuther. This union has been in the forefront in educating officers and members. It has kept the highest level of internal integrity. Its submission of contract settlements to referendum and the board of review it recently set up to safeguard members' rights reflect a deep commitment to democratic procedures and values. The same commitment has kept salaries for union officials and staff personnel well below that of many comparable unions.

This article presents information regarding increasing internal cleavages in the AFL-CIO. When Walter Reuther proposed a "march of the unemployed on Washington" to the AFL-CIO council meeting in Puerto Rico in the spring of 1959, George Meany appeared at first to reject the proposal out of hand. Meany is understood to prefer continuing but not extending organized labor's involvement in party conventions. But Reuther, who once argued that neither of the major parties was a serviceable vehicle for labor's political aspirations, has for the first time accepted an appointment to the labor advisory committee of the National Democratic Advisory Council.

This article examines the American labor movement since the merger of American Federation of Labor (AFL) and Congress of Industrial Organizations (CIO). The authors know their subject through university teaching and writing in labor relations, and through practical experience in factory work. The merger of the AFL and the CIO was itself a product, not of organized labor's strength, but of its weakness. As reported previously, a broad range of union officials have felt during the past decade that they lived in an increasingly hostile national environment.

The article focuses on the Conservative Party Conference, which is a mass demonstration, not a policy-making body. Its four thousand members meet for only two and a half days, and their Party Leader, in whom sole responsibility for policy and organization is vested by their constitution, does not even appear on the scene until the Conference itself is formally concluded. None the less, the Conference is a useful sounding-board for the militant Conservatives who are the backbone of the party's election machine.

The article focuses on the life of African American children in the U.S., which has affected the adult Black-White relationships. The problems of the African American have been manifold. Some of the teachers have risen to the occasion. They have found, however, that the African American children are almost uniformly passive with respect to classroom participation in the early grades. It is impossible for a white person to understand the ordeal of an African American child. The issue of integration is of great importance to African Americans in the U.S. Adult Black-White relationships in the North have also been affected.