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Used structural equations modeling to test the competing values framework (CVF) formulated by R. E. Quinn and colleagues and to refine a scale identifying the extent to which managers use the framework to evaluate organizational effectiveness. Results with 300 hospital managers and supervisors support the CVF, and the refined scale yields excellent validity and reliability estimates. Contains 48 references. (SLD)

It is argued that effectuation may not and should not be based on Davidsonian inter-subjectivity but rather on Penrosean inter-subjectivity. A team- or network-based extension of Ludwig Lachmann's individual-based radical subjectivism could be provided by Penrosean inter-subjectivity. This direction would allow scholars to avoid 'ontological oscillation'.

The works of Austrian economist Ludwig Lachmann are used to examine entrepreneurship methods of Austrian organizations.

The effects of meeting format (standing or sitting) on meeting length and the quality of group decision making were investigated by comparing meeting outcomes for 56 five-member groups that conducted meetings in a standing format with 55 five-member groups that conducted meetings in a seated format. Sit-down meetings were 34% longer than stand-up meetings, but they produced no better decisions than stand-up meetings. Significant differences were also obtained for satisfaction with the meeting and task information use during the meeting but not for synergy or commitment to the group's decision. The findings were generally congruent with meeting-management recommendations in the time-management literature, although the lack of a significant difference for decision quality was contrary to theoretical expectations. This contrary finding may have been due to differences between the temporal context in which this study was conducted and those in which other time constraint research has been conducted, thereby revealing a potentially important contingency--temporal context.

The Inventory of Polychronic Values (IPV) measure of polychronicity is developed. It is shown that the IPV accurately measures polychronicity and provides alpha reliability coefficients in the 0.80 range. The IPV also exhibited high test-retest reliability, independence from social desirability response biases and stable theoretical homogeneity in several confirmatory factor analyses performed in and across three large samples.