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JAK2 V617F (JAK2) mutation is associated with clonal hemopoiesis in myeloproliferative neoplasms as well as with faster progression of cardiovascular diseases. Little is known about the relationship between allele burden and the degree of atherosclerotic alteration of coronary vasculature. We previously reported that carotid artery stiffness progressed faster in patients with JAK2 positive essential thromocythemia (ET) patients. After a four-year follow-up we investigated whether mutation burden of a JAK2 allele correlates with a higher coronary calcium score.

Wilson’s disease (WD) is an autosomal recessive inherited disorder of copper metabolism caused by mutations in the ATP7B gene, which is located on chromosome 13q14.3. The global genetic prevalence of WD at birth is approximately 13.9–15.4 per 100,000 population. Although WD is a rare condition associated with treatment efficacy, mortality rates in patients with WD (5–6.1%) are higher than healthy controls. Prevalent features of WD include hepatic, neurologic, and psychiatric syndromes, even though various signs and symptoms of the disease have been depicted to this point. If diagnosed and treated at an early stage, WD patients would likely improve and be often largely asymptomatic for the rest of their lives. Prompt diagnosis and lifelong treatment substantially affect outcome. We aimed to summarize current knowledge about WD epidemiology, genetics, clinical manifestations, diagnostic workup, and current WD management.

Introduction/Objective. Intraocular pressure is an important parameter of eye health, especially when glaucoma is suspected. So far, few studies have been published that aimed to determine the average value of intraocular pressure and central corneal thickness in a healthy population aged 20–30 years. The aim of this study was to determine the distribution of the values of intraocular pressure and central corneal thickness in healthy student population. Methods. In a cross-sectional study, intraocular pressure and central corneal thickness were measured on a sample of a healthy population, aged 22–37 years. Intraocular pressure was measured using the Goldmann applanation tonometry method, while central corneal thickness was measured using ultrasound pachymetry. The analysis of numerical values was done using the methods of descriptive statistics. Results. By measuring intraocular pressure and central corneal thickness in 641 subjects (1282 eyes), the average value of intraocular pressure was determined to be 14.79 ± 2.31 mmHg, and central corneal thickness was 553.92 ± 25.56 μm. By comparing two groups of subjects, one male group and the other one female, we determined that there was no statistically significant difference in the average value of intraocular pressure (t-test, p > 0.05), and the average value of central corneal thickness (t-test, p > 0.05) between the sexes. Conclusion. The determined average value of intraocular pressure and central corneal thickness is similar to those determined in other cross-sectional studies of this type. No statistically significant difference was found in the intraocular pressure values and the central thickness of the cornea by sex.

Introduction: Small bowel injuries are rare, accounting for only 1% – 5% of injuries following blunt abdominal trauma, while small bowel perforation has been reported in 0.3% of patients. Delays in early diagnosis or misdiagnosis significantly contribute to the mortality and morbidity associated with small bowel injuries. Blunt abdominal trauma poses a diagnostic challenge, with focused assessment using sonography in trauma and computed tomography abdomen becoming invaluable methods for diagnosis, integrated into management guidelines. Case Report: We present a case of jejunal perforation and contusion resulting from blunt abdominal injury due to a fall onto a fence. The initial chest X-ray did not reveal any traumatic injuries or subdiaphragmatic free gas. Computed tomography of the abdomen and small pelvis revealed free fluid in the peritoneal cavity and thickening of the jejunal wall, corroborated by abdominal ultrasound. Surgical intervention confirmed a diagnosis of small jejunal perforation. Conclusion: Given the minimal and often clinically undetectable signs in patients with blunt abdominal trauma, timely and accurate imaging diagnostics and prompt surgical intervention significantly reduce the morbidity and mortality associated with these injuries.

Optical coherence tomography with angiography (OCT-A) is a non-invasive imaging technique that enables three-dimensional visualization of perfusion through the vascular network of the retina and choroid. The possibilities of OCT-A for glaucomatologists will expand in the near future. The possibility of detecting and monitoring glaucoma with this technology will also be expanded. All of these systems will undoubtedly offer software updates, making it easier for examiners to use the device itself, and thus monitor the disease. OCT-A represents the future in the diagnosis of retinal diseases and glaucoma.

The paper presents results of a research focusing on a four decades' struggle for legal recognition of the right to conscientious objection in Socialist Yugoslavia. Without a pretense to evaluate it, the paper aspires to describe and explain the evolution of Yugoslav Military Criminal Law by examining its distinctive historical causes and inner logic. Methodologically, the study relies on normative analysis of relevant legal sources that have been either understudied or simply disregarded. It analyzes especially the 1989 Amendment to the Military Service Obligation Act that introduced the right to conscientious objection into the Yugoslav socialist legal system , as well as related archival materials, newspaper reports and other written accounts depicting the political background of the 1989 legal reform. The study sheds light on socialist secularism and questions the common perception of the Yugoslav People's Army as a conservative institution unwilling to compromise. It also contributes to a broader theoretical discussion on the ambiguous nature of conscientious objection as a right and/or a privilege.

Introduction/Objective. Glaucoma diagnosis often induces fear of vision loss and blindness, as well as concerns related to the lifelong use of eye drops and financial expenses, which can lead to certain emotional disorders, depression and anxiety in particular. As these psychological disturbances usually coexist with physical disorders, the aim of the present study was to assess the risk factors for depression in patients with glaucoma. Methods. This cross-sectional study involved 132 consecutive glaucoma patients that were seen between September 2018 and December 2019 at the Glaucoma Department of Clinic for Eye Diseases, University Clinical Centre of Serbia, in Belgrade. All participants completed the Hamilton Depression Rating Scale and the Hamilton Anxiety Rating Scale to assess depression and anxiety, respectively. Results. The mean age of glaucoma patients was 65.67 ± 8.63 years, whereby the mean age in the group with depression/anxiety was 65.74 ± 7.6 / 64.67 ± 5.51. Prevalence of cardiovascular diseases and previous surgery was statistically significantly greater among glaucoma patients exhibiting depression relative to those that did not report any depressive symptoms (42.6% vs. 15.4%, 66.7% vs. 34.6%, respectively). On the other hand, these two groups were indistinguishable with respect to the evaluated ophthalmological parameters and the number of eye drops used to treat glaucoma. Conclusion. Our analyses revealed that low economic status, poor health, prevalence of cardiovascular diseases, history of surgeries, and non-beneficial lifestyle habits such as coffee consumption are the main risk factors for depression. However, none of the investigated clinical ophthalmological characteristics emerged as the risk factors for depression.

Background/Aim. Different surgical interventions have been proposed, including trabeculectomy associated with antiproliferative agents because silicone oil (SO) removal cannot necessarily provide intraocular pressure (IOP) control. The aim of the study was to determine the efficacy of trabeculectomy with mitomycin C (MMC) for lowering IOP in patients with open-angle glaucoma (OAG) secondary to emulsified SO after pars plana vitrectomy. Methods. A single-center, prospective study was conducted, from December 2014 to December 2019, on 56 consecutive patients with an uncontrolled elevation of IOP after SO removal who were subjected to trabeculectomy with mitomycin MMC in that period. The primary end-point was the IOP at the three-year follow-up visit. Complete surgical success was defined as an IOP ranging from 7 mmHg to 18 mmHg without glaucoma medication. Qualified success was defined a s I OP ≤ 2 1 m mHg with one or two topical medications. Results. Fifty-six patients with a mean age of 5 3.6 [standard deviation (SD)15.5] years had a mean baseline IOP of 42.3 (39.3 to 45.3) mmHg, which reduced to 18.6 (17.9 to 19.3) mmHg three years after surgery (p < 0.0001). Seventeen (30.4%) eyes were classified as a complete success, 21 (37,5%) as a qualified success, and 18 (32.1%) as a failure. In all successfully treated patients, the number of antiglaucoma medications was significantly reduced from 2.85 (SD 0.77) to 1.63 (SD 0.62), p < 0.0001. Conclusion. Trabeculectomy with MMC may be an option for lowering IOP in patients with OAG secondary to emulsified SO after pars plana vitrectomy, which was not controlled with maximum

The paper sketches a general timeline and defines key milestones in some fifty years long teaching Marxism within the state school system of the socialist Yugoslavia. The research relies primarily on relevant legal framework, especially the School Reform Acts of 1958 and 1974, and associated doctrinal writings. Through discourse analysis of these legal and doctrinal sources, the paper discloses the evolving role and purpose of teaching Marxism as an institutionalized belief that was meant to contend the traditional religion. By questioning the experience of this socalled school-Marxism, the study contributes to a better understanding of socialist secularism as a historical phenomenon, potentially also instigating new attempts at reconsidering whole series of old, yet still persisting controversies, such as interrelation of science and atheism, the role and place of moral education, or religious neutrality of school curricula.

Introduction: Glaucoma is a group of diseases, etiologically very different, which is characterized by typical damage to the optic nerve and visual field defects. The most common cause of this disease is higher intraocular pressure (IOP) than the vascular system of the optic nerve head can withstand. Aim: The aim of our study was to examine the correlation between iris color and glaucoma type through a cross-sectional study. Material and methods: Total of 117 patients with glaucoma that were treated at the Clinic for Ophthalmology of the University Clinical Center of Serbia, in the glaucoma clinic, relevant data was recorded, including iris color and the type of glaucoma that was diagnosed and under therapy. The correlation between iris color and sex of patients, age, type of glau-coma, values of IOP of both eyes (IOP OD/OS) and central corneal thickness of both eyes (CCT OD/OS) was examined. Results: The population of our patients consisted of 38.5% men and 61.5% women. Primary open angle glaucoma (POAG) was present in 34.2% and primary angle closure glaucoma (PCAG) in 28.2% of patients. Blue iris was found in 16.2%, green in 6.8%, light brown in 29.9% and dark brown in 47% of patients. The mean IOP is 17.6 ± 6.5mmHg for the right and 16.9 ± 6.1mmHg for the left eye, and for CCT 547.6 ± 69.3mm for the right and 546.6 ± 64.2mm for left eye. Statistically significant correlations were found between glaucoma type and sex (p = 0.001), glaucoma type and iris color (p = 0.031) and CCT and iris color (p = 0.027). Conclusion: A statistically significant correlation of iris color and glaucoma type was confirmed , indicating that people with darker irises develop glaucoma more often than people with lighter irises. The relationship between sex and IOP with iris color was not determined. Results show a higher incidence of glaucoma in females, as well as higher values of CCT in people with darker irises.

Vitamin B1 (aneurin, thiamine) is a water-soluble vitamin necessary for the normal function of the nervous system, visual system and heart and is part of important enzymes in the body. Thiamine enables the normal use of glucose, other carbohydrates and proteins, and enables the supply of energy to the organism. The main sources of thiamine are exogenous and small amounts are synthesized by microorganisms of the human intestinal microbiome. Vitamin B1 cannot accumulate in the body, so signs of deficiency are quickly manifested. Hypovitaminosis B1 is seen in chronic ethyl abuse, persistent vomiting (as in some pregnant women) or after bariatric surgical procedures, but in a mild form it is present in the general population. Normal daily needs for vitamin B1 depend on calorie intake, and 0.4 mg should be ingested for every 1000 kcal.

Introduction/Objective. World Health Organization in January 2020 declared a pandemic of the coronavirus disease named COVID-19. The state of emergency in the Republic of Serbia began on March 15 2020, which greatly influenced the treatment of those patients who were not affected by COVID-19. The aim of this paper is to compare the most common ophthalmic surgeries during quarantine with those performed in 2019 in the same period. Methods. This is a retrospective study. We collected data from the operating protocol of the main ophthalmic operating room. We have followed the changes related to surgical procedures during these two years. Results. During the state of emergency, significantly more operations were performed on male patients than on female patients compared to the same period in 2019 (p = 0.043). In the observed period, in 2019 significantly more patients older than 65 were surgically treated (p < 0.001). During 2019, there were 397 (64.3%) elective and 220 (35.7%) urgent procedures, while for the same period next year there were 9 (9.1%) elective and 90 (90.9%) urgent procedures. Significantly more urgent interventions were performed during 2020 compared to 2019 (p < 0.001). Conclusion. The coronavirus pandemic has led to numerous changes in the treatment of ophthalmic patients. Many patients did not have access to adequate treatment, which certainly led to the impairment of many ophthalmic diseases.

Introduction/Objective. Dry eye is a multifactorial disease with incidence up to 50% in the general population. It is characterized by a loss of homeostasis of the tear film and accompanied by ocular symptoms. Ocular Surface Disease Index (OSDI) questionnaire is designed to provide a rapid assessment of the symptoms. The aim of this study was to evaluate the diagnostic capacity of OSDI. Methods. A prospective, randomized and observational study was conducted at the Clinic for Eye Disease, University Clinical Center of Serbia, between December 2018 and February 2019. The OSDI questionnaire was used to rate the severity of dry eye disease. Schirmer I test, tear break-up time test (TBUT), Rose Bengal test and lid-parallel conjunctival folds (LIPCOF) test were performed as a clinical proof of the symptoms. Results. A total of 27 patients, 15 male (55.4%) and 12 female (44.6%), with mean age of 60 ± 15 years were included in the study. The average value of OSDI score was 26.37 ± 23.98 (0–80). Schirmer I test and Rose Bengal test for the right and the left eye, as well as the TBUT test for the left eye were positively correlated with OSDI score (Spearman correlation coefficient). Conclusion. OSDI questionnaire is a fast, reliable, and inexpensive test. In our study we have found a correlation between the OSDI score and other clinical tests, except with LIPCOF test. At this moment, the questionnaire that could be the gold standard for dry eye disease diagnosis does not exist, therefore further studies concerning this topic are needed.

The aim of this study was to design and apply the measuring acquisition system, or a device for determining the limit values of eggshell stress using the puncture method. This study focused on class "L" eggs produced on a laying hen farm in the vicinity of Čačak and determined the external physical properties of egg quality: length, width, shape index and mass. In addition, the following eggshell properties were determined: mass, proportion, thickness, and puncture force. The average egg length was 58.05 mm, width 45.46 mm, and shape index 78.25%. The average egg mass was 65.89 g, and the eggshell ratio 12.76% (8.44 g). The average eggshell thickness was 0.48 mm with a 4.69% coefficient of variation. Results showed that the tested eggs had uniform stress, with an average value of the minimum shell puncture force 26.34 N, with a 0.95% coefficient of variation.

SMEs in Serbia are significant players of the Serbian economy that create value and also drive innovation in different industries. However, this sector needs to understand the driving forces of the market and how the economy works within a changed agenda. Within the new COVID19 pandemic, SMEs are facing many obstacles and opportunities for diverse growth, within the current challenging environment. The new terms impacted SMEs and they are fighting battles on multiple fronts, including changing customer patterns, manpower shortages, work organization, new communication tools, and relations with the customers, among others. Further, the changed communications strategy with measurable outputs is needed to reestablish new functional channels with all the stakeholders along the way, as a prerequisite for sustainability and success. Also, employee motivation with new competencies and skills within a changed work organization are important factors that require to be effectively and quickly addressed. In addition, automation and digitalization are SMEs' trump cards and this sector needs to be a driver of the change.

Despite being closely examined from the perspective of its political background , the 1950 Yugoslav burka ban as a legal text remained until now beyond interests of historians of law. Exposing this Yugoslav law to a strictly normative analysis and comparison with analogous contemporary bans, this paper delivers the findings that largely exceeded the results of historical studies done so far. Though a brief text, the Yugoslav burka ban was a composite legislation that surely contained full-face veil ban, but also penalized criminal acts against unveiling and introduced an embryo to the future socialist Kanzelparagraph i.e., pulpit law as well. Openly aiming to break a religiously inspired behavior, its militant advocacy was only apparently distinct from a more neutral wording of the present-day veil-bans. A thorough analysis of its ideological foundation, however, indicates a crucial common feature with the modern laical legislation: the paternalistic state action excluding religion as such from the open public space and free debate. As such, the legacy of the Yugoslav socialist burka ban contributes to better understanding of militant SEC-ularism as surely a modern, but not a new controversy.

The paper discusses the 1966 Protocol on the Negotiations Between Yugoslavia and the Holy See that has already been subject to several historical analyses focusing primarily on negotiations leading to it rather than the document itself. The initial hypothesis is that the legal profile of the 1966 Yugoslav Protocol may indicate its hidden political weight and a deeper historical meaning. In order to discern it, the paper examines the Protocol as an instrument of international law, aiming at explaining the way its form and substance have reflected difficulties and affected changes in relations between a Communist state and the Roman Catholic Church in Tito's Yugoslavia. Therefore, the paper compares the 1966 Yugoslav Protocol with its Eastern-European equivalents and discusses its impact on further evolution of the Yugoslav constitutional and legal framework.

Radomir Lukić's Introduction to Law was a model textbook in Communist Yugoslavia for nearly fifty years. Still in use as a learning source in present-day Serbia, it combines Marxist theory of law with Kelsen's normativism in order to explain the legal rule as a social fact without denying its normative dimension. In order to discern the reasons for and patterns of this synthesis, the paper compares the first five consecutive editions of Lukić's textbook, as milestones of the author's intellectual evolution. The initial hypothesis is that Lukić's teaching was no more than a reinterpretation of his Parisian doctoral thesis from the late 1930s. Inspired by French theory of social law and despite being Marxist, his teaching was not of Marxist origin. As such, it facilitates understanding of the Communist theory of law, especially Marxist perception and reception of Kelsenian normativism.

The aim of the paper is to shed light upon the political background of an early Serbian critic of French sociological school and method in law. Its working hypothesis is that this critic reveals a conservative character of Serbian Staatrechts theory advocated by Slobodan Jovanović, Živojin Perić and their followers. Based on the idea of social consciousness as a source of law, on judicial creativity and the free scientifically based legal research, the French sociological school stood clearly against statist and elitist mainstream of Serbian legal theory which idealized the State as the unique sovereign power in its capacity to create the law. This paper endeavors to contribute not only to a better understanding of the reception of sociological method in Serbia, but also to a critical analysis of the ideological foundation of the 20th century Serbian legal thought.

Background/Aim. Neovascular glaucoma (NVG) is a secondary glaucoma caused by occlusion of the trabecular network of newly formed blood vessels. The aim of this study was to evaluate the efficacy and safety of intravitreal injections of bevacizumab before trabeculectomy with mitomycin C (MMC) for the treatment of NVG. Methods. A prospective and open-label study was conducted from May 2013 to December 2014 on consecutive NVG patients who underwent intravitreal injections of bevacizumab and a primary trabeculectomy with MMC. All patients were followed-up at least for 12 months. Success was defined as an intraocular pressure (IOP) of ≤ 21 mm Hg with or without topical ocular hypotensive medication. Results. Fourteen eyes of 12 diabetic patients fulfilled the respective demands of the inclusion and exclusion criteria. The mean (± standard deviation) follow-up period was 15.0 (± 2.0) months (range, 12 to 19 months). After one year of follow-up, 11 (78.6%) eyes had an IOP ≤ 21 mmHg. The mean IOP was significantly reduced from 42.4 (± 9.7) mmHg preoperatively to 18.4 (± 2.9) mmHg postoperatively (p < 0.0001). Regarding surgical complications, 6 months of trabeculectomy, hyphaema was observed in 3 (21.4%) eyes, macular edema in one (7.1%) eye and recurrence of neovascularization requiring intravitreal bevacizumab injection in 2 (14.2%) eyes. Conclusion. Preoperative intravitreal bevacizumab may be effective as adjunctive treatment for trabeculectomy with mitomycin-C for neovascular glaucoma patients.

This paper analyzes the effects of restitution on agricultural land, on the example of the Municipality of Becej. Restitution, as a current topic and a process that is largely implemented in the Republic of Serbia, was analyzed from the point of view of the impact on agricultural plots, with the aim of determining the impact of restitution on land consolidation. The initial hypothesis of the research is whether the process of restitution leads to land fragmentation. Therefore, the ultimate goal of the research is to determine whether restitution has negative effects on the area of the cadastral municipality in which the land was regulated by land consolidation.