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Urothelial cell carcinoma (UCC) is the ninth most common cancer that accounts for 4.7% of all new cancer cases globally. UCC development and progression are due to complex and stochastic genetic programs. To study the cascades of molecular events underlying the poor prognosis that may lead to limited treatment options for advanced disease and resistance to conventional therapies in UCC, transcriptomics technology (RNA‐Seq), a method of analyzing the RNA content of a sample using modern high‐throughput sequencing platforms has been employed. Here, we review the principles of RNA‐Seq technology and summarize recent studies on human bladder cancer that employed this technique to unravel the pathogenesis of the disease, identify biomarkers, discover pathways and classify the disease state. We list the commonly used computational platforms and software that are publicly available for RNA‐Seq analysis. Moreover, we discussed the future perspectives for RNA‐Seq studies on bladder cancer and recommended the application of a new technology called single‐cell sequencing to further understand the disease. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Lung cancer's poor prognosis is primary influenced by cancer stem cells (CSCs). They are highly resistant to chemotherapy and are believed to repopulate the tumour. Magnetic activated (MACS) and fluorescence activated (FACS) cell sorting are the two most common methods for the CSCs isolation. Alternatively, a 3-dimensional stem cell culture method could be used. This method resulted in the formation of spheroid. Four generation of spheroids were established and characterized. Significant increase in the CD133+ population was observed across subsequent generations, which had higher chemotherapy resistance. They exhibited self-renewal capacity and differentiation ability, mirroring the characteristics of the original tumour. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]