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The aim of the work was to present a way of developing positive interaction between horses and riders in training. Interactions between horse and rider that lead to a positive relationship are realized through a series of human actions towards the horse and vice versa. The interaction between horse and rider is influenced by many factors ; rider's seat, training method, appropriate equipment and knowledge of the basic characteristics of horse ethology. The connection between a man and a horse is the embodiment of the greatest connection between a man and an animal, while the ultimate goal of riding is to achieve union with the horse, that is, some kind of fluidity. With proper work and training, horses show a desire and willingness to communicate with people, while coercion in working with a horse is the worst for both partners. The rider around the horse should have the qualities of a calm and reliable leader, while the horse should have confidence in its rider. Constant proper work and time dedicated to the horse will lead to a high- quality and successful creation and maintenance of a positive relationship between horse and rider.

With the aim of determining the effect of response to heat stress, parity, breed and breeding region on somatic cell count (SCC) in dairy cattle, the individual test-day records of dairy cows collected from 2005 to 2012 in regular milk recording (AT4 / BT4 method) in Croatia were used. The proportional differences in log somatic cell count, and logSCC (in %) in subsequent milk recordings (1st, and 2nd) were determined in cows with a significant decrease in daily milk yield at a set temperature-humidity index, THI threshold (68, 72, and 76). The results indicate high variability in somatic cell count due to the animal’s response to heat stress (heat stressed at THI in 68, 72, and 76), parity (1, 2, and 3+), breed (Holstein, and Simmental) and breeding region (Central, and Eastern Croatia). Also, it could be pointed out that Holsteins, especially cows in higher parities (2, 3+) reared in Eastern Croatia were shown to be more sensitive to environmental stress, even in the period after heat stress (1st, and 2nd subsequent milk recording). Since SCC is not only an indicator for mastitis, but also reflects a cow’s immune response to general stress situations, the high variability determined may be explained by the individual adaptation capabilities of these two breeds to breeding conditions in the analysed regions.

Mare's milk is traditionally used in the regions of Central Asia by nomadic people. Also, there is a long history of utilisation and processing of mare's milk. Furthermore, in recent decades, mare's milk has been researched as a functional food throughout Europe. The production of mare's milk is highly demanding. Since the composition of the mare's milk depends on various factors, the aim of the work was to determine the variability of the composition of the Lipizzaner mare's milk regarding parity. Mare's milk was collected from the 16 Lipizzaner mares bred at a stud farm in eastern Croatia. Regarding parity, the mares were classified into two groups: (A) younger (first to third lactation, n = 8) and (B) older (over third lactation, n = 8). It was found that the amount of milk fat and lactose is higher in the milk of older mares, while the amount of protein was lower in the same animals. Concerning the aspect of functional food in the human diet, protein represents the most important component of mare's milk. Therefore, it can be concluded that the milk of the younger mares is richer in protein and more recommended as a functional food.

Cow welfare is subject to various influences, in both negative and positive ways, such as: social interactions with other cows, human-animal interactions, management systems, nutrient supply, barn design, climate, etc. Two basic behaviours that are important in the ethology of animals are eating and resting. The milking was incorporated between those two needs in robotic milking, or it was given to the free will of the animal itself. Robotic milking has gained widespread acceptance, as a way to reduce labour on dairy farms, increase milk production and simultaneously improve dairy cow welfare by allowing cows to choose when to be milked. Free cow traffic is one of the variations of cow traffic strategies, where cows can access feeding and resting areas of the barn with no restriction. The basic concept for such traffic is to increase the comfort of cows, and compliance with the five freedoms of animal welfare.

The paper aimed to define the optimal daily number of rations of a "modern" horse, regarding the physiological and ethological aspects, and to determine the number of ratios in horses in boarding and private accommodation in Croatia. From an evolutionary and physiological point, the horse was built for constant feeding. The rations have to provide an adequate supply of energy and nutrients and largely affect the horses' ethology. The management of feeding and quality of ration affects the horses' health and welfare. Today horses are far less physically active than before. The frequency of rations affects the physiological parameters of digestion and the aetiology of the horse. How to balance the appropriate ration frequency considering the physiological and ethological aspects, and the usage of the horse itself depends primarily on the daily amount and quality of feed required for the horse to remain fit. Usually, adult horses have two rations a day with a 10-hour daily interval and 14-hours nightly interval between rations. The frequency of a horses’ ration varies depending on the way of keeping, category, physiological condition and usage. The effect of feeding on the health and welfare of horses is mainly focused on the appropriate intake of energy and nutrients and on the consideration of the aetiology of feeding, limiting concentrates to specific needs, availability of water and hygienic correctness of feed and water. Knowledge of the specific feeding needs of horses in physiology and aetiology should be considered an essential part of preserving the horses' welfare.

Današnja proizvodnja mlijeka je vrlo zahtijevan i kontinuiran posao s brojnim proizvodnim procesima i operacijama koje se bez iznimki svakodnevno ponavljaju. Kako bi se olakšali i unaprijedili pojedini tehnološki postupci u proizvodnji mlijeka, bilo je nužno uvesti automatizirane sustave, odnosno robote. Među prvim takvim sustavima počeo se koristiti automatizirani muzni sustav (AMS), koji je znatno olakšao posao mužnje krava. Roboti, koji sada zamjenjuju muzače u izmuzištu, obavljaju mužnju krava. Međutim, oni posjeduju u svojoj opremi i različite senzore pomoću kojih mogu pratiti životinju, te informirati farmera o proizvodnom i zdravstvenom stanju životinje. Uspješnost implementacije AMS-a na mliječnoj farmi ovisi, između ostalog, i o prilagođenom uzgoju goveda za robotiziranu mužnju. Od uzgojno-selekcijskih svojstava goveda ovdje se prije svega ističu osobine vimena, te neke osobine stražnjih nogu. Međutim, farme koje posjeduju AMS trebaju poštovati i norme dobrobiti goveda. Za postizanje veće proizvodnje mlijeka po kravi, što je jedan od ciljeva AMS-a, potrebna je i veća aktivnost krava (veći broj odlazaka na mužnju i češće uzimanje hrane na hranidbenom stolu). Ovakvi postupci mogu dovesti do izmjena uobičajenog dnevnog ritma krava. Zato je važno pratiti mjere dobrobiti, te proizvodnju optimizirati na zdravlje i dugovječnost životinje.

Mare's milk was traditionally used by nomadic peoples in the regions of Central Asia, where its use goes back a long way in history. In recent decades, the mare's milk has been researched as a functional food throughout Europe. The production of the mare's milk is technologically demanding. Changes in the composition of the mare's milk have been poorly investigated in the raw material production. The aim of the work was to determine whether the composition of the Lipizzaner mare's milk change through the ordinal number of lactation. Mare's milk was collected from the 17 Lipizzaner mares bred at a stud farm in Slavonia (eastern Croatia). The Lipizzaner mares were classified into two groups: (A) younger (first to third lactation, n = 8) and (B) older (over third lactation, n = 8). The composition of milk fat, protein and lactose in the mare's milk in the 4th and 6th months of lactation was analysed. It was found that the amount of milk fat and lactose in the mare's milk of older mares increases, while the amount of protein decreases. The most important composition of mare's milk from the aspect of functional food in the human diet is precisely the protein composition. Therefore, it can be concluded that the milk of the younger mares is richer in protein and more acceptable as a functional food. The protein composition of mare's milk should be identified further.

Potaknuti namjerom da se iskoristi trenutni bum kontinentalnog turizma na istoku Hrvatske s razvojem ponude konjičkog turizma u skladu sa zahtjevima endogene i održive regionalne politike, konjogojstvo u 21. stoljeću razvilo se u čitavu konjičku industriju. Konjička industrija obuhvaća konjičke sportove, utrke, turizam, popratne djelatnosti vezane za i uz konje. Prateći trendove razvoja konjičke industrije uočene su i istražene tendencije rasta u razvijenijim zemljama, te rastući trendovi konjičke industrije kao bitnoga elementa turističke ponude koja je, ovisno o prezentiranim elementima, osnovna ili dopunska ponuda destinacije. Konjički turizam orijentira se na dva osnovna faktora koja sama sebe determiniraju: konjički turizam u kojemu turist aktivno sudjeluje u aktivnostima s konjima, te konjički turizam u kojemu turist nema direktnog dodira s konjima niti direktno sudjeluje u aktivnostima s konjima. Na istoku Hrvatske smjestile su se pet hrvatskih Županja Virovitičko- podravska, Požeško-slavonska, Brodsko-posavska, Osječko-baranjska i Vukovarsko-srijemska. Površina koja zauzima 12, 486 km2 prostora Republike Hrvatske. Na prostoru navedenih županija u 2020. godini uzgaja se 5.553 konja. Od ukupno dvanaest parkova prirode Republike Hrvatske dva se nalaze na istoku Hrvatske Park prirode Papuk i Park prirode Kopački rit. Koji su idealni temelj razvoja konjičkog turizma na konjima. Uz vinogorja Podunavlja Srijem, Erdut i Baranja te Slavonije Đakovo, Slavonski Brod, Nova Gradiška, Požega- Pleternica, Kutjevo, Daruvar, Pakrac, Feričanci, Orahovica-Slatina i Virovitica čine zaokruženu priču eno-gastro doživljaja s i na konjima. Temelj razvoja konjogojstva kakovo danas poznajemo na istoku Hrvatske zaslužna je Državna ergela Đakovo i Lipik. Koje su i danas smjernice mnogim uzgajivačima konja na tom prostoru i šire. Konjičke sportove potenciraju i razvijaju četrnaest konjičkih klubova koji su registrirani u Hrvatskom konjičkom savezu. Razvojem funkcionalne hrane u prehrani ljudi sve se više prepoznaje kobilje mlijeko, čija je tehnologija iznimno zahtjevna, a tržišna cijena proizvoda opravdava tehnologiju. Prodaja finalnog proizvoda lako je provodljiva internet prodajom i turističkom ponudom iskustva doživljaja na samom gospodarstvu. Potencijal za ovu vrstu proizvodnje leži u hladnokrvnim pasminama konja koje se slabo iskorištavaju kroz ponudu i uslugu turizma. Sinergiju turističkih ponuda i usluga istoka Hrvatske konji svakako mogu upotpuniti.

Jacobaea vulgaris, a rapidly spreading weed with a light yellow daisy-like flower, is spreading more and more over a large number of green areas in our environment. Since all parts of the plant contain pyrrolizidine alkaloids (PA), Jacobaea vulgaris represents a danger to both the human (poisoning can occur by consuming polluted honey) and animal (gradual poisoning by consuming canned grass) population. Pyrrolizidine alkaloids break down in the liver, causing significant damage to the liver itself but also damage to the central nervous system and can lead to genome alteration and consequent carcinogenic processes in cells. Recovery from poisoning with Jacobaea vulgaris is possible only at an early stage when a large amount of pyrrolizidine alkaloids has not yet been deposited in the body, but then the symptoms are mild and it is not possible to unambiguously link them to the onset of poisoning of an individual. Therefore, it is extremely important to prevent the possibility of poisoning at all that is to eradicate the Jacobaea vulgaris from our meadows and pastures primarily by diligent, responsible and efficient maintenance of green areas in our environment.

Milk production in the Republic of Croatia is facing a great challenge. Over the years, there has been a decline in the number of farms, cattle and the amount of milk production. Data for 2019 show a decrease in the number of cows for milk production of 4.4% compared to the previous year, or 14.4% over the last 5 years. Consequently, during the mentioned period, there was a drop in milk production by 15.5%. There are several reasons for this situation: high fragmentation of parcelled land, rural population moving to cities and other richer EU countries, negative population demographics, strong pressure of cheap milk imported by retail chains from western and northern EU member states, insufficiently modernized farms. All this makes it difficult for the survival of the Croatian farmer. Self-sufficiency in milk production in 2019 in Croatia was only 48.4%. In order to somewhat stop these negative trends, the Government of the Republic of Croatia is trying to encourage farmers to modernize dairy farms. One way of modernization is the introduction of milking robots. Farmers increasingly accept the proposed idea. Currently, 40 robots were installed in Croatia, distributed on 27 farms. Preliminary production results show that on robotic farms there has been an increase in milk production at the lactation level of about 528 kg. In addition to the production effect, the robotization of farms also leads to a financial effect on the entire Croatian economy.

Cilj istraživanja bio je utvrditi utjecaj različitih startera, koji sadrže sirutku u prahu i izvore bjelančevina s niskim udjelom antinutritivnih tvari (ANF) te metionin i lizin na: tjelesne mjere, biokemijske parametre te konzumaciju hrane rano odbijene ženske teladi holstein pasmine. Sukladno starteru, telad je podijeljena u četiri skupine; kontrolna (kontrolni starter), E1 (starter sa suhom sirutkom), E2 (starter sa izvorima proteina s niskim ANF-om + metionin i lizin) i E3 (starter sa suhom sirutkom i izvorima proteina s niskim ANF-om + metionin i lizin). Rezultati provedenog istraživanja ukazuju da različiti starteri koji su sadržavali sirutku i izvore bjelančevina s niskim ANF-om te metioninom i lizinom značajno utječu na kon¬zumaciju mliječne zamjenice i startera te na ukupnu konzumaciju suhe tvari, visinu grebena, duljinu tijela te koncentracije NEFA u plazmi ženske teladi holstein pasmine. U konačnici, u cilju optimizacije porasta te konzumacije hrane teladi, može se preporučiti uporaba startera koji sadrže sirutku u prahu, izvore bjelančevina s niskim udjelom antinutritivnih tvari te metionina i lizina, ali to zahtjeva daljnja istraživanja o utjecaju na ostale performanse teladi., The objective of this research was to determine the effect of different starters consisted of dried whey and soy proteins with low anti-nutritive factors (ANFs) + amino acids (lysine and methionine) on body measurements, biochemical parameters, and feed consumption of early-weaned female Holstein calves. Based on the starter, calves were divided into four groups: i) control (control starter), ii) E1 (starter with added dry whey), iii) E2 (starter with added soy proteins with low ANFs + lysine and methionine), and iv) E3 (starter with added dry whey and soy proteins with low ANFs + lysine and methionine). Results indicate that different starters based on whey powder and soy proteins with low ANFs + lysine and methionine significantly affected the consumption of milk replacer and starter, the total consumption of dry matter, then withers in height, and body length (among body traits) as well as NEFA (among blood biochemical parameters) of female Holstein calves. Finally, starters based on dried whey and soy proteins with low ANFs + lysine and methionine could be recommended to optimize the growth and feed consumption.

Innovations in animal husbandry are most often where production processes are most sensitive or where the largest workforce participates. Milking cows is one of such jobs where automation of jobs has been introduced more and more in recent years, ie where robots are increasingly used for milking. Today, there are about 50, 000 robots of various designs and manufacturers in use in the world. Research shows that number will double in the coming years. The robotization of dairy farms has gained momentum with producers in the Republic of Croatia. However, in robotization of farms, farmers face new challenges and practices that they did not know before. That is why any professional and scientific help is welcome and worth studying. The results of this study were conducted on two dairy farms that underwent a transition from conventional to robotic milking. The results showed a significant (p

The jumping sport represents a significant part of the equestrian industry that is largely focused on the realization of economic gain. In order to realise desired competition results, horses need to be adequately trained. Generally, training can be defined as ‘a complex process of different activities with a planned and oriented goal of making progress in achieving fitness and oriented movements during work'. Through training, horses need to improve or maintain maximum performance, preparing the horse for competition, delay onset of fatigue, improve skills or work capacity, minimize the incidence of injuries or metabolic disorders, and maintain willingness and enthusiasm for exercise. Furthermore, warming-up represents the unavoidable preparatory step of each training session aiming to prepare the body for the training by increasing the heart rate, enhancing blood supply to tissues, and increasing the flexibility of joints, ligaments, and tendons. Also, horses' trainers and handlers should nurture natural curiosity enabling horses to suppress potential fear of new stimuli and lift the performances in training and breeding. Finally, an adequately trained and bred horse is the one with good results in equestrian sports.

Životinje mogu biti tješitelji duše te pravi pomagači u potrebi i potrazi (self-search). Pronalaze pristup pacijentima s demencijom, mogu mirisom osjetiti bolesti i sumnjaju na pojavu bolesti prije vlasnika. Terapija s pomoću životinja (European Society for Animal Assisted Therapy – ESAAT) psihoterapijski je tretman koji se temelji na izgradnji veze sa životinjom kroz interakciju i igru, kako terapija uz pomoć životinja djeluje i koja je životinja za koga prikladna. Životinje su se već odavno etablirale kao svojevrsni terapeut za ljude. Bilo da su konj, pas, mačka ili alpaka – pomažu malim i velikim pacijentima primjerice s anksioznim poremećajima, problemima mišićno- koštanog sustava ili u prevladavanju depresije. Interakcija sa životinjama može prenijeti osjećaj mira, zajednice i ljubavi. Zagovornici terapije uz pomoć životinja kažu da razvoj privrženosti prema životinji potiče samopoštovanje i samopouzdanje. Ovisno o potrebama pacijenta i ciljevima liječenja, ESAAT može uključivati udomljavanje kućnog ljubimca kod kuće, sudjelovanje u programu za terapiju životinja u zajednici ili pohađanje ustanove u kojoj žive terapijske životinje. Često može biti prilika za pacijente da izađu, komuniciraju sa svojim vršnjacima te sudjeluju u vježbama. Životinje mogu zaustaviti usamljenost, dati ljudima s demencijom novu kvalitetu života te pomoći djeci s problemima u ponašanju da izgrade povjerenje i preuzmu odgovornost. Psi primjerice pomažu djeci da smanje agresiju i na njih djeluju opuštajuće. Društveno povučena djeca postaju aktivnija uz pse, a psi djeluju smirujuće na hiperaktivnu djecu. Terapija s pomoću životinja može se odvijati u gotovo svakom okruženju koje najbolje odgovara potrebama pacijenta, uključujući bolnice, škole, pa čak i zatvore. U terapiji mogu sudjelovati mnoge životinje. Iako su konji, psi i mačke najčešći, neki ljudi biraju ribe, zamorce, pa čak i dupine. Vrlo je važno da su terapijske životinje prijateljske, mirne, dobro obučene, zdrave i ažurirane s cijepljenjima i kontrolom parazita.

Since the problem of lameness is very common on dairy farms, it is necessary to apply newer technologies that can contribute to reducing the frequency of lameness. Information Computer Technologies (ICT) is becoming increasingly widespread to monitor the levels of the production, functional, welfare and health traits. With automated lameness detection methods a large amount of data can be collected in short period of time, which can improve lameness prediction accuracy. The application of ICT technology in the detection and prevention of lameness in cows in milk production is possible and has a future. Currently, ICT are strongly represented at the level of scientific approach with a tendency to be applied in practice on a daily basis. Significant effort and cooperation of several different groups of people (scientists, IT specialists, and farmers) are needed in order for ICT to be successfully implemented in continuous practical application.

Automatizacija različitih radnih procesa, pri čemu se koriste roboti, sve je češća pojava na govedarskim farmama. Roboti za mužnju krava posljednjih godina bili su među važnijim tehnološkim rješenjima i inovacijama jer su pokazivali niz prednosti u odnosu na konvencionalnu mužnju. Trenutno u Hrvatskoj imamo 30 robota za mužnju raspoređenih na 20 farmi, odnosno pravnih osoba. Prema rezultatima ankete napravljene sa farmerima, najčešći razlog za prelazak s konvencionalne na robotizirane mužnju je bio smanjiti udio ljudskog rada, te poboljšati vlastitu kvalitetu života. Prelazak s konvencionalne na robotiziranu mužnju krava kod hrvatskih farmera bio je uspješan, te je došlo do pozitivnih trendova na farmama. Kako bi učinkovitost i iskorištenost robota bila što veća, s farmerima je potrebno provesti niz različitih edukacija.

The objective of this study was to determine the effect of different starters for calves (including dried whey and protein sources whit low ANFs) on the variability of the birth weight, body weight and body measurements (birth weight, body weight, withers height, hip height, body length, chest depth, chest width, heart girth, cannon bone circumference and hip width). Accordingly, to feeding, calves were divided into four groups ; control (control starter), E1 (starter with added dry whey), E2 (starter whit added protein sources whit low ANFs), and E3 (concentrate whit added dry whey and protein sources whit low ANFs). Calves were individually housed in a boxes with feeders and drinkers. Average birth weight of calves were 41.21±3.22 kg. Based on obtained results it could be concluded that different starters significantly influenced following traits: body weight, withers height, body length and hip width while the variability of other analysed due to different feeding groups were not statistically significant.

Šepavost je bolest krava koja se učestalo javlja na farmama za proizvodnju mlijeka. Izrazito je bolna za životinje, rezultira visokim ekonomskim gubitcima uslijed: pada proizvodnje mlijeka, troškova liječenja, te ranog izlučenja grla iz proizvodnje. Ključno je uočiti upalne promjene (preteče šepavosti) u začetku, a prije razvoja uznapredovale faze bolesti, koja dovodi do otežanog i bolnog kretanja kod životinja. Razvoj infracrvene termografije daje nove mogućnosti u prevenciji nastanka šepavosti. Ova tehnologija je beskontaktna, neinvazivna, te relativno lako primjenjiva. Infracrvena termografijaima budućnost u prevenciji šepavosti kod krava uz poštivanje određenih preduvjeta za njezino pravilno korištenje.

Cilj rada bio je analizirati morfološke i muzne značajke vimena i njihove međuodnose, te iste povezati sa zdravljem vimena. Istraživanje je rađeno na kravama holstein (HOL) i simentalske (SIM) pasmine. Uočena je signifikantna (p, The aim of the study was to analyze morphological and milkability traits of the udder and their interrelationships, and the same associated with udder health. Research was done on cows of Holstein (HOL) and Simmental (SIM) breed. There was a significant (p

Današnja tehnološka dostignuća značajno su promijenila proizvodna okruženja i tehnička rješenja. Proizvodnja mlijeka, kao jedna od najzahtjevnijih stočarskih proizvodnji, oslanja se na prilično veliki udio ljudskog rada u svakodnevnim poslovima proizvodnje. Uvođenjem AMS-a u proizvodnju, farmer se oslobađa poslova vezanih za samu mužnju, ali dobiva nova zaduženja u vođenju i nadzoru farme. Početna ulaganja u opremu znatno su veća nego kod konvencionalnog izmuzišta. Međutim, povećanjem broja mužnji, boljim upravljanjem farme i većom proizvodnjom mlijeka, financijski rezultat kroz nekoliko godina može biti veći u odnosu na konvencionalno izmuzište. Konačni uspjeh ovog sustava ovisan je o proizvodnom okruženju u koje se sustav ugrađuje, te o stručnosti i želji farmera za postizanje vrhunskih rezultata. Važno je misliti i na nove mlade generacije kojima je rad s računalima i robotima vrlo blizak i prihvatljiv.

Aiming determination of the persistency of heat stress effect in first parity Holstein cows regarding the region of breeding test-day records provided by the Croatian Agricultural Agency were analysed. Only cows with detected statistically significant decrease in daily milk yield at set temperature-humidity index (THI) threshold value (65, 70 and 75) were included in the further analyses. The persistency of heat stress effect regarding the daily milk traits was determined as a absolute drop in the subsequent milk recordings (1st and 2nd). The results of this research indicate significant difference in cows’ response to heat stress effect due to region of breeding and animal’s susceptibility to heat stress. The negative effect of heat stress was more pronounced and more persistent in cows bred in Mediterranean and Eastern Croatia. Also, the negative effect of heat stress was more pronounced and more persistent in cows that were more susceptible to heat stress (heat stressed at the lower THI threshold values).

Cilj rada bio je izmjeriti i prikazati osnovna muzna svojstva krava jersey pasmine na primjeru jedne suvremene govedarske farme za proizvodnju mlijeka. Za mjerenje muznih svojstava koristio se mjerni uređaj LactoCorder, a mjerili su se slijedeći parametri: količina mlijeka po mužnji (KMM), prosječni (PPM) i maksimalni protok mlijeka (MPM), te trajanje glavne (GFM) i cijele mužnje (TM). Krave jersey pasmine imale su prosječnu količinu mlijeka po mužnji 11, 99 kg, dok su PPM i MPM mlijeka u prosijeku iznosili 2, 01 odnosno 3, 09 kg/min. Trajanje GFM i TM u prosjeku su iznosili 5, 99 odnosno 10, 13 minuta. Utvrđena je nešto veća zastupljenost poželjnijih krivulja protoka mlijeka (pravokutna i stepenasta) u iznosu od 58 %, dok su manje poželjne krivulje bile zastupljene sa 42 % (bimodalna i neodređena). Sa stajališta dobre muznosti, krave jersey pasmine iz ovoga istraživanja imaju nešto niži prosječni protok mlijeka, a samim tim i duže trajanje mužnje. Uočena je velika zastupljenost bimodalnih krivulja, koje ukazuju na moguću neusklađenost muznog uređaja (sisne čaše) sa dimenzijama vimena krava jersey pasmine. Na osnovu dobivenih rezultata nužna su daljnja istraživanjamuznosti krava ove novije pasmine za proizvodnju mlijeka u Republici Hrvatskoj. Nadalje, nužna je određena korekcija na muznim uređajima kako bi se poboljšao tijek mužnje a samim tim i kvaliteta mužnje krava jersey pasmine.

Cilj rada je istražiti ponudu tržišta prehrambenih proizvoda od kobiljeg mlijeka na području Europske unije. Proizvodnje kobiljeg mlijeka u Europi prvi su se prihvatili Nijemci, Talijani i Francuzi, a potom se ona proširila i na Nizozemsku, Belgiju te Norvešku. Godišnja proizvodnja u EU iznosi oko 1.000 tona, te se kobilje mlijeko prodaje najviše u Rusiji i Francuskoj. Poljoprivredna gospodarstva i farme u zapadnoj Europi prepoznale su potencijale kobiljeg mlijeka te se usmjerile na ovu vrstu proizvodnje. Danas oni nude raznovrsne proizvode na tržištu, a također i turističke usluge na svojim farmama. Održivo poslovanje zabilježeno je na farmama usmjerenim na proizvodnju mlijeka kobile. Proizvodnja kobiljeg mlijeka može doprinijeti očuvanju pasmina konja i osigurati značajan broj radnih mjesta. Na taj način moguće je postići osim direktnih gospodarskih efekata, socio-ekonomske efekte koji su vidljivi u očuvanosti kulturnog krajolika i genetske raznolikosti. Osim svježeg mlijeka, moguće su razne prerade u fermentirane proizvode poput kumisa, jogurte, proizvodnja sira, čokolade ili kozmetičke proizvode poput sapuna, losiona, šampona. Potrošače treba upoznati i informirati o svojstvima mlijeka kopitara, njihovim pozitivnim učincima na zdravlje te širokim i raznolikim asortimanom proizvoda. Moguće ih je ponuditi na tržištu kako bi ostvarili potražnju, a samim time i proizvodnju mlijeka, poboljšanje same situacije u konjogojstvu te revitalizaciju autohtonih pasmina.

Termografska kamera bilježi zračenje u infracrvenom pojasu elektromagnetskog spektra (0.9-14 mikrometara) i stvara sliku koju nazivamo termogram. Sva tijela ovisno o njihovoj temperaturi emitiraju infracrveno zračenje, prema zakonu zračenja crnog tijela. Termografija omogućava promatranje okoline bez osvjetljenja što je prvo primjenjivala vojska i policija, a danas sve više lovci i znanstvenici kod promatranja životinja. Gledani termografskom kamerom topli predmeti se dobro ističu u odnosu na hladnije tako su konji i druge toplokrvne životinje dobro vidljive. Ovisno o kvaliteti kamere promatranjem konja termografskom kamerom može se uočiti najmanja promjena u temperaturi mišića, tetive, ligamenti, zgloba i sl. što može uputiti na ozljedu ili bolesti. Široka je primjena termografije u konjogojstuo osobito u vrhunskom konjičkom sportu. Analizom termograma konja koji je u treningu može se promatrati stupanj zagrijavanja pojedinih partija mišića i tako usmjeravati trening prema razvoju željenih mišićnih skupina. Usporedbom termograma prije i nakon korištenja opreme za jahanje ili prezanje konja može se utvrditi prikladnost iste. Termogram predstavlja odličan alat u svijetu uzgoja i korištenju konja sa ciljem njegove uspješnosti u sportu i dobrobiti.

Cilj rada je prikazati istraživanja koja se temelje na primjeni infracrvene termografije u konjogojstvu. Termografska kamera bilježi zračenje u infracrvenom pojasu elektromagnetskog spektra (0.9-14 mikrometara) i stvara sliku koju nazivamo termogram. Termografija danas postaje sve popularnija metoda pri dijagnosticiranju mišićno- koštanih i neuroloških ozljeda kod konja, posebice nespecifične hromosti konja. Budući da je termografija potpuno neinvazivna, pruža pregled konja bez da se ga dotakne, što neće prouzrokovati stres ili nelagodu kod životinje. Termografiju konja smatramo iznimno korisnom pri radu kod sportskih konja u treninzima. Gledajući u budućnost povremena rutinska termografska procjena radnog ili sportskog konja mogla bi pomoći pri osmišljavanju programa prevencije ozljeda, ali trenutno se zahtijevaju veća istraživanja kako bi se pokazala korisnost. Postati djelotvornim termo- grafičarom zahtijeva temeljitu obuku, upravo zbog toga što se termogrami lako manipuliraju promjenom uvjeta okoline ili lošom pripremom konja. Potrebno je vrsno iskustvo za razlikovanje normalnih i patoloških varijacija temperature na površini tijela konja.

Konj je po mnogočemu posebna domaća životinja, tako je i sa njegovim probavnim sustavom. Konj je biljojed sa jednostavnim želucem. Volumen probavnog sustava konja je oko 40 l na 100 kg tjelesne mase konja. Probava konja započinje usnom šupljinom, gdje zubi sažvaču obrok, natope ga slinom, jezik formira zalogaji i potiske dalje u probavni sustav. Jednak konja je dugačaki, izrazito mišićav i to jer razlog zašto konj gotovo nikada ne povraća. Kada zalogaj stigne u želudac koji čini 8, 5-10 % ukupnog volumena probavnog sustava, natapa se želučanim sokovima i potiskuje u crijeva. Konj nema žučnu vrećicu, te je to razlog zašto je osvijetli na masna krmiva. Funkcija žući u probavnom sustavu je da emulgira masti, da bi se one lakše resorbirale u organizam. Debelo crijevo konja čini 65% volumena probavnog trakta. Slijepo crijevo konja dvostruko je veće od goveđeg. U slijepom crijevu se odvija mikrobiološka aktivnosti i probava ugljikohidrata što se kod preživača vrši u predželucima. Za konje se često kaže da loše iskorištavaju krmiva. Razlog leži u tome što mikrobna populacija razgrađuje celulitičku membranu biljaka u stražnjem dijelu probavnog trakta konja. Tako se kasno oslobađaju hranjive tvari iz biljaka, koje se više ne mogu resorbirati i formira se izmet.