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Landinspektørrelevant forskning indenfor byplanlægning præges af tidens ønske om at skabe en bæredygtig og helhedsorienteret praksis

Til inspiration fra det store udland skal vi i denne artikel til Singapore for at følge landets rejse mod en nøjagtig og pålidelig digital tvilling af deres underjordiske infrastruktur, kaldet: Digital Underground.

The first Danish national landslide mapping and the resultant comprehensive landslide inventory, produced by The Geological Survey of Denmark and Greenland (GEUS), comprises more than 3200 landslides, indicating that landslide hazard might present a more serious problem in Denmark than earlier estimated, requiring methods to map areas at risk.This study proposes a Machine Learning approach to identify places that might be vulnerable to landslides based on topographic, hydrological, geological, and anthropogenic exogenous variables in a region of interest with a relatively high number of landslide occurrences situated around Vejle Fjord, Denmark, using publicly available data and open-source software. The supervised, tree-based machine learning algorithm Random Forest has been applied for a binary classification of the sample data as landslide presence (centroids from the landslide inventory) and randomly sampled absence points and the classification has been validated through test data unseen by the model.The results have been presented in the form of a landslide susceptibility map divided into several probability classes. The overall predictive accuracy of 94% indicates that the applied model has prospects to be applied for mapping areas in Denmark that might be prone to landslides. The mapping can be useful for decision-makers and can potentially pave the way to a legislative framework and land management practices for areas vulnerable to landslides and for preventive decisions as well as mitigative measures of the potential risks associated with landslide events.

This document is a collection of all the abstracts accepted for the PLANNORD 2022 symposium in Aalborg, 25th-26th August. The abstracts are divided into the themes and sessions used to organise the presentations in the symposium.

I denne artikel diskuteres udfordringer og perspektiver vedrørende opbygningen af en 3D-matrikel. Artiklen er et sammendrag af forfatternes indlæg ved et nordisk udviklingsseminar afholdt i det danske Miljøministerium d. 23. januar 2009. Der tages udgangspunkt i det danske system, men kommentarerne om ontologien, interoperabiliteten og visualiseringen er generiske og gælder derfor for alle de nordiske lande og i resten af verden for den sags skyld. Der er dog så mange forvaltningsmæssige ligheder mellem de nordiske lande at beskrivelser af situationen i et af landene er forståelige og forholdsvis sammenlignelige med resten af Norden (Kort & Matrikelstyrelsen 2006). Det er ikke formålet med denne artikel at pege på forskellene mellem landene i denne nordiske forvaltningstradition (Kain og Baigent 1992), men alene ved hjælp af eksempler fra den danske forvaltning, at pege på udfordringer og perspektiver i relation til opbygningen af en 3D-matrikel (Stoter, Sørensen m.fl. 2004). Artiklen foreslår en trinvis udvikling hen imod en 3D-matrikel, der kan visualisere ejendomsrelationerne i alle tre dimensioner og lade disse integrere med andre data om bygninger og ejendomme (Paulsson 2007).

City Geographic Markup Langagervej (CityGML) er et koncept for et applikationsuafhængigt og åbent dataformat for modellering og udveksling af 3D bymodeller

Many small and medium-sized cities meet their limitations when it comes to deliver longer running smart city services and to manage the complexity of big data. There is a tendency to be stuck in pilots and smaller set-ups because the knowledge and innovation that is required for these projects and services can’t be obtained in organisations, where there is more focus on daily operations and maintaining service levels in welfare. At the same time there is a need for a scientific baseline in relation to move our urban areas towards a more sustainable future. Someone needs to deliver data that can document the challenges that cities stand up against reaching the UN Sustainable Development Goals (SDG). This paper describes a case where the local university together with a research-based start-up company have taken an initiative to deploy and manage a network of multi-functional probes (MONTEM CityProbes) that contains a large number of sensors that can track a broad suite of environmental data in near real-time. The service is established with open data capabilities and with a hope to kickstart further innovations in smart city developments and to strengthen the IoT eco-system of the region. The specific example focusses on monitoring the air quality from 25 probes deployed in places with strategic importance and where there is heavy traffic intensity from fossil-fuelled motor vehicles. Many small and medium-sized cities meet their limitations when it comes to deliver longer running smart city services and to manage the complexity of big data. There is a tendency to be stuck in pilots and smaller set-ups because the knowledge and innovation that is required for these projects and services can’t be obtained in organisations, where there is more focus on daily operations and maintaining service levels in welfare. At the same time there is a need for a scientific baseline in relation to move our urban areas towards a more sustainable future. Someone needs to deliver data that can document the challenges that cities stand up against reaching the UN Sustainable Development Goals (SDG). This paper describes a case where the local university together with a research-based start-up company have taken an initiative to deploy and manage a network of multi-functional probes (MONTEM CityProbes) that contains a large number of sensors that can track a broad suite of environmental data in near real-time. The service is established with open data capabilities and with a hope to kickstart further innovations in smart city developments and to strengthen the IoT eco-system of the region. The specific example focusses on monitoring the air quality from 25 probes deployed in places with strategic importance and where there is heavy traffic intensity from fossil-fuelled motor vehicles.

På programmet var en række eksempler fra tyske byer på brugen af sensorer og organiseringen af sensordata. Der var herunder en præsentation af et spændende projekt fra München om udviklingen af ”Digital Twin” og ikke mindst en gennemgang af OGC’s API for sensordata, der hedder SensorThings API.Målgruppen for seminaret var først og fremmest de tyske byer og seminaret blev derfor afholdt på tysk. Jeg deltog i seminaret og vil forsøge at give nogle af hovedpunkterne videre.

Det øgede fokus på stedbaserede politik- og planlægningstilgange bygger på en formodning om, at der er lokale ressourcer, karakteristika og kvaliteter, som er uopdagede eller uforløste, og som kan og bør bringes mere aktivt ind i diskussioner om transformering af steders rolle og økonomi.Dette gælder både i byer og landområder og uanset om fokus er på tilpasning eller udvikling. Globalisering og teknologisk udvikling, samt mere konkrete ændringer i erhvervsstrukturer, uddannelse, infrastrukturer, bosætning, m.v., medfører et stort behov for nytænkning af de enkelte steders og områders rolle i større udviklingssammenhænge. Det handler ofte om at finde nye udviklingsperspektiver, der matcher de store forandringer i den økonomiske geografi, og som i højere grad arbejder med relationer og sammenhænge på tværs af eksisterende skel. Samtidig skal de selv samme perspektiver helst skille sig ud fra mængden, så man kan skabe sig sin egen niche og plads i udviklingen.Et steds eller områdes udvikling ser dermed ud til at være et spørgsmål om, hvordan man bedst muligt kombinerer de generelle trends og forandringsprocesser med lokale stedskvaliteter og stedbundne ressourcer. Det er således en både økonomisk, social og kulturel bevægelse, der rejser mange grundlæggende spørgsmål: Hvem er vi, hvem og hvad hænger vi reelt sammen med, hvad skal vi leve af fremover, hvem er vores målgruppe, brugere, kunder om 20 år, osv.?Det ses eksempelvis, når vi diskuterer, hvad urbanisering og ændringer i by-land relationer betyder. Der tales både om flytninger internt i kommuner og fra mindre til større kommuner. Men der tales også om en ”mentalt udadgående urbanisering”, som handler om, at alle efterhånden lever urbaniserede liv, også selvom de bor på landet. Hvad betyder dette i praksis? Hvilke udfordringer og muligheder medfører dette?En fornyet stedsudvikling handler i høj grad også om, hvordan man tilpasser og udvikler styring, samarbejde, innovation og planlægning ift. ovenstående. Hvad betyder en øget grad af sammenhænge og relationer på tværs af eksisterende skel for arbejdet med konkret at påvirke udviklingen – både for politikere, embedsværket, virksomheder og civilsamfundet? Hvordan kan dette håndteres gennem politik, strategier og planer? Hvilke typer samarbejder skal der til?

Everyone wants open data, but the road towards it can be both difficult and long. Implementation of data portals and ICT solutions for support of the data infrastructure can be initiated from the central government through legislation, regulation and public procurement. This is what you would call a typical top-down implementation. Implementation could also happen with the help of local enthusiasts and the proper organizational structure. This would be referred to as a bottom-up approach to the implementation. In Denmark you will find examples of both approaches and they will be presented in this article through two specific cases from the catalogue of digital solutions for closer public sector collaboration., Geoforum Perspektiv, Vol 16 No 30 (2017): Special issue related to the yearly conference, Kortdage

Simplification of geodata is promising in the context of data reduction for mobile applications. However, choosing the best simplification algorithm depends on the correct parameterization of the algorithm with respect to the specific data. This is a difficult task for any mobile application provider. This paper proposes a generic approach to simplification, which gives the mobile application provider a means to choose the appropriate algorithm including the most optimal parameter value according to his/her demands. This demand-driven notion adds a new aspect to the research about simplification. The paper proposes a design of an architecture for the determination of such simplification algorithms and demonstrates satisfying results based on a study applied to Dutch topographic road data from TOP10NL.

Sustainable park management encompasses the requirement to provide equal opportunities for access and usage of the park, regardless of age, gender or nationality of the visitors. It thereby presents opportunities as well as problems for today’s heterogeneous global cities. The research presented here is part of the project “Sustainable design, management and appropriation of urban public parks” (www.geo.unizh.ch/nfp54/)1. We assume that the specific park infrastructure in the form of design elements, behaviour settings (in the sense of Schoggen, 1989) and management (Kaplan et al., 1998) affords specific activities while discouraging others. By applying this knowledge to a specific spatial management, conflicts of usage can be minimized and thus social sustainability is ensured. Our goal therefore is to model the social interaction and resulting space usage in urban public parks at the micro level of individuals, because an understanding of the processes of space appropriation is important for the design and management of sustainable urban environments.

3D city models have become a very popular commodity for cities in general. The politicians and/or the administrative management have in the last few years been very active when it comes to investments in dimensionality, and the models come in many different forms and for many specific or non-specific purposes. The trend until now has shown that municipalities and developers in most cases have given high priority to the visual impact of these models. It has been more important for the cities to obtain a model that gave a high degree of verisimilarity in contrast to a model that had a high degree of interoperability. Verisimilarity would in this case mean a 3D model with close resemblance to reality and based on modelling principles from CAD and scenes from this, build with focus on photorealism. Interoperability would mean a 3D model that included semantics in form of an object model and an ontology that would make it useful for other purposes than visualisation. Time has come to try to change this trend and to convince the municipalities that interoperability and semantics are important issues for the future. It is important for them to see that 3D modelling, mapping and geographic information are subjects on the same agenda towards an integrated solution for an object-oriented mapping of multidimensional geographic objects in the urban environment. Many relevant subjects could be discussed regarding these matters, but in this paper we will narrow the discussion down to the ideas behind a development of a system called GRIFINOR, that can handle multidimensional geographic objects as Java-objects. GRIFINOR is a new platform for 3D geovisualization. The purpose of the GRIFINOR platform is to provide researchers and developers with an open source platform, a counterpart to proprietary developments in Geographical Exploration Systems. Centralized and proprietary Geographical Exploration Systems only give us their own perspective on the world. On the contrary, GRIFINOR is decentralized and available for everyone to use, empowering people to promote their own world vision.

Artiklens manchet: Designprocessen for f.eks. arkitekter kan i fremtiden starte virtuelt, hvor alle ser de samme billeder af bygninger og er i stand til at ændre på dem som en del af den kreative proces. Udgivelsesdato: September

The use of virtual environments in geovisualization has become a major topic within the last few years. The main reason for this interest in the growing use of 3D models and visual realizations in a wide range of applications concerned with the geographic element of information. The implementation and use of virtual environments has developed form being a rather sophisticated type of visualization that demanded extreme computer resources to become an integral part of the software on every desktop computer. This chapter addresses both philosophical and technical issues regarding the modelling of virtual environments. It specifically focuses on different representational aspects to be taken into consideration when a virtual environment is created. These aspects are data modelling, 3D modelling and level-of-detail. A range of different approaches can be taken to visualize a virtual environment within the geographic domain. A categorization of the virtual environments is offered through which the differences between them are highlighted. It is possible to achieve this categorization in many ways from many perspectives since this is not and will not be research of a purely positive nature. The two variables used for the categorization in this chapter are level of abstraction and the temporal characteristics of the model.

3D city models are mostly seen as static or at least as background for various animations types. In the last couple of years, experts have realized that 3D city models (technical maps of the future) should be maintained in order to be used in a continuous and dynamical planning and administration. Therefore it is important that temporal information is attached to the different parts of a city model so that it can be used as part of metadata for city models. Another and just as important use of time is related to the temporal characteristics of the 3D city models. There is a huge difference between traditional static city models and those models that are built for realtime applications. The difference between the city models applies both to the spatial modelling and also when using the phenomenon time in the models. If the city models are used in visualizations without any variation in time or when the variation in time is non-synchronous with real-time, usually more effort can be put on the fi delity in relation to the aesthetic and geometric representation. This means that the models are more realistic or contain another level of detail. However, if one looks at virtual environments with an in-built dynamic or a model suitable for visualization in realtime, it is required that modelling is done with level-of-detail and simplification of both the aesthetics and the geometry. If a temporal characteristic is combined with a visual characteristic, the situation can easily be seen as a t/v matrix where t is the temporal characteristic or representation and v is the visual characteristic or representation.

Med denne rapport udfyldes et stort og vigtigt hul i bestræbelserne på at tilpasse de internationale standarder på geoinformatik området til de mere specifikke danske forhold. I dette tilfælde handler det om mulighederne for at beskrive den grundlæggende geometri ved hjælp af Geography Markup Language (GML).