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1. TeleNGAGE: Promoting Transformative Equitable Collaboration between Families and Schools

Author

Egure, Dominic Siami, Curry, Katherine, Fiegener, Ashlyn M., Kim, Younglong, and Akinrinmade, Bodunrin

Abstract

The purpose of this qualitative case study was to investigate, through the lens of Adult Learning Theory, the perceived influence of TeleNGAGE on educators' and families' capacity to collaborate in equitable and transformative ways. Findings suggest that educators' and families' capacity for collaborative problem-solving was enhanced through TeleNGAGE. This social learning space, which supported adult preferences and motivations for learning, created a synergy that led to equitable social status, the application of new knowledge, and innovative approaches to problem-solving. These findings provide insight into equitable collaborative initiatives as educators seek to find solutions to complex problems in their schools.

Published
2023

2. Non-Formal Learning Programs in Nigeria and Their Potential to Close Reading Gaps for Out-of-School Children

Author

Carla Paredes, Adrienne Barnes-Story, Stephanie Zuilkowski, and Bodunrin Akinrinmade

Abstract

In this study, we examine the association between attending a Non-Formal Learning Center (NLFC) in Sokoto and Bauchi states for at least nine months and reading outcomes for out-of-school children (OOSC) who are mainstreamed into formal schooling by grade 4 (P4). We use Hierarchical Linear Modeling with data from 1,116 pupil Early Grade Reading Assessments (EGRA) and pupil surveys collected by the NEI Plus program. Overall, NFLC-mainstreamed pupils read at the same low levels as their peers who have received formal schooling, despite having had disruptions to their education. Given this evidence, policymakers should consider maintaining the NFLCs to jumpstart OOSC into school.

Published
2023

5. Gene silencing in the aedine cell lines C6/36 and U4.4 using long double-stranded RNA

Author

Bodunrin Omokungbe, Alejandra Centurión, Sabrina Stiehler, Antonia Morr, Andreas Vilcinskas, Antje Steinbrink, and Kornelia Hardes

Subjects
RNAi, dsRNA, Transfection reagents, Aedes albopictus, Vector, Semliki Forest virus, Infectious and parasitic diseases, RC109-216
Abstract

Abstract Background RNA interference (RNAi) is a target-specific gene silencing method that can be used to determine gene functions and investigate host–pathogen interactions, as well as facilitating the development of ecofriendly pesticides. Commercially available transfection reagents (TRs) can improve the efficacy of RNAi. However, we currently lack a product and protocol for the transfection of insect cell lines with long double-stranded RNA (dsRNA). Methods We used agarose gel electrophoresis to determine the capacity of eight TRs to form complexes with long dsRNA. A CellTiter-Glo assay was then used to assess the cytotoxicity of the resulting lipoplexes. We also measured the cellular uptake of dsRNA by fluorescence microscopy using the fluorophore Cy3 as a label. Finally, we analyzed the TRs based on their transfection efficacy and compared the RNAi responses of Aedes albopictus C6/36 and U4.4 cells by knocking down an mCherry reporter Semliki Forest virus in both cell lines. Results The TRs from Biontex (K4, Metafectene Pro, and Metafectene SI+) showed the best complexing capacity and the lowest dsRNA:TR ratio needed for complete complex formation. Only HiPerFect was unable to complex the dsRNA completely, even at a ratio of 1:9. Most of the complexes containing mCherry-dsRNA were nontoxic at 2 ng/µL, but Lipofectamine 2000 was toxic at 1 ng/µL in U4.4 cells and at 2 ng/µL in C6/36 cells. The transfection of U4.4 cells with mCherry-dsRNA/TR complexes achieved significant knockdown of the virus reporter. Comparison of the RNAi response in C6/36 and U4.4 cells suggested that C6/36 cells lack the antiviral RNAi response because there was no significant knockdown of the virus reporter in any of the treatments. Conclusions C6/36 cells have an impaired RNAi response as previously reported. This investigation provides valuable information for future RNAi experiments by showing how to mitigate the adverse effects attributed to TRs. This will facilitate the judicious selection of TRs and transfection conditions conducive to RNAi research in mosquitoes. Graphical Abstract

Published
2024
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6. Effect of aspect ratio on the metal flow behaviour during forming process: A numerical simulation approach

Author

Japheth Obiko, Brendon Shongwe, Nicholas Malatji, Michael Bodunrin, and Desmond Klenam

Subjects
Forging simulation, Effective stress, Metal flow, Deform™ 3D, Effective strain, Science
Abstract

This paper presents results on the effect of aspect ratio on the flow stress of 42CrMo4 steel using Deform™ 3D Version 11 simulation software. The FEM simulation process conditions were upsetting temperature of 1000 °C and 10 s⁻¹ strain rate. The sample aspect ratios (height/diameter) varied within commonly used ranges during conventional Gleeble experimentations. The aspect ratio did not affect the flow stress behaviour during forming. Generally, the forming conditions influence the flow stress-strain field and distribution behaviour, causing inhomogeneous deformation. A negligible effect of aspect ratio on typical industrial forging process is only attainable between 1.0 and 2.0. The implications of the results for industrial forging are elucidated.

Published
2024
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7. Hot deformation characteristics and processing map analysis of Al-Zn/stainless steel particles-based composite

Author

Theo Oluwasegun Joshua, Kenneth Kanayo Alaneme, Sodiq Abiodun Kareem, and Michael Oluwatosin Bodunrin

Subjects
Al-Zn/6 wt% SSp, Aluminum-based composites, Hot compression, Flow stress, Processing map, Microstructure, Mining engineering. Metallurgy, TN1-997
Abstract

The hot deformation behavior of Al-Zn/martensitic stainless steel particles-based composite (Al-Zn/6 %SSp), was examined in this study. The composite was tested using isothermal compression at 200–350 °C/0.01–10 s−1 and a global strain of 0.5. From the results, it was noticed that the composite’s flow stress increased with strain rate increase and drop in temperature. The constitutive equation from the hot-worked composites resulted in an estimated activation energy of 226.27 kJ/mol, which was 58 % more than that for the self-diffusion of aluminum alloy (142 kJ/mol). These findings suggest dynamic recrystallization (DRX) as the dominant deformation mechanism, as confirmed from the microstructures of the hot worked samples mostly at high temperatures and strain rates. Work hardening was predicted to dominate the deformation process by the stress exponent (n) value of 10.36 (which exceeded 5), but this was inconsistent with the microstructural observations. Comparing the linear fitting of calculated flow stress data with the estimated flow stress yielded a correlation coefficient (R2) of approximately 0.97. This observation demonstrates an effective relationship involving the calculated stress with the computed stress value for the composite material that was fabricated. Based on the processing map analysis, the instability regime occurs at 200270 °C/0.01–10 s−1. The stable domain established was at 280–340◦C/0.01–10 s−1 which is most suitable for achieving the best microstructural conditions for enhanced service performance.

Published
2024
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10. A Community within a Community: Collectivism, Social Cohesion and Building a Healthy Black Childhood

Author

Banwo, Bodunrin O.

Abstract

This article features in-depth interviews and ethnographic vignettes that explore collectivism, social cohesion, and Black educational leadership as a strategy to infuse liberatory practices in the educational process. The article examines how the social foundation of African-centered ethos of collectivism can shift how marginalized students approach and experience learning and socialization inside mainstream K-12 educational systems. Additionally, this article introduces a new theoretical concept entitled Ethno-Cultural Responsiveness. This theory explains how sub-culture groups socialize new members into their particular ideological and sub-cultural communities. This research demonstrates how African-centered leaders shape their schools through an ideological inquiry designed to challenge what they perceive as the cultural negation of African histories and understandings. Moreover, the leaders featured in this article use their public-facing political project (an African-centered institution) grounded in the politics of Black Nationalism and Pan Africanism to design and shape their institutional cultures to be responsive to people racialized in western counties as Black.

Published
2023
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11. Aluminium matrix composites reinforced with high entropy alloys: A comprehensive review on interfacial reactions, mechanical, corrosion, and tribological characteristics

Author

Sodiq Abiodun Kareem, Justus Uchenna Anaele, Emmanuel Omosegunfunmi Aikulola, Ufoma Silas Anamu, Abdalrhaman Koko, Michael Oluwatosin Bodunrin, and Kenneth Kanayo Alaneme

Subjects
Aluminium matrix composite (AMC), High entropy alloys, Mechanical properties, Corrosion, Wear, Mining engineering. Metallurgy, TN1-997
Abstract

Aluminium matrix composites (AMCs) reinforced with high entropy alloy particulates (HEAp) represent an innovative category of metal-matrix composites with considerable potential for fulfilling the stringent demands of emerging technological applications. Their appeal lies in the advantageous combination of toughness, strength, ductility, and enhanced workability, addressing acknowledged limitations associated with ceramic-reinforced AMCs. The heightened performance of these composites is attributed to improved wettability between the aluminium matrix and HEAp reinforcement, alongside the intrinsic ductility and hardness of HEAp. This review explores the suitability of high entropy alloys as substitutes for ceramic materials in reinforcing aluminium matrix composites. The mechanical, corrosion, thermal and wear properties of AMCs reinforced with HEAp are thoroughly examined, encompassing fabrication characteristics and interfacial reactions. The incorporation of HEAp is found to notably enhance the strength-ductility ratio of AMCs. Remarkably, HEAp bring about significant improvements in the wear and corrosion resistance of AMCs. The report accentuates the performance benefits and certain challenges associated with the application of HEAp reinforcement in AMCs. Ultimately, this review proposes potential avenues for future research in this domain, outlining directions for further exploration and development.

Published
2024
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12. Insights into hot deformation of medium entropy alloys: Softening mechanisms, microstructural evolution, and constitutive modelling—a comprehensive review

Author

Sodiq Abiodun Kareem, Justus Uchenna Anaele, Olajesu Favor Olanrewaju, Esther Dolapo Adewale, Nkemakolam Chikodinaka Osondu-Okoro, Emmanuel Omosegunfunmi Aikulola, Samuel Olumide Falana, Bharat Gwalani, Michael Oluwatosin Bodunrin, and Kenneth Kanayo Alaneme

Subjects
Medium entropy alloys, Hot deformation, Dynamic recrystallization, Processing maps, Constitutive modelling, Mining engineering. Metallurgy, TN1-997
Abstract

The recent discovery of multicomponent principal alloys and the enhanced comprehension of their physical metallurgy have significantly advanced the understanding of microstructure engineering and material selection for high-tech applications. The exceptional combination of characteristics found in MEAs can be attributed to their distinctive phase constitution, which is aided by their multi-principal constituents. These properties are seldom encountered in ordinary alloys. Nevertheless, the use of these materials in their as-cast state is challenging due to issues such as the presence of heterogeneity in their chemical makeup, shrinkage porosity, unrefined dendritic structure, and the presence of a quasi-stable eutectic at grain boundaries. Consequently, the utilization of hot deformation methods for the purpose of achieving uniform and refined microstructures in as-cast MEAs has garnered significant interest as a viable approach to address these limitations. This review provides a comprehensive summary of the hot deformation characteristics of MEAs. Factors such as the alloy composition, the phase constituent, deformation parameters and recrystallization mechanisms were observed to influence the microstructural development and phase transition, flow curve characteristics, and mechanical characteristics of MEAs. Additionally, the use of processing map analysis for the determination of optimal processing zones for the hot deformation of MEAs was appraised. The discussion also encompassed the constitutive model description, molecular dynamics modeling, and machine learning algorithm for the prediction of the governing deformation mechanism and the deformation flow stress. Finally, future research directions are suggested.

Published
2024
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13. List of contributors

Author

Bhattacharya, Saurabh, primary, Bodunrin, Itunu Ayodeji, additional, Campbell, Laurie O., additional, Corr, Matt, additional, Crinnion, Frances, additional, Curcio, Rachelle, additional, Doyle, Mark, additional, Gornicka, Barbara, additional, Haugen, Jaimie Stickl, additional, Holme, Ingrid, additional, Joel-Edgar, Sian, additional, Jordan, Lorien S., additional, Maher, Damian, additional, Marín, Victoria I., additional, Matsilele, Trust, additional, McKoy, Stefanie L., additional, Michaels, Tim, additional, Perry, Tonya, additional, Popovac, Maša, additional, Ramírez-Mera, Urith, additional, Ray, Sarah M., additional, Schroeder, Stephanie, additional, Segumpan, Reynaldo Gacho, additional, Selim, Heyla A., additional, Shelton, Catharyn, additional, Sutter, Claudia C., additional, Tinstman Jones, Jessica L., additional, Tur, Gemma, additional, Wade, Fiona, additional, Wang, Yu-mei, additional, Yannopoulou, Natalia, additional, and Zahari, Joanna Soraya Abu, additional

Published
2024
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15. Advances in silicon–carbon composites anodes derived from agro wastes for applications in lithium-ion battery: A review

Author

Adetomilola Victoria Fafure, Daniel Barasa Bem, Stanley Wambugu Kahuthu, Adeolu Adesoji Adediran, Michael Oluwatosin Bodunrin, Abosede Adefunke Fabuyide, and Christianah Ajanaku

Subjects
Silicon-carbon composites, Lithium-ion battery, Anode, Lithiation, de-lithiation, Science (General), Q1-390, Social sciences (General), H1-99
Abstract

Recently, the growing demand for high-performing batteries and different environmental challenges (such include global warming and climate change) have increased the requirement and demand for Lithium-ion batteries (LIBs) used in advanced technologies (i.e., electric cars and many others). To meet this increasing demand, there is an urgent need for more advanced technologies and materials. In the pursuit of developing anode materials, silicon has emerged as the utmost favourable choice for the next generation of LIBs, aiming to substitute the commonly used graphite. Carbon is commonly used to render silicon (Si) suitable for use since Si cannot be used directly as the electrode in LIBs. One of the recently discovered techniques in the development of high-performance LIBs is the use of inexpensive, sustainable, renewable, and eco-friendly materials. Agro-waste-derived silicon and carbon are often used as long as they don't negatively affect the LIB anode's performance. This review paper presents the advances in the development of silicon-carbon (Si/C) composite anodes sourced from agro-waste for applications in LIBs. It provides an overview of agro-waste-derived silicon-based anode materials and techniques for extracting silica from agricultural wastes. Next, the outline explains the preparation technique of Si/C composites obtained from agricultural residues for use in LIBs. Additionally, the paper delves into recent research challenges and the potential prospects of materials derived from agro-waste in the advancement of sophisticated LIBs battery materials.

Published
2024
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16. Parental Support for Literacy Development of Early Grade Children during COVID-19 School Closures in Northern Nigeria

Author

Akinrinmade, Bodunrin, Ammani, Muhammad, and Zuilkowski, Stephanie

Abstract

The COVID-19 pandemic that began in early 2020 has had consequences for children's education globally, as schools closed and parents found themselves playing the role of teacher, alongside their economic and other community roles. This study aims to explore the experiences of parents in northern Nigeria as they attempted to support their primary school children's reading development while schools were closed. We conducted in-depth qualitative interviews with 15 middle- and low-socioeconomic status parents in Kano State, Nigeria. Using thematic analysis, we identified challenges faced by parents as well as unexpected positive effects of the pandemic. Challenges included the lack of textbooks and other appropriate learning materials, time pressures, and lack of knowledge of strategies to teach reading. However, parents noted that the extra time they had spent together during lockdowns had led to improved relationships in the household, and that they had been able to spend more time discussing moral development and discipline with their children. In summary, this sample of parents believed that the pandemic would not have severe impacts on their own children, as they were making efforts to support learning at home. However, they had concerns for children in Nigeria more broadly, particularly those whose parents were not literate, as they would have little access to learning outside school. Recommendations for the Nigerian government and other stakeholders include making learning materials available for home use, increasing the use of educational radio and television programming, and developing simple literacy assessments for parents to monitor children's progress.

Published
2021

20. Non-formal learning programs in Nigeria and their potential to close reading gaps for out-of-school children

Author

Paredes, Carla, Barnes-Story, Adrienne, Zuilkowski, Stephanie, and Akinrinmade, Bodunrin

Subjects
United States. Agency for International Development, Creative Associates International Inc., School facilities, Education parks, Elementary school students, Consulting services, Education, UNESCO Institute for Statistics, World Bank Group. World Bank, Education Development Center
Abstract

In this study, we examine the association between attending a Non-Formal Learning Center (NLFC) in Sokoto and Bauchi states for at least nine months and reading outcomes for out-of-school children (OOSC) who are mainstreamed into formal schooling by grade 4 (P4). We use Hierarchical Linear Modeling with data from 1,116 pupil Early Grade Reading Assessments (EGRA) and pupil surveys collected by the NEI Plus program. Overall, NFLC-mainstreamed pupils read at the same low levels as their peers who have received formal schooling, despite having had disruptions to their education. Given this evidence, policymakers should consider maintaining the NFLCs to jumpstart OOSC into school. Keywords non-formal learning, out of school children, Africa, Nigeria, literacy, early grade reading, mainstreaming into formal schooling, Introduction In 2014, 34.2 million children were out of school in sub-Saharan Africa (UNESCO Institute for Statistics [UIS] & Global Education Monitoring Report [GEMR], 2016). This represents more than half [...]

Published
2023

22. The Use of Private Tutoring and Its Relationship to Primary-School-Age Children's Academic Achievements in Nigeria

Author

Bodunrin Ifeoluwa Akinrinmade

Abstract

Hiring private tutors is causing a financial burden on parents, as they are made to pay high tutoring fees in Nigeria. Yet, Nigerian parents continue to invest heavily in financially burdensome private tutoring amid high poverty levels. This evident paradox between high poverty levels and the widespread use of financially burdensome private educational support in Nigeria has received little attention. This gap motivated me to use in-depth qualitative interviews to explore why parents often pay high tutoring fees to support their children's education, despite the financial burden it creates, and how parents perceive the academic impacts of private tutors. In light of this contradiction, this study also uses a cross-sectional survey to examine whether there is a relationship between children having a private tutor to assist with homework and their reading and numeracy outcomes. A total of 18,737 primary-school-age children in a nationally representative household survey data set was used as the analytic sample for the quantitative arm of this mixed-methods study. A total of 15 parents who hire private tutors to assist their primary school-age children in doing their homework were selected for the qualitative phase of this study. Thematic analysis and binary logistic regression were used to analyze the qualitative interview data and quantitative survey data, respectively. This study found that hiring the service of private tutors created a financial burden on parents. This study asked why parents continued to invest in private tutoring. This study found that the major reason parents hired private tutors to guide their children in doing their homework was to ensure they grew academically. Since the major reason why parents invested in private tutoring for their children was to ensure they would grow academically, this study asked the parents about the perceived impacts of private tutors assisting their children in doing their homework on their children's academic outcomes. Nigerian parents perceived that private tutoring improved their children's reading and numeracy outcomes as well as the outcomes of their children in other academic subjects. However, the parents' perceptions might be subjective, and the private tutors who were the classroom teachers of the children they tutor in this study might have engaged in unethical activities that led to improvement in the children's reading and numeracy outcomes. This plausible subjectivity of parents' and teachers' unethical activities made this study take a step further to use a cross-sectional, descriptive design to investigate the relationship between children having a private tutor to assist with homework and their reading and numeracy outcomes. In contrast to parents' stated beliefs, the findings of this study's quantitative phase revealed no statistically significant relationship between children having a private tutor to assist with homework and their reading performance. In addition, this study found that children having parents, other family members, and neighbors assisting them with their homework was significantly related to reading outcomes. However, in line with parents' stated views, a statistically significant positive relationship existed between having a private tutor to guide children with homework and their numeracy outcomes. Based on these findings, this study recommends that policies be developed to ensure high-quality private tutoring is accessible to all children to improve their numeracy outcomes. Also, educated families and neighbors should be encouraged to guide their children in their homework to improve their reading outcomes. [The dissertation citations contained here are published with the permission of ProQuest LLC. Further reproduction is prohibited without permission. Copies of dissertations may be obtained by Telephone (800) 1-800-521-0600. Web page: http://www.proquest.com/en-US/products/dissertations/individuals.shtml.]

Published
2023

23. An Examination of Challenges Educators and Families Faced in the Aftermath of COVID-19. Leading in Crisis. Research Brief

Author

University of Pennsylvania, Consortium for Policy Research in Education (CPRE), Banwo, Bodunrin O., Anderson, Erin, Childs, Joshua, and Stone-Johnson, Corrie

Abstract

As schools begin to fully or phase into re-opening, they should ensure that the 3 "I"s that have emerged during COVID-19 in education; infrastructure, interaction, and instruction (both in-person and online) are adequately addressed.

Published
2020

24. A Grounded Model of How Educators Earn Students' Trust in a High Performing U.S. Urban High School

Author

Demerath, Peter, Kemper, Sara, Yousuf, Eskender, and Banwo, Bodunrin

Abstract

This article presents a grounded model of how educators earn students' trust in a high performing U.S. urban high school. This long-term anthropological project set out to understand the beliefs and practices of experienced teachers and staff members nominated by students as helping them feel like they belonged in school. Analysis of study data revealed a process of "mutual discernment" whereby adults and young people were reading one another as they explored the possibilities of entering into learning partnerships. For the educators, study data led us to infer that their trust building strategies were largely based on imagining the student discernment process, and responding to a set of unspoken queries about them that, over time, they seem to have learned were often on the minds of students (e.g. "Why are they here?" "How much do they respect me?"). The grounded model and practice-based evidence presented here summarize the strategies and approaches educators used to respond to these unspoken queries and communicate to students various aspects of their selves and their stance, including their motivation, empathy and respect for students, self-awareness and credibility, their professional ability, and finally, their commitment to helping students and investing emotional labor in them. Throughout, data are also presented regarding how students perceived and experienced these strategies, and ultimately how they interpreted and appraised their relationships with educators, as trusting relationships were developed.

Published
2022
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27. Reliability analysis for systems with stochastic and spatial dependence

Author

Brown, Bodunrin Nathaniel, Liu, Bin, Revie, Matthew, and McIntyre, Stuart

Abstract

This thesis develops models for system reliability prediction considering unobserved heterogeneity and spatial dependence. Three problems are considered in this thesis. The first problem concerns models to predict system and component level reliability for systems subject to minimal repair and unobserved heterogeneity. Existing models assume that unobserved heterogeneity is constant and methods for component-level prediction had not been considered. However, there are situations where unobserved heterogeneity changes and becomes homogeneous over time. This thesis develops a new reliability model that accounts for the case where unobserved heterogeneity changes and becomes homogeneous over time. We develop a new frailty model using Inverse Gaussian (IG) distribution and develop a method using Empirical Bayes that enable component-level reliability prediction. The second problem concerns models for reliability assessment for load sharing systems with spatially dependent components and proximity effects. Existing models assume equal load sharing for systems subject to load-sharing. However, there are systems that operates in a way that the load of a failed component is transferred to the working proximate components. Existing models do not account for the proximity effect. This thesis develops a new reliability model that accounts for load sharing and proximity effect between components. We introduce a function that captures the effect of each load change on the failure rate of a working proximate component. Numerical examples are presented to illustrate the developed model. The third problem concerns models for reliability assessment and preventive maintenance for load sharing systems with spatially dependent components, proximity effects and shocks. Existing models assume equal-load sharing for systems subject to load-sharing and external shocks. However, models that account for external shocks and proximity effect in the system has not been considered. This thesis develops a function that captures the effect of each load change and shock on the failure rate of a working component. We introduce a Modified failure sequence diagram and an algorithm for system reliability assessment based on Monte Carlo method. In addition, we develop an extension of the age-replacement model for preventive maintenance of the load sharing system. Numerical examples are presented to illustrate the developed models.

Published
2022
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28. Dataset for residual stress measurements via neutron diffraction of thermally sprayed Inconel 625 coating on 304 stainless steel

Author

Oluseyi Philip Oladijo, Vladimir Luzin, Michael Oluwatosin Bodunrin, Tien-Chen Jen, and Resego Phiri

Subjects
Residual stress properties, Inconel 625, Coating thickness, High-velocity oxy-fuel (HVOF), Neutron diffraction, Computer applications to medicine. Medical informatics, R858-859.7, Science (General), Q1-390
Abstract

Fundamental understanding of factors and mechanisms controlling the residual stress formation in material coatings is critical for selection of optimum synthesis and deposition parameters. This article contains data from the investigation of the residual stress properties of Inconel 625 coating measured at different coating thicknesses, 250 µm,300 µm, 350 µm and 400 µm, deposited on 304 stainless steel (SS) substrate using high-velocity oxy-fuel (HVOF) spraying technique. The neutron diffraction technique was employed to measure the residual stresses of the coated specimen. Data provided provides insights into the influence of coating thickness on the residual stress of the material and therefore on the overall mechanical performance and applicability of the component.

Published
2024
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29. Powder metallurgy processing of high entropy alloys: Bibliometric analysis and systematic review

Author

Akinwekomi Akeem Damilola, Bamisaye Olufemi Sylvester, and Bodunrin Michael Oluwatosin

Subjects
bibliometrics, high-entropy alloys, powder metallurgy, complex concentrated alloys, scientometrics, Technology, Chemical technology, TP1-1185
Abstract

Research attention in powder metallurgy (PM) processing of high-entropy alloys (HEAs) is rising. Some reviews have been published but a detailed historical analysis to identify the thematic research areas and prospective future research areas is lacking. Therefore, this study presents a bibliometric literature analysis of PM-processed HEAs by mapping and clustering 700 articles published between 2007 and August 2022 in the Scopus database. The most prolific authors, their collaborators, institutions, and most preferred journals publishing PM-HEA works are identified and mapped. Publication trend shows that significant research attention in the PM processing of HEAs began to gain traction in 2016. The top three journals in this field are Journal of Alloys and Compounds, Materials Science and Engineering A, and Intermetallics. However, co-authorship network analysis does not reveal significant inter-institutional research collaboration indicating that strengthening this area could help to accelerate scientific discovery, enhance technology transfer, and commercialization of HEA products. Based on the co-occurrence frequencies of author keywords, popular research directions are identified, and a systematic review of emerging functional applications is undertaken. This work provides a comprehensive visual reference guide for researchers to deepen their knowledge of this field and delivers insight into prospective future research opportunities to stimulate further ground-breaking works.

Published
2024
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30. Design and selection of metal matrix composites reinforced with high entropy alloys – Functionality appraisal and applicability in service: A critical review

Author

Sodiq Abiodun Kareem, Justus Uchenna Anaele, Emmanuel Omosegunfunmi Aikulola, Tolulope Akinkunmi Adewole, Michael Oluwatosin Bodunrin, and Kenneth Kanayo Alaneme

Subjects
Metal matrix composite (MMC), Mechanical properties, High entropy alloys, Corrosion, Wear, Mining engineering. Metallurgy, TN1-997
Abstract

Metal matrix composites (MMCs) reinforced with high entropy alloy particulates (HEAps) are a new class of metal-matrix composites that have the promise to meet the demanding requirements of nascent technological applications. Their desirability has been predicated on their favourable combinations of toughness, strength, ductility, and improved workability, which are acknowledged limitations of ceramic-reinforced MMCs. The superior wettability obtained between the metal matrix and the HEAps reinforcement, as well as the HEAps' intrinsic ductility and hardness, have been linked to their improved properties over conventional MMCs. This review discusses the applicability of high entropy alloys as alternatives to ceramic materials for reinforcement of metal matrix composites– Al, Cu, Mg, Ti, and W. The mechanical, corrosion, wear, and thermal properties of MMCs reinforced with high entropy alloy particles (HEAps) were discussed. Their fabrication characteristics and interfacial reactions are also assessed. This report highlights the performance benefits and certain issues associated with HEAps reinforcement application in MMCs. Finally, potential future research directions in this field are suggested.

Published
2024
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31. Hot deformation behaviour, constitutive model description, and processing map analysis of superalloys: An overview of nascent developments

Author

Sodiq Abiodun Kareem, Justus Uchenna Anaele, Emmanuel Omosegunfunmi Aikulola, Olajesu Favor Olanrewaju, Babatunde Olamide Omiyale, Michael Oluwatosin Bodunrin, and Kenneth Kanayo Alaneme

Subjects
Superalloys, Hot deformation, Mechanical properties, Constitutive model, Dynamic recrystallization, Processing maps, Mining engineering. Metallurgy, TN1-997
Abstract

This review article provides an in-depth discussion on the hot deformability, processing map analysis, and microstructural development in superalloys, as well as the associated constitutive equations employed in flow stress prediction. It describes how hot working can improve the grain structure of superalloys by dynamic recrystallization (DRX), reduce defects, and enhance their mechanical characteristics. The formation of necklace structures, work-hardening analysis to identify the existence and commencement of dynamically recrystallized grains and the influence of processing conditions on DRX grain size are all addressed in this article. The influence of deformation variables, described by the Zener-Hollomon parameter - the occurrence of phases, dynamic precipitation, and alloying elements on the thermomechanical response, and the restoration processes of DRV and DRX are discussed in detail. The utilization of processing maps as a means to determine the most favourable processing conditions and identify the instability regime, encompassing flow instability, defects and cracking, that may arise during the hot-working of superalloys are discussed. Specifically concerning the constitutive modelling of flow stress for characterizing material flow (at various deformation strain rates, temperatures, and strain), the application of threshold stress (as a result of phase transformation during hot deformation), temperature-dependent Young's modulus, and comparing the experimentally observed activation energy and deformation stress exponent to the values predicted by creep theories, are discussed. Also, an analysis of the various modelling techniques and equations for predicting flow curves during hot-working processing is evaluated. Finally, some recommendations are made regarding the potential future research directions.

Published
2023
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33. Global burden and strength of evidence for 88 risk factors in 204 countries and 811 subnational locations, 1990–2021: a systematic analysis for the Global Burden of Disease Study 2021

Author

Brauer, Michael, Roth, Gregory A, Aravkin, Aleksandr Y, Zheng, Peng, Abate, Kalkidan Hassen, Abate, Yohannes Habtegiorgis, Abbafati, Cristiana, Abbasgholizadeh, Rouzbeh, Abbasi, Madineh Akram, Abbasian, Mohammadreza, Abbasifard, Mitra, Abbasi-Kangevari, Mohsen, Abd ElHafeez, Samar, Abd-Elsalam, Sherief, Abdi, Parsa, Abdollahi, Mohammad, Abdoun, Meriem, Abdulah, Deldar Morad, Abdullahi, Auwal, Abebe, Mesfin, Abedi, Aidin, Abedi, Armita, Abegaz, Tadesse M, Abeldaño Zuñiga, Roberto Ariel, Abiodun, Olumide, Abiso, Temesgen Lera, Aboagye, Richard Gyan, Abolhassani, Hassan, Abouzid, Mohamed, Aboye, Girma Beressa, Abreu, Lucas Guimarães, Abualruz, Hasan, Abubakar, Bilyaminu, Abu-Gharbieh, Eman, Abukhadijah, Hana Jihad Jihad, Aburuz, Salahdein, Abu-Zaid, Ahmed, Adane, Mesafint Molla, Addo, Isaac Yeboah, Addolorato, Giovanni, Adedoyin, Rufus Adesoji, Adekanmbi, Victor, Aden, Bashir, Adetunji, Juliana Bunmi, Adeyeoluwa, Temitayo Esther, Adha, Rishan, Adibi, Amin, Adnani, Qorinah Estiningtyas Sakilah, Adzigbli, Leticia Akua, Afolabi, Aanuoluwapo Adeyimika, Afolabi, Rotimi Felix, Afshin, Ashkan, Afyouni, Shadi, Afzal, Muhammad Sohail, Afzal, Saira, Agampodi, Suneth Buddhika, Agbozo, Faith, Aghamiri, Shahin, Agodi, Antonella, Agrawal, Anurag, Agyemang-Duah, Williams, Ahinkorah, Bright Opoku, Ahmad, Aqeel, Ahmad, Danish, Ahmad, Firdos, Ahmad, Noah, Ahmad, Shahzaib, Ahmad, Tauseef, Ahmed, Ali, Ahmed, Anisuddin, Ahmed, Ayman, Ahmed, Luai A, Ahmed, Muktar Beshir, Ahmed, Safoora, Ahmed, Syed Anees, Ajami, Marjan, Akalu, Gizachew Taddesse, Akara, Essona Matatom, Akbarialiabad, Hossein, Akhlaghi, Shiva, Akinosoglou, Karolina, Akinyemiju, Tomi, Akkaif, Mohammed Ahmed, Akkala, Sreelatha, Akombi-Inyang, Blessing, Al Awaidy, Salah, Al Hasan, Syed Mahfuz, Alahdab, Fares, AL-Ahdal, Tareq Mohammed Ali, Alalalmeh, Samer O, Alalwan, Tariq A, Al-Aly, Ziyad, Alam, Khurshid, Alam, Nazmul, Alanezi, Fahad Mashhour, Alanzi, Turki M, Albakri, Almaza, AlBataineh, Mohammad T, Aldhaleei, Wafa A, Aldridge, Robert W, Alemayohu, Mulubirhan Assefa, Alemu, Yihun Mulugeta, Al-Fatly, Bassam, Al-Gheethi, Adel Ali Saeed, Al-Habbal, Khairat, Alhabib, Khalid F, Alhassan, Robert Kaba, Ali, Abid, Ali, Amjad, Ali, Beriwan Abdulqadir, Ali, Iman, Ali, Liaqat, Ali, Mohammed Usman, Ali, Rafat, Ali, Syed Shujait Shujait, Ali, Waad, Alicandro, Gianfranco, Alif, Sheikh Mohammad, Aljunid, Syed Mohamed, Alla, François, Al-Marwani, Sabah, Al-Mekhlafi, Hesham M, Almustanyir, Sami, Alomari, Mahmoud A, Alonso, Jordi, Alqahtani, Jaber S, Alqutaibi, Ahmed Yaseen, Al-Raddadi, Rajaa M, Alrawashdeh, Ahmad, Al-Rifai, Rami Hani, Alrousan, Sahel Majed, Al-Sabah, Salman Khalifah, Alshahrani, Najim Z, Altaany, Zaid, Altaf, Awais, Al-Tawfiq, Jaffar A, Altirkawi, Khalid A, Aluh, Deborah Oyine, Alvis-Guzman, Nelson, Alvis-Zakzuk, Nelson J, Alwafi, Hassan, Al-Wardat, Mohammad Sami, Al-Worafi, Yaser Mohammed, Aly, Hany, Aly, Safwat, Alzoubi, Karem H, Al-Zyoud, Walid, Amaechi, Uchenna Anderson, Aman Mohammadi, Masous, Amani, Reza, Amiri, Sohrab, Amirzade-Iranaq, Mohammad Hosein, Ammirati, Enrico, Amu, Hubert, Amugsi, Dickson A, Amusa, Ganiyu Adeniyi, Ancuceanu, Robert, Anderlini, Deanna, Anderson, Jason A, Andrade, Pedro Prata, Andrei, Catalina Liliana, Andrei, Tudorel, Anenberg, Susan C, Angappan, Dhanalakshmi, Angus, Colin, Anil, Abhishek, Anil, Sneha, Anjum, Afifa, Anoushiravani, Amir, Antonazzo, Ippazio Cosimo, Antony, Catherine M, Antriyandarti, Ernoiz, Anuoluwa, Boluwatife Stephen, Anvari, Davood, Anvari, Saeid, Anwar, Saleha, Anwar, Sumadi Lukman, Anwer, Razique, Anyabolo, Ekenedilichukwu Emmanuel, Anyasodor, Anayochukwu Edward, Apostol, Geminn Louis Carace, Arabloo, Jalal, Arabzadeh Bahri, Razman, Arafat, Mosab, Areda, Demelash, Aregawi, Brhane Berhe, Aremu, Abdulfatai, Armocida, Benedetta, Arndt, Michael Benjamin, Ärnlöv, Johan, Arooj, Mahwish, Artamonov, Anton A, Artanti, Kurnia Dwi, Aruleba, Idowu Thomas, Arumugam, Ashokan, Asbeutah, Akram M, Asgary, Saeed, Asgedom, Akeza Awealom, Ashbaugh, Charlie, Ashemo, Mubarek Yesse, Ashraf, Tahira, Askarinejad, Amir, Assmus, Michael, Astell-Burt, Thomas, Athar, Mohammad, Athari, Seyyed Shamsadin, Atorkey, Prince, Atreya, Alok, Aujayeb, Avinash, Ausloos, Marcel, Avila-Burgos, Leticia, Awoke, Andargie Abate, Ayala Quintanilla, Beatriz Paulina, Ayatollahi, Haleh, Ayestas Portugal, Carlos, Ayuso-Mateos, Jose L, Azadnajafabad, Sina, Azevedo, Rui M S, Azhar, Gulrez Shah, Azizi, Hosein, Azzam, Ahmed Y, Backhaus, Insa Linnea, Badar, Muhammad, Badiye, Ashish D, Bagga, Arvind, Baghdadi, Soroush, Bagheri, Nasser, Bagherieh, Sara, Bahrami Taghanaki, Pegah, Bai, Ruhai, Baig, Atif Amin, Baker, Jennifer L, Bakkannavar, Shankar M, Balasubramanian, Madhan, Baltatu, Ovidiu Constantin, Bam, Kiran, Bandyopadhyay, Soham, Banik, Biswajit, Banik, Palash Chandra, Banke-Thomas, Aduragbemi, Bansal, Hansi, Barchitta, Martina, Bardhan, Mainak, Bardideh, Erfan, Barker-Collo, Suzanne Lyn, Bärnighausen, Till Winfried, Barone-Adesi, Francesco, Barqawi, Hiba Jawdat, Barrero, Lope H, Barrow, Amadou, Barteit, Sandra, Basharat, Zarrin, Basiru, Afisu, Basso, João Diogo, Bastan, Mohammad-Mahdi, Basu, Sanjay, Batchu, Sai, Batra, Kavita, Batra, Ravi, Baune, Bernhard T, Bayati, Mohsen, Bayileyegn, Nebiyou Simegnew, Beaney, Thomas, Behnoush, Amir Hossein, Beiranvand, Maryam, Béjot, Yannick, Bekele, Alehegn, Belgaumi, Uzma Iqbal, Bell, Arielle Wilder, Bell, Michelle L, Bello, Muhammad Bashir, Bello, Olorunjuwon Omolaja, Belo, Luis, Beloukas, Apostolos, Bendak, Salaheddine, Bennett, Derrick A, Bennitt, Fiona B, Bensenor, Isabela M, Benzian, Habib, Beran, Azizullah, Berezvai, Zombor, Bernabe, Eduardo, Bernstein, Robert S, Bettencourt, Paulo J G, Bhagavathula, Akshaya Srikanth, Bhala, Neeraj, Bhandari, Dinesh, Bhardwaj, Nikha, Bhardwaj, Pankaj, Bhaskar, Sonu, Bhat, Ajay Nagesh, Bhat, Vivek, Bhatti, Gurjit Kaur, Bhatti, Jasvinder Singh, Bhatti, Manpreet S, Bhatti, Rajbir, Bhuiyan, Mohiuddin Ahmed, Bhutta, Zulfiqar A, Bikbov, Boris, Bishai, Jessica Devin, Bisignano, Catherine, Biswas, Atanu, Biswas, Bijit, Biswas, Raaj Kishore, Bjørge, Tone, Boachie, Micheal Kofi, Boakye, Hosea, Bockarie, Moses John, Bodolica, Virginia, Bodunrin, Aadam Olalekan, Bogale, Eyob Ketema, Bolla, Srinivasa Rao, Boloor, Archith, Bonakdar Hashemi, Milad, Boppana, Sri Harsha, Bora Basara, Berrak, Borhany, Hamed, Botero Carvajal, Alejandro, Bouaoud, Souad, Boufous, Soufiane, Bourne, Rupert, Boxe, Christopher, Braithwaite, Dejana, Brant, Luisa C, Brar, Amanpreet, Breitborde, Nicholas J K, Breitner, Susanne, Brenner, Hermann, Briko, Andrey Nikolaevich, Britton, Gabrielle, Brown, Colin Stewart, Browne, Annie J, Brunoni, Andre R, Bryazka, Dana, Bulamu, Norma B, Bulto, Lemma N, Buonsenso, Danilo, Burkart, Katrin, Burns, Richard A, Busse, Reinhard, Bustanji, Yasser, Butt, Nadeem Shafique, Butt, Zahid A, Caetano dos Santos, Florentino Luciano, Cagney, Jack, Cahuana-Hurtado, Lucero, Calina, Daniela, Cámera, Luis Alberto, Campos, Luciana Aparecida, Campos-Nonato, Ismael R, Cao, Chao, Cao, Fan, Cao, Yubin, Capodici, Angelo, Cárdenas, Rosario, Carr, Sinclair, Carreras, Giulia, Carrero, Juan J, Carugno, Andrea, Carvalho, Felix, Carvalho, Márcia, Castaldelli-Maia, Joao Mauricio, Castañeda-Orjuela, Carlos A, Castelpietra, Giulio, Catalá-López, Ferrán, Catapano, Alberico L, Cattaruzza, Maria Sofia, Caye, Arthur, Cederroth, Christopher R, Cegolon, Luca, Cenderadewi, Muthia, Cercy, Kelly M, Cerin, Ester, Chadwick, Joshua, Chakraborty, Chiranjib, Chakraborty, Promit Ananyo, Chakraborty, Sandip, Chan, Jeffrey Shi Kai, Chan, Raymond N C, Chandan, Joht Singh, Chandika, Rama Mohan, Chaturvedi, Pankaj, Chen, An-Tian, Chen, Catherine S, Chen, Haowei, Chen, Meng Xuan, Chen, Mingling, Chen, Simiao, Cheng, Ching-Yu, Cheng, Esther T W, Cherbuin, Nicolas, Chi, Gerald, Chichagi, Fatemeh, Chimed-Ochir, Odgerel, Chimoriya, Ritesh, Ching, Patrick R, Chirinos-Caceres, Jesus Lorenzo, Chitheer, Abdulaal, Cho, William C S, Chong, Bryan, Chopra, Hitesh, Chowdhury, Rajiv, Christopher, Devasahayam J, Chu, Dinh-Toi, Chukwu, Isaac Sunday, Chung, Eric, Chung, Sheng-Chia, Chutiyami, Muhammad, Cioffi, Iolanda, Cogen, Rebecca M, Cohen, Aaron J, Columbus, Alyssa, Conde, Joao, Corlateanu, Alexandru, Cortese, Samuele, Cortesi, Paolo Angelo, Costa, Vera Marisa, Costanzo, Simona, Criqui, Michael H, Cruz, Jessica A, Cruz-Martins, Natália, Culbreth, Garland T, da Silva, Alanna Gomes, Dadras, Omid, Dai, Xiaochen, Dai, Zhaoli, Daikwo, Patience Unekwuojo, Dalli, Lachlan L, Damiani, Giovanni, D'Amico, Emanuele, D'Anna, Lucio, Darwesh, Aso Mohammad, Das, Jai K, Das, Subasish, Dash, Nihar Ranjan, Dashti, Mohsen, Dávila-Cervantes, Claudio Alberto, Davis Weaver, Nicole, Davitoiu, Dragos Virgil, De la Hoz, Fernando Pio, de la Torre-Luque, Alejandro, De Leo, Diego, Debopadhaya, Shayom, Degenhardt, Louisa, Del Bo', Cristian, Delgado-Enciso, Ivan, Delgado-Saborit, Juana Maria, Demoze, Chalachew Kassaw, Denova-Gutiérrez, Edgar, Dervenis, Nikolaos, Dervišević, Emina, Desai, Hardik Dineshbhai, Desai, Rupak, Devanbu, Vinoth Gnana Chellaiyan, Dewan, Syed Masudur Rahman, Dhali, Arkadeep, Dhama, Kuldeep, Dhane, Amol S, Dhimal, Mandira Lamichhane, Dhimal, Meghnath, Dhingra, Sameer, Dhulipala, Vishal R, Dhungana, Raja Ram, Dias da Silva, Diana, Diaz, Daniel, Diaz, Luis Antonio, Diaz, Michael J, Dima, Adriana, Ding, Delaney D, Dinu, Monica, Djalalinia, Shirin, Do, Thanh Chi, Do, Thao Huynh Phuong, do Prado, Camila Bruneli, Dodangeh, Masoud, Dohare, Sushil, Dokova, Klara Georgieva, Dong, Wanyue, Dongarwar, Deepa, D'Oria, Mario, Dorostkar, Fariba, Dorsey, E Ray, Doshi, Rajkumar, Doshmangir, Leila, Dowou, Robert Kokou, Driscoll, Tim Robert, Dsouza, Ashel Chelsea, Dsouza, Haneil Larson, Dumith, Samuel C, Duncan, Bruce B, Duraes, Andre Rodrigues, Duraisamy, Senbagam, Dushpanova, Anar, Dzianach, Paulina Agnieszka, Dziedzic, Arkadiusz Marian, Ebrahimi, Alireza, Echieh, Chidiebere Peter, Ed-Dra, Abdelaziz, Edinur, Hisham Atan, Edvardsson, David, Edvardsson, Kristina, Efendi, Ferry, Eftekharimehrabad, Aziz, Eini, Ebrahim, Ekholuenetale, Michael, Ekundayo, Temitope Cyrus, El Arab, Rabie Adel, El Sayed Zaki, Maysaa, El-Dahiyat, Faris, Elemam, Noha Mousaad, Elgar, Frank J, ElGohary, Ghada Metwally Tawfik, Elhabashy, Hala Rashad, Elhadi, Muhammed, Elmehrath, Ahmed O, Elmeligy, Omar Abdelsadek Abdou, Elshaer, Mohammed, Elsohaby, Ibrahim, Emeto, Theophilus I, Esfandiari, Negin, Eshrati, Babak, Eslami, Majid, Esmaeili, Sayed Vahid, Estep, Kara, Etaee, Farshid, Fabin, Natalia, Fagbamigbe, Adeniyi Francis, Fagbule, Omotayo Francis, Fahimi, Saman, Falzone, Luca, Fareed, Mohammad, Farinha, Carla Sofia e Sá, Faris, MoezAlIslam Ezzat Mahmoud, Faris, Pawan Sirwan, Faro, Andre, Fasina, Folorunso Oludayo, Fatehizadeh, Ali, Fauk, Nelsensius Klau, Fazylov, Timur, Feigin, Valery L, Feng, Xiaoqi, Fereshtehnejad, Seyed-Mohammad, Feroze, Abdullah Hamid, Ferrara, Pietro, Ferrari, Alize J, Ferreira, Nuno, Fetensa, Getahun, Feyisa, Bikila Regassa, Filip, Irina, Fischer, Florian, Fitriana, Ida, Flavel, Joanne, Flohr, Carsten, Flood, David, Flor, Luisa S, Foigt, Nataliya A, Folayan, Morenike Oluwatoyin, Force, Lisa M, Fortuna, Daniela, Foschi, Matteo, Franklin, Richard Charles, Freitas, Alberto, Friedman, Sara D, Fux, Blima, G, Sridevi, Gaal, Peter Andras, Gaihre, Santosh, Gajdács, Márió, Galali, Yaseen, Gallus, Silvano, Gandhi, Aravind P, Ganesan, Balasankar, Ganiyani, Mohammad Arfat, Garcia, Vanessa, Gardner, William M, Garg, Ravindra K, Gautam, Rupesh K, Gebi, Tilaye Gebru, Gebregergis, Miglas W, Gebrehiwot, Mesfin, Gebremariam, Tesfay B B, Gebremeskel, Teferi Gebru, Gerema, Urge, Getacher, Lemma, Getahun, Genanew K a, Getie, Molla, Ghadirian, Fataneh, Ghafarian, Sadegh, Ghaffari Jolfayi, Amir, Ghailan, Khalid Yaser, Ghajar, Alireza, Ghasemi, MohammadReza, Ghasempour Dabaghi, Ghazal, Ghasemzadeh, Afsaneh, Ghassemi, Fariba, Ghazy, Ramy Mohamed, Gholami, Ali, Gholamrezanezhad, Ali, Gholizadeh, Nasim, Ghorbani, Mahsa, Gil, Artyom Urievich, Gil, Gabriela Fernanda, Gilbertson, Nora M, Gill, Paramjit Singh, Gill, Tiffany K, Gindaba, Ebisa Zerihun, Girmay, Alem, Glasbey, James C, Gnedovskaya, Elena V, Göbölös, Laszlo, Godinho, Myron Anthony, Goel, Amit, Golechha, Mahaveer, Goleij, Pouya, Golinelli, Davide, Gomes, Nelson G M, Gopalani, Sameer Vali, Gorini, Giuseppe, Goudarzi, Houman, Goulart, Alessandra C, Gouravani, Mahdi, Goyal, Anmol, Graham, Simon Matthew, Grivna, Michal, Grosso, Giuseppe, Guan, Shi-Yang, Guarducci, Giovanni, Gubari, Mohammed Ibrahim Mohialdeen, Guha, Avirup, Guicciardi, Stefano, Gulati, Snigdha, Gulisashvili, David, Gunawardane, Damitha Asanga, Guo, Cui, Gupta, Anish Kumar, Gupta, Bhawna, Gupta, Mohak, Gupta, Rahul, Gupta, Rajat Das, Gupta, Rajeev, Gupta, Sapna, Gupta, Veer Bala, Gupta, Vijai Kumar, Gupta, Vivek Kumar, Habibzadeh, Farrokh, Habibzadeh, Parham, Hadaro, Tesfahun Simon, Hadian, Zahra, Haep, Nils, Haghi-Aminjan, Hamed, Haghmorad, Dariush, Hagins, Hailey, Haile, Demewoz, Hailu, Alemayehu, Hajj Ali, Adel, Halboub, Esam S, Halimi, Aram, Hall, Brian J, Haller, Sebastian, Halwani, Rabih, Hamadeh, Randah R, Hamdy, Nadia M, Hameed, Sajid, Hamidi, Samer, Hammoud, Ahmad, Hanif, Asif, Hanifi, Nasrin, Haq, Zaim Anan, Haque, Md Rabiul, Harapan, Harapan, Hargono, Arief, Haro, Josep Maria, Hasaballah, Ahmed I, Hasan, Ikramul, Hasan, Mohammad Jahid, Hasan, S M Mahmudul, Hasani, Hamidreza, Hasanian, Mohammad, Hashmeh, Nadim, Hasnain, Md Saquib, Hassan, Amr, Hassan, Ikrama, Hassan Zadeh Tabatabaei, Mahgol Sadat, Hassani, Shokoufeh, Hassanipour, Soheil, Hassankhani, Hadi, Haubold, Johannes, Havmoeller, Rasmus J, Hay, Simon I, Hebert, Jeffrey J, Hegazi, Omar E, Hegena, Tadele Yohannes, Heidari, Golnaz, Heidari, Mohammad, Helfer, Bartosz, Hemmati, Mehdi, Henson, Claire A, Herbert, Molly E, Herteliu, Claudiu, Heuer, Austin, Hezam, Kamal, Hinneh, Thomas Kwadwo, Hiraike, Yuta, Hoan, Nguyen Quoc, Holla, Ramesh, Hon, Julia, Hoque, Mohammad Enamul, Horita, Nobuyuki, Hossain, Sahadat, Hosseini, Seyed Ehsan, Hosseinzadeh, Hassan, Hosseinzadeh, Mehdi, Hostiuc, Mihaela, Hostiuc, Sorin, Hoven, Hanno, Hsairi, Mohamed, Hsu, Johnathan M, Hu, Chengxi, Huang, Junjie, Huda, Md Nazmul, Hulland, Erin N, Hultström, Michael, Hushmandi, Kiavash, Hussain, Javid, Hussein, Nawfal R, Huynh, Chantal K, Huynh, Hong-Han, Ibitoye, Segun Emmanuel, Idowu, Oluwatope Olaniyi, Ihler, Audrey L, Ikeda, Nayu, Ikuta, Kevin S, Ilesanmi, Olayinka Stephen, Ilic, Irena M, Ilic, Milena D, Imam, Mohammad Tarique, Immurana, Mustapha, Inbaraj, Leeberk Raja, Irham, Lalu Muhammad, Isa, Mustafa Alhaji, Islam, Md Rabiul, Ismail, Faisal, Ismail, Nahlah Elkudssiah, Iso, Hiroyasu, Isola, Gaetano, Iwagami, Masao, Iwu, Chidozie C D, Iwu-Jaja, Chinwe Juliana, J, Vinothini, Jaafari, Jalil, Jacob, Louis, Jacobsen, Kathryn H, Jadidi-Niaragh, Farhad, Jahankhani, Kasra, Jahanmehr, Nader, Jahrami, Haitham, Jain, Akhil, Jain, Nityanand, Jairoun, Ammar Abdulrahman, Jaiswal, Abhishek, Jakovljevic, Mihajlo, Jalilzadeh Yengejeh, Reza, Jamora, Roland Dominic G, Jatau, Abubakar Ibrahim, Javadov, Sabzali, Javaheri, Tahereh, Jayaram, Shubha, Jeganathan, Jayakumar, Jeswani, Bijay Mukesh, Jiang, Heng, Johnson, Catherine O, Jokar, Mohammad, Jomehzadeh, Nabi, Jonas, Jost B, Joo, Tamas, Joseph, Abel, Joseph, Nitin, Joshi, Vivek, Joshua, Charity Ehimwenma, Jozwiak, Jacek Jerzy, Jürisson, Mikk, Kaambwa, Billingsley, Kabir, Ali, Kabir, Zubair, Kadashetti, Vidya, Kahn, Ethan M, Kalani, Rizwan, Kaliyadan, Feroze, Kalra, Sanjay, Kamath, Rajesh, Kanagasabai, Thanigaivelan, Kanchan, Tanuj, Kandel, Himal, Kanmiki, Edmund Wedam, Kanmodi, Kehinde Kazeem, Kansal, Sushil Kumar, Kapner, Daniel John, Kapoor, Neeti, Karagiannidis, Efstratios, Karajizadeh, Mehrdad, Karakasis, Paschalis, Karanth, Shama D, Karaye, Ibraheem M, Karch, André, Karim, Asima, Karimi, Hanie, Karmakar, Shilpi, Kashoo, Faizan Zaffar, Kasraei, Hengameh, Kassahun, Woldeteklehaymanot Dagne, Kassebaum, Nicholas J, Kassel, Molly B, Katikireddi, Srinivasa Vittal, Kauppila, Joonas H, Kawakami, Norito, Kaydi, Neda, Kayode, Gbenga A, Kazemi, Foad, Keiyoro, Peter Njenga, Kemmer, Laura, Kempen, John H, Kerr, Jessica A, Kesse-Guyot, Emmanuelle, Khader, Yousef Saleh, Khafaie, Morteza Abdullatif, Khajuria, Himanshu, Khalaji, Amirmohammad, Khalil, Mariam, Khalilian, Alireza, Khamesipour, Faham, Khan, Asaduzzaman, Khan, M Nuruzzaman, Khan, Maseer, Khan, Mohammad Jobair, Khan, Moien AB, Khanmohammadi, Shaghayegh, Khatab, Khaled, Khatatbeh, Haitham, Khatatbeh, Moawiah Mohammad, Khatib, Mahalaqua Nazli, Khavandegar, Armin, Khayat Kashani, Hamid Reza, Khidri, Feriha Fatima, Khodadoust, Elaheh, Khormali, Moein, Khorrami, Zahra, Khosla, Atulya Aman, Khosrowjerdi, Mahmood, Khreis, Haneen, Khusun, Helda, Kifle, Zemene Demelash, Kim, Kwanghyun, Kim, Min Seo, Kim, Yun Jin, Kimokoti, Ruth W, Kisa, Adnan, Kisa, Sezer, Knibbs, Luke D, Knudsen, Ann Kristin Skrindo, Koh, David S Q, Kolahi, Ali-Asghar, Kompani, Farzad, Kong, Jianqiu, Koren, Gerbrand, Korja, Miikka, Korshunov, Vladimir Andreevich, Korzh, Oleksii, Kosen, Soewarta, Kothari, Nikhil, Koul, Parvaiz A, Koulmane Laxminarayana, Sindhura Lakshmi, Krishan, Kewal, Krishnamoorthy, Vijay, Krishnamoorthy, Yuvaraj, Krishnan, Bindu, Krohn, Kris J, Kuate Defo, Barthelemy, Kucuk Bicer, Burcu, Kuddus, Md Abdul, Kuddus, Mohammed, Kugbey, Nuworza, Kuitunen, Ilari, Kulimbet, Mukhtar, Kulkarni, Vishnutheertha, Kumar, Ashish, Kumar, Nithin, Kumar, Vijay, Kundu, Satyajit, Kurmi, Om P, Kusnali, Asep, Kusuma, Dian, Kutluk, Tezer, La Vecchia, Carlo, Ladan, Muhammad Awwal, Laflamme, Lucie, Lahariya, Chandrakant, Lai, Daphne Teck Ching, Lal, Dharmesh Kumar, Lallukka, Tea, Lám, Judit, Lan, Qing, Lan, Tuo, Landires, Iván, Lanfranchi, Francesco, Langguth, Berthold, Lansingh, Van Charles, Laplante-Lévesque, Ariane, Larijani, Bagher, Larsson, Anders O, Lasrado, Savita, Lauriola, Paolo, Le, Huu-Hoai, Le, Long Khanh Dao, Le, Nhi Huu Hanh, Le, Thao Thi Thu, Leasher, Janet L, Ledda, Caterina, Lee, Munjae, Lee, Paul H, Lee, Seung Won, Lee, Shaun Wen Huey, Lee, Yo Han, LeGrand, Kate E, Leigh, James, Leong, Elvynna, Lerango, Temesgen L, Lescinsky, Haley, Leung, Janni, Li, Ming-Chieh, Li, Wang-Zhong, Li, Wei, Li, Yichong, Li, Zhihui, Ligade, Virendra S, Lim, Lee-Ling, Lim, Stephen S, Lin, Ro-Ting, Lin, Shuzhi, Liu, Chaojie, Liu, Gang, Liu, Jinli, Liu, Jue, Liu, Richard T, Liu, Shiwei, Liu, Wei, Liu, Xiaofeng, Liu, Xuefeng, Livingstone, Katherine M, Llanaj, Erand, Lohiya, Ayush, López-Bueno, Rubén, Lopukhov, Platon D, Lorkowski, Stefan, Lotufo, Paulo A, Lozano, Rafael, Lubinda, Jailos, Lucchetti, Giancarlo, Luo, Lisha, lv, Hengliang, M Amin, Hawraz Ibrahim, Ma, Zheng Feei, Maass, Kelsey Lynn, Mabrok, Mahmoud, Machairas, Nikolaos, Machoy, Monika, Mafhoumi, Asma, Magdy Abd El Razek, Mohammed, Maghazachi, Azzam A, Mahadeshwara Prasad, D R, Maharaj, Sandeep B, Mahmoud, Mansour Adam, Mahmoudi, Elham, Majeed, Azeem, Makram, Omar Mohamed, Makris, Konstantinos Christos, Malasala, Satyaveni, Maled, Venkatesh, Malhotra, Kashish, Malik, Ahmad Azam, Malik, Iram, Malinga, Lesibana Anthony, Malta, Deborah Carvalho, Mamun, Abdullah A, Manda, Ana Laura, Manla, Yosef, Mansour, Ali, Mansouri, Borhan, Mansouri, Pejman, Mansourian, Marjan, Mansournia, Mohammad Ali, Mantovani, Lorenzo Giovanni, Manu, Emmanuel, Marateb, Hamid Reza, Maravilla, Joemer C, Marsh, Elizabeth, Martinez, Gabriel, Martinez-Piedra, Ramon, Martini, Santi, Martins-Melo, Francisco Rogerlândio, Martorell, Miquel, Marx, Wolfgang, Maryam, Sharmeen, Mathangasinghe, Yasith, Mathioudakis, Alexander G, Matozinhos, Fernanda Penido, Mattumpuram, Jishanth, Maugeri, Andrea, Maulik, Pallab K, Mayeli, Mahsa, Mazidi, Mohsen, Mazzotti, Antonio, McGrath, John J, McKee, Martin, McKowen, Anna Laura W, McLaughlin, Susan A, McPhail, Michael A, McPhail, Steven M, Mechili, Enkeleint A, Mehmood, Asim, Mehmood, Khalid, Mehrabani-Zeinabad, Kamran, Mehrabi Nasab, Entezar, Meier, Toni, Mejia-Rodriguez, Fabiola, Mekene Meto, Tesfahun, Mekonnen, Birye Dessalegn, Menezes, Ritesh 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Samer H, Murray, Christopher J L, and Gakidou, Emmanuela

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2024
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34. Burden of disease scenarios for 204 countries and territories, 2022–2050: a forecasting analysis for the Global Burden of Disease Study 2021

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Vollset, Stein Emil, Ababneh, Hazim S, Abate, Yohannes Habtegiorgis, Abbafati, Cristiana, Abbasgholizadeh, Rouzbeh, Abbasian, Mohammadreza, Abbastabar, Hedayat, Abd Al Magied, Abdallah H A, Abd ElHafeez, Samar, Abdelkader, Atef, Abdelmasseh, Michael, Abd-Elsalam, Sherief, Abdi, Parsa, Abdollahi, Mohammad, Abdoun, Meriem, Abdullahi, Auwal, Abebe, Mesfin, Abiodun, Olumide, Aboagye, Richard Gyan, Abolhassani, Hassan, Abouzid, Mohamed, Aboye, Girma Beressa, Abreu, Lucas Guimarães, Absalan, Abdorrahim, Abualruz, Hasan, Abubakar, Bilyaminu, Abukhadijah, Hana Jihad Jihad, Addolorato, Giovanni, Adekanmbi, Victor, Adetunji, Charles Oluwaseun, Adetunji, Juliana Bunmi, Adeyeoluwa, Temitayo Esther, Adha, Rishan, Adhikary, Ripon Kumar, Adnani, Qorinah Estiningtyas Sakilah, Adzigbli, Leticia Akua, Afrashteh, Fatemeh, Afzal, Muhammad Sohail, Afzal, Saira, Agbozo, Faith, Agodi, Antonella, Agrawal, Anurag, Agyemang-Duah, Williams, Ahinkorah, Bright Opoku, Ahlstrom, Austin J, Ahmad, Aqeel, Ahmad, Firdos, Ahmad, Muayyad M, Ahmad, Sajjad, Ahmad, Shahzaib, Ahmed, Anisuddin, Ahmed, Ayman, Ahmed, Haroon, Ahmed, Safoora, Ahmed, Syed Anees, Akinosoglou, Karolina, Akkaif, Mohammed Ahmed, Akrami, Ashley E, Akter, Ema, Al Awaidy, Salah, Al Hasan, Syed Mahfuz, Al Mosa, Amjad S, Al Ta'ani, Omar, Al Zaabi, Omar Ali Mohammed, Alahdab, Fares, Alajlani, Muaaz M, Al-Ajlouni, Yazan, Alalalmeh, Samer O, Al-Aly, Ziyad, Alam, Khurshid, Alam, Noore, Alam, Tahiya, Alam, Zufishan, Al-amer, Rasmieh Mustafa, Alanezi, Fahad Mashhour, Alanzi, Turki M, Albakri, Almaza, Aldhaleei, Wafa A, Aldridge, Robert W, Alemohammad, Seyedeh Yasaman, Alemu, Yihun Mulugeta, Al-Gheethi, Adel Ali Saeed, Al-Hanawi, Mohammed Khaled, Ali, Abid, Ali, Amjad, Ali, Iman, Ali, Mohammed Usman, Ali, Rafat, Ali, Syed Shujait Shujait, Ali, Victor Ekoche, Ali, Waad, Al-Ibraheem, Akram, Alicandro, Gianfranco, Alif, Sheikh Mohammad, Aljunid, Syed Mohamed, Alla, François, Almazan, Joseph Uy, Al-Mekhlafi, Hesham M, Alqutaibi, Ahmed Yaseen, Alrawashdeh, Ahmad, Alrousan, Sahel Majed, Al-Sabah, Salman Khalifah, Alsabri, Mohammed A, Altaany, Zaid, Al-Tammemi, Ala'a B., Al-Tawfiq, Jaffar A, Altirkawi, Khalid A, Aluh, Deborah Oyine, Alvis-Guzman, Nelson, Al-Wardat, Mohammad Sami, Al-Worafi, Yaser Mohammed, Aly, Hany, Alyahya, Mohammad Sharif, Alzoubi, Karem H, Al-Zyoud, Walid, Amani, Reza, Ameyaw, Edward Kwabena, Amin, Tarek Tawfik, Amindarolzarbi, Alireza, Amiri, Sohrab, Amirzade-Iranaq, Mohammad Hosein, Amu, Hubert, Amugsi, Dickson A, Ancuceanu, Robert, Anderlini, Deanna, Anderson, David B, Andrade, Pedro Prata, Andrei, Catalina Liliana, Andrei, Tudorel, Andrews, Erick Adrian, Anil, Abhishek, Anil, Sneha, Anoushiravani, Amir, Antony, Catherine M, Antriyandarti, Ernoiz, Anuoluwa, Boluwatife Stephen, Anvari, Saeid, Anyasodor, Anayochukwu Edward, Appiah, Francis, Aquilano, Michele, Arab, Juan Pablo, Arabloo, Jalal, Arafa, Elshaimaa A, Arafat, Mosab, Aravkin, Aleksandr Y, Ardekani, Ali, Areda, Demelash, Aregawi, Brhane Berhe, 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2024
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35. Global age-sex-specific mortality, life expectancy, and population estimates in 204 countries and territories and 811 subnational locations, 1950–2021, and the impact of the COVID-19 pandemic: a comprehensive demographic analysis for the Global Burden of Disease Study 2021

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Schumacher, Austin E, Kyu, Hmwe Hmwe, Aali, Amirali, Abbafati, Cristiana, Abbas, Jaffar, Abbasgholizadeh, Rouzbeh, Abbasi, Madineh Akram, Abbasian, Mohammadreza, Abd ElHafeez, Samar, Abdelmasseh, Michael, Abd-Elsalam, Sherief, Abdelwahab, Ahmed, Abdollahi, Mohammad, Abdoun, Meriem, Abdullahi, Auwal, Abdurehman, Ame Mehadi, Abebe, Mesfin, Abedi, Aidin, Abedi, Armita, Abegaz, Tadesse M, Abeldaño Zuñiga, Roberto Ariel, Abhilash, E S, Abiodun, Olugbenga Olusola, Aboagye, Richard Gyan, Abolhassani, Hassan, Abouzid, Mohamed, Abreu, Lucas Guimarães, Abrha, Woldu Aberhe, Abrigo, Michael R M, Abtahi, Dariush, Abu Rumeileh, Samir, Abu-Rmeileh, Niveen ME, Aburuz, Salahdein, Abu-Zaid, Ahmed, Acuna, Juan Manuel, Adair, Tim, Addo, Isaac Yeboah, Adebayo, Oladimeji M, Adegboye, Oyelola A, Adekanmbi, Victor, Aden, Bashir, Adepoju, Abiola Victor, Adetunji, Charles Oluwaseun, Adeyeoluwa, Temitayo Esther, Adeyomoye, Olorunsola Israel, Adha, Rishan, Adibi, Amin, Adikusuma, Wirawan, Adnani, Qorinah Estiningtyas Sakilah, Adra, Saryia, Afework, Abel, Afolabi, Aanuoluwapo Adeyimika, Afraz, Ali, Afyouni, Shadi, Afzal, Saira, Agasthi, Pradyumna, Aghamiri, Shahin, Agodi, Antonella, Agyemang-Duah, Williams, Ahinkorah, Bright Opoku, Ahmad, Aqeel, Ahmad, Danish, Ahmad, Firdos, Ahmad, Muayyad M, Ahmad, Tauseef, Ahmadi, Keivan, Ahmadzade, Amir Mahmoud, Ahmadzade, Mohadese, Ahmed, Ayman, Ahmed, Haroon, Ahmed, Luai A, Ahmed, Muktar Beshir, Ahmed, Syed Anees, Ajami, Marjan, Aji, Budi, Ajumobi, Olufemi, Akalu, Gizachew Taddesse, Akara, Essona Matatom, Akinosoglou, Karolina, Akkala, Sreelatha, Akyirem, Samuel, Al Hamad, Hanadi, Al Hasan, Syed Mahfuz, Al Homsi, Ammar, Al Qadire, Mohammad, Ala, Moein, Aladelusi, Timothy Olukunle, AL-Ahdal, Tareq Mohammed Ali, Alalalmeh, Samer O, Al-Aly, Ziyad, Alam, Khurshid, Alam, Manjurul, Alam, Zufishan, Al-amer, Rasmieh Mustafa, Alanezi, Fahad Mashhour, Alanzi, Turki M, Albashtawy, Mohammed, AlBataineh, Mohammad T, Aldridge, Robert W, Alemi, Sharifullah, Al-Eyadhy, Ayman, Al-Gheethi, Adel Ali Saeed, Alhabib, Khalid F, Alhalaiqa, Fadwa Alhalaiqa Naji, Al-Hanawi, Mohammed Khaled, Ali, Abid, Ali, Akhtar, Ali, Beriwan Abdulqadir, Ali, Hassam, Ali, Mohammed Usman, Ali, Rafat, Ali, Syed Shujait Shujait, Ali, Zahid, Alian Samakkhah, Shohreh, Alicandro, Gianfranco, Alif, Sheikh Mohammad, Aligol, Mohammad, Alimi, Rasoul, Aliyi, Ahmednur Adem, Al-Jumaily, Adel, Aljunid, Syed Mohamed, Almahmeed, Wael, Al-Marwani, Sabah, Al-Maweri, Sadeq Ali Ali, Almazan, Joseph Uy, Al-Mekhlafi, Hesham M, Almidani, Omar, Alomari, Mahmoud A, Alonso, Nivaldo, Alqahtani, Jaber S, Alqutaibi, Ahmed Yaseen, Al-Sabah, Salman Khalifah, Altaf, Awais, Al-Tawfiq, Jaffar A, Altirkawi, Khalid A, Alvi, Farrukh Jawad, Alwafi, Hassan, Al-Worafi, Yaser Mohammed, Aly, Hany, Alzoubi, Karem H, Amare, Azmeraw T, Ameyaw, Edward Kwabena, Amhare, Abebe Feyissa, Amin, Tarek Tawfik, Amindarolzarbi, Alireza, Aminian Dehkordi, Javad, Amiri, Sohrab, Amu, Hubert, Amugsi, Dickson A, Amzat, 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2024
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36. Global fertility in 204 countries and territories, 1950–2021, with forecasts to 2100: a comprehensive demographic analysis for the Global Burden of Disease Study 2021

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Bhattacharjee, Natalia V, Schumacher, Austin E, Aali, Amirali, Abate, Yohannes Habtegiorgis, Abbasgholizadeh, Rouzbeh, Abbasian, Mohammadreza, Abbasi-Kangevari, Mohsen, Abbastabar, Hedayat, Abd ElHafeez, Samar, Abd-Elsalam, Sherief, Abdollahi, Mohammad, Abdollahifar, Mohammad-Amin, Abdoun, Meriem, Abdullahi, Auwal, Abebe, Mesfin, Abebe, Samrawit Shawel, Abiodun, Olumide, Abolhassani, Hassan, Abolmaali, Meysam, Abouzid, Mohamed, Aboye, Girma Beressa, Abreu, Lucas Guimarães, Abrha, Woldu Aberhe, Abrigo, Michael R M, Abtahi, Dariush, Abualruz, Hasan, Abubakar, Bilyaminu, Abu-Gharbieh, Eman, Abu-Rmeileh, Niveen ME, Adal, Tadele Girum Girum, Adane, Mesafint Molla, Adeagbo, Oluwafemi Atanda Adeagbo, Adedoyin, Rufus Adesoji, Adekanmbi, Victor, Aden, Bashir, Adepoju, Abiola Victor, Adetokunboh, Olatunji O, Adetunji, Juliana Bunmi, Adeyinka, Daniel Adedayo, Adeyomoye, Olorunsola Israel, Adnani, Qorinah Estiningtyas Sakilah, Adra, Saryia, Afolabi, Rotimi Felix, Afyouni, Shadi, Afzal, Muhammad Sohail, Afzal, Saira, Aghamiri, Shahin, Agodi, Antonella, Agyemang-Duah, Williams, Ahinkorah, Bright Opoku, Ahlstrom, Austin J, Ahmad, Aqeel, Ahmad, Danish, Ahmad, Firdos, Ahmad, Muayyad M, Ahmad, Sajjad, Ahmad, Tauseef, Ahmed, Ali, Ahmed, Ayman, Ahmed, Haroon, Ahmed, Luai A, Ahmed, Meqdad Saleh, Ahmed, Syed Anees, Ajami, Marjan, Aji, Budi, Akalu, Gizachew Taddesse, Akbarialiabad, Hossein, Akinyemi, Rufus Olusola, Akkaif, Mohammed Ahmed, Akkala, Sreelatha, Al Hamad, Hanadi, Al Hasan, Syed Mahfuz, Al Qadire, Mohammad, AL-Ahdal, Tareq Mohammed Ali, Alalalmeh, Samer O, Alalwan, Tariq A, Al-Aly, Ziyad, Alam, Khurshid, Al-amer, Rasmieh Mustafa, Alanezi, Fahad Mashhour, Alanzi, Turki M, Albakri, Almaza, Albashtawy, Mohammed, AlBataineh, Mohammad T, Alemi, Hediyeh, Alemi, Sharifullah, Alemu, Yihun Mulugeta, Al-Eyadhy, Ayman, Al-Gheethi, Adel Ali Saeed, Alhabib, Khalid F, Alhajri, Noora, Alhalaiqa, Fadwa Alhalaiqa Naji, Alhassan, Robert Kaba, Ali, Abid, Ali, Beriwan Abdulqadir, Ali, Liaqat, Ali, Mohammed Usman, Ali, Rafat, Ali, Syed Shujait Shujait, Alif, Sheikh Mohammad, Aligol, Mohammad, Alijanzadeh, Mehran, Aljasir, Mohammad A M, Aljunid, Syed Mohamed, Al-Marwani, Sabah, Almazan, Joseph Uy, Al-Mekhlafi, Hesham M, Almidani, Omar, Alomari, Mahmoud A, Al-Omari, Basem, Alqahtani, Jaber S, Alqutaibi, Ahmed Yaseen, Al-Raddadi, Rajaa M, Al-Sabah, Salman Khalifah, Altaf, Awais, Al-Tawfiq, Jaffar A, Altirkawi, Khalid A, Aluh, Deborah Oyine, Alvi, Farrukh Jawad, Alvis-Guzman, Nelson, Alwafi, Hassan, Al-Worafi, Yaser Mohammed, Aly, Hany, Aly, Safwat, Alzoubi, Karem H, Ameyaw, Edward Kwabena, Amin, Tarek Tawfik, Amindarolzarbi, Alireza, Amini-Rarani, Mostafa, Amiri, Sohrab, Ampomah, Irene Gyamfuah, Amugsi, Dickson A, Amusa, Ganiyu Adeniyi, Ancuceanu, Robert, Anderlini, Deanna, Andrade, Pedro Prata, Andrei, Catalina Liliana, Andrei, Tudorel, Anil, Abhishek, Anil, Sneha, Ansar, Adnan, Ansari-Moghaddam, Alireza, Antony, Catherine M, Antriyandarti, Ernoiz, Anvari, Saeid, ANWAR, 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Sergeevich, Zhang, Haijun, Zhang, Meixin, Zhang, Yunquan, Zhong, Chenwen, Zhou, Juexiao, Zhu, Bin, Zhu, Lei, Zielińska, Magdalena, Zou, Zhiyong, Zyoud, Samer H, Murray, Christopher J L, Smith, Amanda E, and Vollset, Stein Emil

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2024
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37. Global incidence, prevalence, years lived with disability (YLDs), disability-adjusted life-years (DALYs), and healthy life expectancy (HALE) for 371 diseases and injuries in 204 countries and territories and 811 subnational locations, 1990–2021: a systematic analysis for the Global Burden of Disease Study 2021

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Ferrari, Alize J, Santomauro, Damian Francesco, Aali, Amirali, Abate, Yohannes Habtegiorgis, Abbafati, Cristiana, Abbastabar, Hedayat, Abd ElHafeez, Samar, Abdelmasseh, Michael, Abd-Elsalam, Sherief, Abdollahi, Arash, Abdullahi, Auwal, Abegaz, Kedir Hussein, Abeldaño Zuñiga, Roberto Ariel, Aboagye, Richard Gyan, Abolhassani, Hassan, Abreu, Lucas Guimarães, Abualruz, Hasan, Abu-Gharbieh, Eman, Abu-Rmeileh, Niveen ME, Ackerman, Ilana N, Addo, Isaac Yeboah, Addolorato, Giovanni, Adebiyi, Akindele Olupelumi, Adepoju, Abiola Victor, Adewuyi, Habeeb Omoponle, Afyouni, Shadi, Afzal, Saira, Afzal, Sina, Agodi, Antonella, Ahmad, Aqeel, Ahmad, Danish, Ahmad, Firdos, Ahmad, Shahzaib, Ahmed, Ali, Ahmed, Luai A, Ahmed, Muktar Beshir, Ajami, Marjan, Akinosoglou, Karolina, Akkaif, Mohammed Ahmed, Al Hasan, Syed Mahfuz, Alalalmeh, Samer O, Al-Aly, Ziyad, Albashtawy, Mohammed, Aldridge, Robert W, Alemu, Meseret Desalegn, Alemu, Yihun Mulugeta, Alene, Kefyalew Addis, Al-Gheethi, Adel Ali Saeed, Alharrasi, Maryam, Alhassan, Robert Kaba, Ali, Mohammed Usman, Ali, Rafat, Ali, Syed Shujait Shujait, Alif, Sheikh Mohammad, Aljunid, Syed Mohamed, Al-Marwani, Sabah, Almazan, Joseph Uy, Alomari, Mahmoud A, Al-Omari, Basem, Altaany, Zaid, Alvis-Guzman, Nelson, Alvis-Zakzuk, Nelson J, Alwafi, Hassan, Al-Wardat, Mohammad Sami, Al-Worafi, Yaser Mohammed, Aly, Safwat, Alzoubi, Karem H, Amare, Azmeraw T, Amegbor, Prince M, Ameyaw, Edward Kwabena, Amin, Tarek Tawfik, Amindarolzarbi, Alireza, Amiri, Sohrab, Amugsi, Dickson A, Ancuceanu, Robert, Anderlini, Deanna, Anderson, David B, Andrade, Pedro Prata, Andrei, Catalina Liliana, Ansari, Hossein, Antony, Catherine M, Anwar, Saleha, Anwar, Sumadi Lukman, Anwer, Razique, Anyanwu, Philip Emeka, Arab, Juan Pablo, Arabloo, Jalal, Arafat, Mosab, Araki, Daniel T, Aravkin, Aleksandr Y, Arkew, Mesay, Armocida, Benedetta, Arndt, Michael Benjamin, Arooj, Mahwish, Artamonov, Anton A, Aruleba, Raphael Taiwo, Arumugam, Ashokan, Ashbaugh, Charlie, Ashemo, Mubarek Yesse, Ashraf, Muhammad, Asika, Marvellous O, Askari, Elaheh, Astell-Burt, Thomas, Athari, Seyyed Shamsadin, Atorkey, Prince, Atout, Maha Moh'd Wahbi, Atreya, Alok, Aujayeb, Avinash, Ausloos, Marcel, Avan, Abolfazl, Awotidebe, Adedapo Wasiu, Awuviry-Newton, Kofi, Ayala Quintanilla, Beatriz Paulina, Ayuso-Mateos, Jose L, Azadnajafabad, Sina, Azevedo, Rui M S, Babu, Abraham Samuel, Badar, Muhammad, Badiye, Ashish D, Baghdadi, Soroush, Bagheri, Nasser, Bah, Sulaiman, Bai, Ruhai, Baker, Jennifer L, Bakkannavar, Shankar M, Bako, Abdulaziz T, Balakrishnan, Senthilkumar, Bam, Kiran, Banik, Palash Chandra, Barchitta, Martina, Bardhan, Mainak, Bardideh, Erfan, Barker-Collo, Suzanne Lyn, Barqawi, Hiba Jawdat, Barrow, Amadou, Barteit, Sandra, Barua, Lingkan, Bashiri Aliabadi, Somaye, Basiru, Afisu, Basu, Sanjay, Basu, Saurav, Bathini, Prapthi Persis, Batra, Kavita, Baune, Bernhard T, Bayileyegn, Nebiyou Simegnew, Behnam, Babak, Behnoush, Amir Hossein, Beiranvand, Maryam, Bejarano Ramirez, 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Paulo H, Fischer, Florian, Flavel, Joanne, Flood, David, Flor, Luisa S, Foigt, Nataliya A, Folayan, Morenike Oluwatoyin, Force, Lisa M, Fortuna, Daniela, Foschi, Matteo, Franklin, Richard Charles, Freitas, Alberto, Fukumoto, Takeshi, Furtado, João M, Gaal, Peter Andras, Gadanya, Muktar A, Gaidhane, Abhay Motiramji, Gaihre, Santosh, Galali, Yaseen, Ganbat, Mandukhai, Gandhi, Aravind P, Ganesan, Balasankar, Ganie, Mohd Ashraf, Ganiyani, Mohammad Arfat, Gardner, William M, Gebi, Tilaye Gebru, Gebregergis, Miglas W, Gebrehiwot, Mesfin, Gebremariam, Tesfay B B, Gebremeskel, Teferi Gebru, Gela, Yibeltal Yismaw, Georgescu, Simona Roxana, Getachew Obsa, Abera, Gething, Peter W, Getie, Molla, Ghadiri, Keyghobad, Ghadirian, Fataneh, Ghailan, Khalid Yaser, Ghajar, Alireza, Ghasemi, MohammadReza, Ghasempour Dabaghi, Ghazal, Ghasemzadeh, Afsaneh, Ghazy, Ramy Mohamed, Gholamrezanezhad, Ali, Ghorbani, Mahsa, Ghotbi, Elena, Gibson, Ruth Margaret, Gill, Tiffany K, Ginindza, Themba G, Girmay, Alem, 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Theo, and Murray, Christopher J L

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2024
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38. Global burden of 288 causes of death and life expectancy decomposition in 204 countries and territories and 811 subnational locations, 1990–2021: a systematic analysis for the Global Burden of Disease Study 2021

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Naghavi, Mohsen, Ong, Kanyin Liane, Aali, Amirali, Ababneh, Hazim S, Abate, Yohannes Habtegiorgis, Abbafati, Cristiana, Abbasgholizadeh, Rouzbeh, Abbasian, Mohammadreza, Abbasi-Kangevari, Mohsen, Abbastabar, Hedayat, Abd ElHafeez, Samar, Abdelmasseh, Michael, Abd-Elsalam, Sherief, Abdelwahab, Ahmed, Abdollahi, Mohammad, Abdollahifar, Mohammad-Amin, Abdoun, Meriem, Abdulah, Deldar Morad, Abdullahi, Auwal, Abebe, Mesfin, Abebe, Samrawit Shawel, Abedi, Aidin, Abegaz, Kedir Hussein, Abhilash, E S, Abidi, Hassan, Abiodun, Olumide, Aboagye, Richard Gyan, Abolhassani, Hassan, Abolmaali, Meysam, Abouzid, Mohamed, Aboye, Girma Beressa, Abreu, Lucas Guimarães, Abrha, Woldu Aberhe, Abtahi, Dariush, Abu Rumeileh, Samir, Abualruz, Hasan, Abubakar, Bilyaminu, Abu-Gharbieh, Eman, Abu-Rmeileh, Niveen ME, Aburuz, Salahdein, Abu-Zaid, Ahmed, Accrombessi, Manfred Mario Kokou, Adal, Tadele Girum, Adamu, Abdu A, Addo, Isaac Yeboah, Addolorato, Giovanni, Adebiyi, Akindele Olupelumi, Adekanmbi, Victor, Adepoju, Abiola Victor, Adetunji, Charles Oluwaseun, Adetunji, Juliana Bunmi, Adeyeoluwa, Temitayo Esther, Adeyinka, Daniel Adedayo, Adeyomoye, Olorunsola Israel, Admass, Biruk Adie Adie, Adnani, Qorinah Estiningtyas Sakilah, Adra, Saryia, Afolabi, Aanuoluwapo Adeyimika, Afzal, Muhammad Sohail, Afzal, Saira, Agampodi, Suneth Buddhika, Agasthi, Pradyumna, Aggarwal, Manik, Aghamiri, Shahin, Agide, Feleke Doyore, Agodi, Antonella, Agrawal, Anurag, Agyemang-Duah, Williams, Ahinkorah, Bright Opoku, Ahmad, Aqeel, Ahmad, Danish, Ahmad, Firdos, Ahmad, Muayyad M, Ahmad, Sajjad, Ahmad, Shahzaib, Ahmad, Tauseef, Ahmadi, Keivan, Ahmadzade, Amir Mahmoud, Ahmed, Ali, Ahmed, Ayman, Ahmed, Haroon, Ahmed, Luai A, Ahmed, Mehrunnisha Sharif, Ahmed, Meqdad Saleh, Ahmed, Muktar Beshir, Ahmed, Syed Anees, Ajami, Marjan, Aji, Budi, Akara, Essona Matatom, Akbarialiabad, Hossein, Akinosoglou, Karolina, Akinyemiju, Tomi, Akkaif, Mohammed Ahmed, Akyirem, Samuel, Al Hamad, Hanadi, Al Hasan, Syed Mahfuz, Alahdab, Fares, Alalalmeh, Samer O, Alalwan, Tariq A, Al-Aly, Ziyad, Alam, Khurshid, Alam, Manjurul, Alam, Noore, Al-amer, Rasmieh Mustafa, Alanezi, Fahad Mashhour, Alanzi, Turki M, Al-Azzam, Sayer, Albakri, Almaza, Albashtawy, Mohammed, AlBataineh, Mohammad T, Alcalde-Rabanal, Jacqueline Elizabeth, Aldawsari, Khalifah A, Aldhaleei, Wafa A, Aldridge, Robert W, Alema, Haileselasie Berhane, Alemayohu, Mulubirhan Assefa, Alemi, Sharifullah, Alemu, Yihun Mulugeta, Al-Gheethi, Adel Ali Saeed, Alhabib, Khalid F, Alhalaiqa, Fadwa Alhalaiqa Naji, Al-Hanawi, Mohammed Khaled, Ali, Abid, Ali, Amjad, Ali, Liaqat, Ali, Mohammed Usman, Ali, Rafat, Ali, Shahid, Ali, Syed Shujait Shujait, Alicandro, Gianfranco, Alif, Sheikh Mohammad, Alikhani, Reyhaneh, Alimohamadi, Yousef, Aliyi, Ahmednur Adem, Aljasir, Mohammad A M, Aljunid, Syed Mohamed, Alla, François, Allebeck, Peter, Al-Marwani, Sabah, Al-Maweri, Sadeq Ali Ali, Almazan, Joseph Uy, Al-Mekhlafi, Hesham M, Almidani, Louay, Almidani, Omar, Alomari, Mahmoud A, Al-Omari, Basem, Alonso, Jordi, Alqahtani, Jaber S, Alqalyoobi, Shehabaldin, Alqutaibi, Ahmed Yaseen, Al-Sabah, Salman Khalifah, Altaany, Zaid, Altaf, Awais, Al-Tawfiq, Jaffar A, Altirkawi, Khalid A, Aluh, Deborah Oyine, Alvis-Guzman, Nelson, Alwafi, Hassan, Al-Worafi, Yaser Mohammed, Aly, Hany, Aly, Safwat, Alzoubi, Karem H, Amani, Reza, Amare, Azmeraw T, Amegbor, Prince M, Ameyaw, Edward Kwabena, Amin, Tarek Tawfik, Amindarolzarbi, Alireza, Amiri, Sohrab, Amirzade-Iranaq, Mohammad Hosein, Amu, Hubert, Amugsi, Dickson A, Amusa, Ganiyu Adeniyi, Ancuceanu, Robert, Anderlini, Deanna, Anderson, David B, Andrade, Pedro Prata, Andrei, Catalina Liliana, Andrei, Tudorel, Angus, Colin, Anil, Abhishek, Anil, Sneha, Anoushiravani, Amir, Ansari, Hossein, Ansariadi, Ansariadi, Ansari-Moghaddam, Alireza, Antony, Catherine M, Antriyandarti, Ernoiz, Anvari, Davood, Anvari, Saeid, Anwar, Saleha, Anwar, Sumadi Lukman, Anwer, Razique, Anyasodor, Anayochukwu Edward, Aqeel, Muhammad, Arab, Juan Pablo, Arabloo, Jalal, Arafat, Mosab, Aravkin, Aleksandr Y, Areda, Demelash, Aremu, Abdulfatai, Aremu, Olatunde, Ariffin, Hany, Arkew, Mesay, Armocida, Benedetta, Arndt, Michael Benjamin, Ärnlöv, Johan, Arooj, Mahwish, Artamonov, Anton A, Arulappan, Judie, Aruleba, Raphael Taiwo, Arumugam, Ashokan, Asaad, Malke, Asadi-Lari, Mohsen, Asgedom, Akeza Awealom, Asghariahmadabad, Mona, Asghari-Jafarabadi, Mohammad, Ashraf, Muhammad, Aslani, Armin, Astell-Burt, Thomas, Athar, Mohammad, Athari, Seyyed Shamsadin, Atinafu, Bantalem Tilaye Tilaye, Atlaw, Habtamu Wondmagegn, Atorkey, Prince, Atout, Maha Moh'd Wahbi, Atreya, Alok, Aujayeb, Avinash, Ausloos, Marcel, Avan, Abolfazl, Awedew, Atalel Fentahun, Aweke, Amlaku Mulat, Ayala Quintanilla, Beatriz Paulina, Ayatollahi, Haleh, Ayuso-Mateos, Jose L, Ayyoubzadeh, Seyed Mohammad, Azadnajafabad, Sina, Azevedo, Rui M S, Azzam, Ahmed Y, B, Darshan B, Babu, Abraham Samuel, Badar, Muhammad, Badiye, Ashish D, Baghdadi, Soroush, Bagheri, Nasser, Bagherieh, Sara, 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2024
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41. Global, regional, and national burden of disorders affecting the nervous system, 1990–2021: a systematic analysis for the Global Burden of Disease Study 2021

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Steinmetz, Jaimie D, Seeher, Katrin Maria, Schiess, Nicoline, Nichols, Emma, Cao, Bochen, Servili, Chiara, Cavallera, Vanessa, Cousin, Ewerton, Hagins, Hailey, Moberg, Madeline E, Mehlman, Max L, Abate, Yohannes Habtegiorgis, Abbas, Jaffar, Abbasi, Madineh Akram, Abbasian, Mohammadreza, Abbastabar, Hedayat, Abdelmasseh, Michael, Abdollahi, Mohammad, Abdollahi, Mozhan, Abdollahifar, Mohammad-Amin, Abd-Rabu, Rami, Abdulah, Deldar Morad, Abdullahi, Auwal, Abedi, Aidin, Abedi, Vida, Abeldańo Zuńiga, Roberto Ariel, Abidi, Hassan, Abiodun, Olumide, Aboagye, Richard Gyan, Abolhassani, Hassan, Aboyans, Victor, Abrha, Woldu Aberhe, Abualhasan, Ahmed, Abu-Gharbieh, Eman, Aburuz, Salahdein, Adamu, Lawan Hassan, Addo, Isaac Yeboah, Adebayo, Oladimeji M, Adekanmbi, Victor, Adekiya, Tayo Alex, Adikusuma, Wirawan, Adnani, Qorinah Estiningtyas Sakilah, Adra, Saryia, Afework, Tsion, Afolabi, Aanuoluwapo Adeyimika, Afraz, Ali, Afzal, Saira, Aghamiri, Shahin, Agodi, Antonella, Agyemang-Duah, Williams, Ahinkorah, Bright Opoku, Ahmad, Aqeel, Ahmad, Danish, Ahmad, Sajjad, Ahmadzade, Amir Mahmoud, Ahmed, Ali, Ahmed, Ayman, Ahmed, Haroon, Ahmed, Jivan Qasim, Ahmed, Luai A, Ahmed, Muktar Beshir, Ahmed, Syed Anees, Ajami, Marjan, Aji, Budi, Ajumobi, Olufemi, Akade, Seyed Esma'il, Akbari, Morteza, Akbarialiabad, Hossein, Akhlaghi, Shiva, Akinosoglou, Karolina, Akinyemi, Rufus Olusola, Akonde, Maxwell, Al Hasan, Syed Mahfuz, Alahdab, Fares, AL-Ahdal, Tareq Mohammed Ali, Al-amer, Rasmieh Mustafa, Albashtawy, Mohammed, AlBataineh, Mohammad T, Aldawsari, Khalifah A, Alemi, Hediyeh, Alemi, Sharifullah, Algammal, Abdelazeem M, Al-Gheethi, Adel Ali Saeed, Alhalaiqa, Fadwa Alhalaiqa Naji, Alhassan, Robert Kaba, Ali, Abid, Ali, Endale Alemayehu, Ali, Liaqat, Ali, Mohammed Usman, Ali, Musa Mohammed, Ali, Rafat, Ali, Shahid, Ali, Syed Shujait Shujait, Ali, Zahid, Alif, Sheikh Mohammad, Alimohamadi, Yousef, Aliyi, Ahmednur Adem, Aljofan, Mohamad, Aljunid, Syed Mohamed, Alladi, Suvarna, Almazan, Joseph Uy, Almustanyir, Sami, Al-Omari, Basem, Alqahtani, Jaber S, Alqasmi, Ibrahim, Alqutaibi, Ahmed Yaseen, Al-Shahi Salman, Rustam, Altaany, Zaid, Al-Tawfiq, Jaffar A, Altirkawi, Khalid A, Alvis-Guzman, Nelson, Al-Worafi, Yaser Mohammed, Aly, Hany, Aly, Safwat, Alzoubi, Karem H, Amani, Reza, Amindarolzarbi, Alireza, Amiri, Sohrab, Amirzade-Iranaq, Mohammad Hosein, Amu, Hubert, Amugsi, Dickson A, Amusa, Ganiyu Adeniyi, Amzat, Jimoh, Ancuceanu, Robert, Anderlini, Deanna, Anderson, David B, Andrei, Catalina Liliana, Androudi, Sofia, Angappan, Dhanalakshmi, Angesom, Teklit W, Anil, Abhishek, Ansari-Moghaddam, Alireza, Anwer, Razique, Arafat, Mosab, Aravkin, Aleksandr Y, Areda, Demelash, Ariffin, Hany, Arifin, Hidayat, Arkew, Mesay, Ärnlöv, Johan, Arooj, Mahwish, Artamonov, Anton A, Artanti, Kurnia Dwi, Aruleba, Raphael Taiwo, Asadi-Pooya, Ali A, Asena, Tilahun Ferede, Asghari-Jafarabadi, Mohammad, Ashraf, Muhammad, Ashraf, Tahira, Atalell, Kendalem Asmare, Athari, Seyyed Shamsadin, Atinafu, 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S, Udoakang, Aniefiok John, Ulhaq, Inam, Umair, Muhammad, Umakanthan, Srikanth, Umapathi, Krishna Kishore, Unim, Brigid, Unnikrishnan, Bhaskaran, Vaithinathan, Asokan Govindaraj, Vakilian, Alireza, Valadan Tahbaz, Sahel, Valizadeh, Rohollah, Van den Eynde, Jef, Vart, Priya, Varthya, Shoban Babu, Vasankari, Tommi Juhani, Vaziri, Siavash, Vellingiri, Balachandar, Venketasubramanian, Narayanaswamy, Verras, Georgios-Ioannis, Vervoort, Dominique, Villafańe, Jorge Hugo, Villani, Leonardo, Vinueza Veloz, Andres Fernando, Viskadourou, Maria, Vladimirov, Sergey Konstantinovitch, Vlassov, Vasily, Volovat, Simona Ruxandra, Vu, Loc Tri, Vujcic, Isidora S, Wagaye, Birhanu, Waheed, Yasir, Wahood, Waseem, Walde, Mandaras Tariku, Wang, Fang, Wang, Shu, Wang, Yanzhong, Wang, Yuan-Pang, Waqas, Muhammad, Waris, Abdul, Weerakoon, Kosala Gayan, Weintraub, Robert G, Weldemariam, Abrha Hailay, Westerman, Ronny, Whisnant, Joanna L, Wickramasinghe, Dakshitha Praneeth, Wickramasinghe, Nuwan Darshana, Willekens, Barbara, Wilner, Lauren B, Winkler, Andrea Sylvia, Wolfe, Charles D A, Wu, Ai-Min, Wulf Hanson, Sarah, Xu, Suowen, Xu, Xiaoyue, Yadollahpour, Ali, Yaghoubi, Sajad, Yahya, Galal, Yamagishi, Kazumasa, Yang, Lin, Yano, Yuichiro, Yao, Yao, Yehualashet, Sisay Shewasinad, Yeshaneh, Alex, Yesiltepe, Metin, Yi, Siyan, Yiğit, Arzu, Yiğit, Vahit, Yon, Dong Keon, Yonemoto, Naohiro, You, Yuyi, Younis, Mustafa Z, Yu, Chuanhua, Yusuf, Hadiza, Zadey, Siddhesh, Zahedi, Mohammad, Zakham, Fathiah, Zaki, Nazar, Zali, Alireza, Zamagni, Giulia, Zand, Ramin, Zandieh, Ghazal G Z, Zangiabadian, Moein, Zarghami, Amin, Zastrozhin, Mikhail Sergeevich, Zeariya, Mohammed G M, Zegeye, Zelalem Banjaw, Zeukeng, Francis, Zhai, Chunxia, Zhang, Chen, Zhang, Haijun, Zhang, Yunquan, Zhang, Zhi-Jiang, Zhao, Hanqing, Zhao, Yang, Zheng, Peng, Zhou, Hengxing, Zhu, Bin, Zhumagaliuly, Abzal, Zielińska, Magdalena, Zikarg, Yossef Teshome, Zoladl, Mohammad, Murray, Christopher J L, Ong, Kanyin Liane, Feigin, Valery L, Vos, Theo, and Dua, Tarun

Published
2024
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46. Building Bridges in STEM Education: Minoritized Secondary School Student Computer Science Pathways and Experiences

Author

Bodunrin O. Banwo, Lizette Navarrete-Burks, Steven McGee, and Randi McGee-Tekula

Subjects
STEM education, STEM pathways, computer science, historically marginalized, underserved students, middle school, Education
Abstract

The experiences of underrepresented women and ethnic minorities in computer science (CS) fields are at the heart of understanding the factors that impact the critical transitions students face when entering into Science, Technology, Engineering, or Mathematics (STEM) careers. The research, conducted using a grounded theory approach, gauges student and teacher perspectives, specifically investigating minoritized student perspectives that influence their entrance and continuation into an educational pathway. The study’s outcomes underscore the crucial roles of (1) Student Family Encouragement, (2) School and Community Engagement, and (3) Professional/Teacher Mentorship as critical junctions that school districts should be aware of when creating student pathways into college and career, particularly for underrepresented groups.

Published
2024
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49. Exploring the Impact of Fe-Implantation on the Electrical Characteristics of Al/p-Si Schottky Barrier Diodes

Author

Joseph Oluwadamilola Bodunrin, Duke Ateyh Oeba, and Sabata Jonas Moloi

Subjects
silicon-based diode, current–voltage, capacitance–voltage-frequency, conduction mechanism, Fe-implantation, resistivity, Instruments and machines, QA71-90
Abstract

The effects of Fe-implantation on the electrical characteristics of Au/p-Si Schottky barrier diodes (SBDs) were studied using current–voltage (I–V) and capacitance–voltage (C–V) techniques. The Rutherford Backscattering Spectrometry (RBS) and Energy Dispersive Spectroscopy (EDS) results showed that Fe ions are well implanted and present in the Fe-implanted Si material. The acquired results from I–V and C–V analysis showed that the diodes were well fabricated, and Fe-implantation changed the normal diode’s I–V behaviour from typical exponential to ohmic. The ohmic behaviour was described in terms of the defect levels induced by Fe in the middle of the band gap of Si. The conduction mechanism for both forward and reverse currents was presented, and the effect of Fe-implantation on the conduction mechanisms was investigated. The C–V results show that Fe generates a high density of minority carriers in p-Si, which agreed with the increase in reverse current observed in the I–V results. The diode parameters in terms of saturation current, ideality factor, Schottky barrier height, doping density, and space charge region (SCR) width were used to investigate the effect of Fe in p-Si based diode. Owing to the observed changes, which were analogous to those induced by dopants that improve the radiation hardness of silicon, it was safe to say that Fe can also assist in the quest to improve the radiation hardness of silicon using the defect-engineering method.

Published
2023
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50. The electrical characteristics and conduction mechanisms of Zn doped silicon-based Schottky barrier diode

Author

D.A. Oeba, J.O. Bodunrin, and S.J. Moloi

Subjects
Silicon-based diode, Zn-doping, Conduction mechanism, Ohmic behaviour, Full depletion voltage, Science (General), Q1-390, Social sciences (General), H1-99
Abstract

In this study, we investigated the effects of Zn doping on electrical properties and conduction mechanisms of n-silicon (n-Si) diodes using current-voltage (I–V) and capacitance-voltage-frequency (C–V–f) measurements. The results revealed that Zn doping alters the I–V behaviour of the diode from a typical exponential curve to an ohmic one. Notably, Zn doping increased the reverse current by a factor of 37, while reducing the forward current by a factor of 3 at 3 V. This suggested that Zn-related defects introduced more minority carriers into the Si. The introduction of minority carriers is confirmed by a change in material conductivity-type from n-to p-type. Moreover, Zn doping reduces the full depletion voltage (FDV), meaning the diode could be fully depleted with a lower voltage. This reduction in FDV was crucial for designing highly sensitive radiation detectors. The observed changes in the diode's electrical behaviour were attributed to defects introduced by Zn into Si. Zn-doped n-Si diodes exhibited characteristics akin to radiation-resistant diodes. These findings implied that Zn may be instrumental in advancing research focused on enhancing silicon properties and developing radiation-resistant detectors for high-energy physics studies.

Published
2023
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