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Background: Athletes must maintain top physical condition to compete, with body composition a crucial indicator. Skeletal muscle mass and body fat are related to performance, with a lower fat percentage increasing physical ability. Nutritional needs also play a role, where athletes consume carbohydrates for 60-70% of their energy. These factors are essential for optimal performance and overall health. Objectives: This study aimed to investigate the body composition of junior basketball athletes regarding gender. Methods: This study employed a rigorous cross-sectional research design to analyze the body composition measurements of elite athletes and junior basketball players. The participants were carefully selected based on age, injury history, national-level achievements, and recent injury training. A total of 24 junior basketball athletes, evenly split between elite junior male and female athletes, participated in the test. The data was meticulously analyzed using Minitab software and the T-test to determine gender differences, ensuring the validity and reliability of the results. Results: The athletes were aged 16-17, weighing 50-65 kg to 95-108 kg. They had BMI characteristics of 8.3% underweight, 79.2% normal, 12.5% overweight, and 0% obese. Significant differences were found in body composition characteristics for each gender. The T-test results show significant differences between the variables with a P value

Osteoarthritis (OA) is a common degenerative disease that affects millions of individuals worldwide. Objective: There is no conclusive epidemiological evidence regarding the relationship between OA, depression, and whole-body fat mass. In this study, we conducted a two-step Mendelian randomization analysis to determine the causal relationships between them. Design: The published summary-level data are from genome-wide association studies (GWAS). Our study included 357,957 samples and 10,828,862 SNPs. Finally, the outcome GWAS data for OA came from a GWAS on the genetic architecture of OA using UK Biobank data. This study included 50,508 samples and 15,845,511 SNPs. We used five different modes of analysis, including inverse variance weighted meta-analysis (IVW), MR-Egger regression, weighted median, simple mode, and weighted mode, to explore causal relationships. Results: We found a positive correlation between depression and body fat mass, with depression leading to body fat mass an increase in (IVW result: p = 3.39E-07, OR (95 % CI) =2.16 (1.61, 2.90)). We also found a positive correlation between body fat mass and OA, with body fat mass increasing the risk of OA (IVW result: p = 1.65E-33, OR (95 % CI) = 1.98 (1.77, 2.21). Body fat mass played an important role as a mediator in the causal relationship between depression and OA, with approximately 14 % of the risk of OA caused by depression being mediated by body fat mass. Conclusions: Our study offers reliable evidence that depression has a detrimental impact on the risk of OA. Future research can support these associations from improving depressed effect, including social, biological, and behavioral factors, to reduce the risk of chronic diseases such as osteoarthritis. And we identified high-risk variation of alleles which associated with OA and depression can be used to predict disease and provide a basis for clinical intervention and treatment of OA. • The study introduces an innovative approach in utilizing two-step and multivariable Mendelian Randomization (MR) for causal mediation analysis, catering to the exploration of the effect of body fat mass on Osteoarthritis (OA) through the mediating role of depression. • By sidestepping the requirement for individual-level data, this research efficiently leverages genome-wide association studies (GWAS) to gather population-scale data, enhancing the robustness and scope of its findings. • Approximately 14% of the risk of osteoarthritis caused by depression is mediated through body fat as a variable. • The study identified a series of susceptibility genes related to depression and osteoarthritis, providing new potential targets for the treatment of osteoarthritis [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background: The changes in body composition during puberty not only contribute to the differences in body composition between adult males and females but also have associations with growth problems and metabolic disorders, including obesity. Therefore, understanding the changes in body composition during the pubertal period and analyzing reference values based on race and gender are essential research resources. The objective of this study was to generate reference centiles for body composition on a monthly basis using an extensive dataset of body composition information from Korean children and adolescents. Methods: A total of 88,069 measurements from 22,515 children (11,062 boys and 11,453 girls) aged 7–16 years using a bioelectrical impedance analysis were included in the study after performing a Z-score-based data management procedure. Height, weight, body fat mass (BFM), and fat-free mass (FFM) were measured and used to derive body fat percentage (BF%), body mass index (BMI), fat mass index (FMI), and fat-free mass index (FFMI). Sex- and age-specific centiles were estimated using generalized additive models for location, scale, and shape with the Box-Cox Cole and Green distribution (i.e., lambda-mu-sigma method). Results: The sex- and age-related disparities in body composition were most pronounced when weight was partitioned into BFM and FFM. In boys, the FFM increased markedly during pubertal growth spurts, whereas BFM remained relatively stable. In girls, the BFM increased steadily, whereas the rate of FFM increased slowly. The BMI increased steadily with age in both sexes. However, when BMI was parsed into FMI and FFMI, it became clear that the FFMI increased substantially during pubertal growth in boys, whereas the FMI peaked around age 11 and then declined. Conversely, the FMI increased steadily in girls, albeit with a slowing rate in the increase of the FFMI beginning around age 12. Conclusions: This study produced age- and sex-specific reference percentiles for body composition indices in Korean children and adolescents using extensive biometric data. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background: Infantile nephropathic cystinosis (INC) is a rare lysosomal storage disorder, mostly and often firstly affecting the kidneys, together with impaired disharmonious growth and rickets, eventually resulting in progressive chronic kidney disease (CKD). With the introduction of cysteamine therapy, most pediatric patients reach adulthood with no need for kidney replacement therapy. Still, detailed changes in INC patients' clinical and morphological presentation over the past decades have not yet been thoroughly investigated. Methods: Two groups with a respective total of 64 children with INC and 302 children with CKD, both treated conservatively and aged 2 to 18 years, were prospectively observed in the time span from 1998 to 2022 with 1186 combined annual clinical and morphological examinations clustered into two measurement periods (1998 to 2015 and ≥ 2016). Results: In INC patients, thoracic proportion indices remained markedly increased, whereas body fat stores remained decreased over the past 25 years (+ 1 vs. below ± 0 z-score, respectively). Their CKD peers presented with overall improved growth, general harmonization of body proportions, and improved body fat stores, while INC patients only presented with an isolated significant increase in leg length over time (∆0.36 z-score). eGFR adjusted for age did not significantly change over the past 25 years in both groups. Alkaline phosphatase (ALP) showed a significant decrease in CKD patients over time, while remaining above normal levels in INC patients. Conclusions: Disproportionate thoracic shape and impaired body fat stores remain the most characteristic morphological traits in INC patients over the past 25 years, while causal mechanisms remain unclear. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

(1) Background: Various machine learning techniques were used to predict hypertension in Korean adults aged 20 and above, using a range of body composition indicators. Muscle and fat components of body composition are closely related to hypertension. The aim was to identify which body composition indicators are significant predictors of hypertension for each gender; (2) Methods: A model was developed to classify hypertension using six different machine learning techniques, utilizing age, BMI, and body composition indicators such as body fat mass, lean mass, and body water of 2906 Korean men and women; (3) Results: The elastic-net technique demonstrated the highest classification accuracy. In the hypertension prediction model, the most important variables for men were age, skeletal muscle mass (SMM), and body fat mass (BFM), in that order. For women, the significant variables were age and BFM. However, there was no difference between soft lean mass and SMM; (4) Conclusions: Hypertension affects not only BFM but also SMM in men, whereas in women, BFM has a stronger effect than SMM. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This study aimed to investigate the temporal changes in body composition following esophagectomy in patients with esophageal cancer using bioelectrical impedance analysis and to assess the prognostic implications of these changes. Our study included 528 patients who underwent esophagectomy and preoperative body composition measurements between January 2013 and June 2020. Postoperative body composition was measured in 493 patients at discharge as follows: 184 at 1 month, 144 at 2 months, 143 at 3 months, 103 at 6 months, 58 at 9 months, and 78 at 12 months. Body weight (BW) continuously decreased until the 6 postoperative months (POMs), reaching −11.5% compared with preoperative levels. Subsequently, almost no change was observed at 12 POMs. Skeletal muscle mass (SMM) decreased until 3 POMs but gradually recovered after 3 POMs. Conversely, body fat mass (BFM) consistently decreased over time post-esophagectomy. The patients were categorized into moderate (>−10%) and severe (≤−10%) groups based on % BW, % SMM, and % BFM losses at 3 POMs. Severe SMM loss at 3 POMs correlated with reduced overall survival (OS) (3-year OS: 85.9% in moderate vs. 75.1% in severe, p = 0.035). BFM loss was associated with reduced recurrence-free survival (3-year RFS: 83.3% in moderate vs. 62.0% in severe, p = 0.011). Multivariate analysis identified pStages Ⅲ and Ⅳ, % SMM loss ≤ −10%, and % BFM loss ≤ −10% as independent factors for worse OS. Post-esophagectomy, distinct temporal changes in BW, SMM, and BFM are observed. Significant reductions in SMM and BFM 3 POMs indicate a poor long-term prognosis. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

ABSTRACT Background Emerging evidence suggests that the creatinine‐to‐body weight (Cre/BW) ratio is a predictor for incident diabetes in the Asian population. This study examined the association between Cre/BW ratio and incident diabetes, as well as the relationship between Cre/BW ratio and skeletal muscle and body fat mass in a multiethnic Malaysian cohort. Methods A total of 13 047 eligible participants were selected from 119 560 The Malaysian Cohort participants. Of these, 750 who developed diabetes were selected as cases, while 3750 controls were chosen randomly from healthy participants. This nested case–control study included 4500 eligible participants from The Malaysian Cohort, with a 1:5 case‐to‐control ratio. Participants were stratified into four groups based on Cre/BW ratio quartiles. The Cox proportional hazards model evaluated the effect of Cre/BW ratio on developing incident diabetes. The association between Cre/BW ratio and body composition was assessed using the Pearson correlation coefficient. Results Of the 13 047 eligible participants followed up over 5.3 years, 5.75% (n = 750) developed diabetes. Diabetes incidence decreased with increasing Cre/BW ratios. The Cre/BW ratio was inversely correlated with diabetes risk (HR: 0.403, 95% CI: 0.315–0.515, p

Background and objective: LN19183 is a proprietary, synergistic combination of Citrus aurantifolia fruit rind and Theobroma cacao seed extracts that increased resting energy expenditure (REE) in high-fat diet (HFD)-fed obese rats. The objective of this study was to validate the thermogenic potential of LN19183 in obese Sprague Dawley (SD) rats and to assess its clinical efficacy in a proof-of-concept, randomized, placebo-controlled, cross-over human trial. Methods: In the rat study, HFD-fed obese rats were supplemented with either HFD alone or with 45, 90, or 180 mg LN19183 per kg body weight (BW) for 28 days. In the human study, 60 overweight adults (male and female, aged 20–39 years) were randomized. Subjects took LN19183 (450 mg) or a matched placebo capsule on two consecutive days in phases one and two of the study, separated by a 10-day washout period. In each phase, on day 1, REE at pre-dose, 60-, 120-, and 180-min post-dose, and on day 2, metabolic rates at pre-dose and post-dose during and 20 min after exercise were measured using indirect calorimetry. Results: In rats, LN19183 significantly increased REE, reduced BW gain and fat masses, and increased fat and carbohydrate metabolism marker proteins including beta 3 adrenergic receptor (β3-AR), phospho-AMP-activated protein kinase (AMPK), glucagon-like peptide-1 receptor (GLP-1R) in the liver, and serum adiponectin levels. Furthermore, LN19183-supplemented human volunteers increased (P < 0.05, vs. placebo) the metabolic rates at rest and with exercise; their fat oxidation was increased (P < 0.05, vs. placebo) at rest and 20 min post-exercise. The groups’ systolic and diastolic blood pressure (BP), heart rates (HR), and safety parameters were comparable. Conclusion: These observations suggest that LN19183 is a thermogenic botanical composition with no stimulatory effects on BP and HR.

Background: Epidemiologic findings suggest that measures of body fat distribution predict health outcomes independent of the overall body fat assessed by body mass index (BMI). This study aimed to evaluate the associations of overall and regional body fat with the severity of hepatic steatosis and fibrosis in type 2 diabetic patients with non‐alcoholic fatty liver disease. Methods: Bioelectric impedance analysis and two newly developed anthropometric indices, namely, A Body Shape Index (ABSI) and Body Roundness Index (BRI), were used to estimate the body fat. Based on fibroscan parameters, significant hepatic fibrosis and severe steatosis were defined as ≥F2 and >66%, respectively. Results: Higher total body fat (odds ratio [OR] 1.107, 95% confidence intervals (CI) 1.038–1.182, p = 0.002), trunk fat (OR 1.136, 95% CI 1.034–1.248, p = 0.008) and leg fat (OR 1.381, 95% CI 1.139–1.674, p = 0.001) were associated with liver fibrosis. However, in contrast to the total body fat (OR 1.088, 95% CI 1.017–1.164, p = 0.014) and leg fat (OR 1.317, 95% CI 1.066–1.628, p = 0.011), the trunk fat was not associated with severe hepatic steatosis. BRI performed better than trunk, leg and total body fat in predicting hepatic steatosis (OR 2.186, 95% CI 1.370–3.487, p = 0.001) and fibrosis (OR 2.132, 95% CI 1.419–3.204, p < 0.001). Moreover, the trunk to leg fat ratio and ABSI were not independent predictors of either steatosis or fibrosis (p > 0.05). Conclusion: BRI revealed a superior predictive ability for identifying the degree of hepatic steatosis and stiffness than other obesity indices. Additionally, higher levels of adiposity in the trunk, legs, and overall body were linked to an increased risk of developing liver fibrosis. Although trunk fat did not show an association with severe hepatic steatosis, an increase in leg and total fat was related to liver steatosis. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This study aimed to investigate the relationship between body fat mass, Body Surface Area (BSA), and incidence of sports injuries among physical education students at higher education institutions in the Kurdistan Region of Iraq, with the University of Zakho as the primary research site. This investigation addressed the increasing prevalence of sports-related injuries in university physical education programs within the distinct sociocultural and academic milieu of Kurdistan. Employing a descriptive analytical methodology, anthropometric data, sports injury information, and personal details were collected from third- and fourth-year students at the University of Zakho. The study utilized validated questionnaires, standardized physical assessments, and robust statistical analyses, including correlation and regression models. The findings revealed statistically significant associations between body composition parameters and injury rates, with notable variations across diverse sports disciplines and academic progressions. These results reflect specific athletic practices and educational paradigms prevalent in higher education institutions in the Kurdistan Region. The study concluded that body fat mass, BSA, and sport-specific variables are significant predictors of injury risk among physical education students in these institutions. These findings underscore the necessity for evidence-based and culturally appropriate injury prevention strategies tailored to the unique characteristics of sports programs in universities across the Kurdistan Region of Iraq. Implementation of such strategies could potentially enhance student health outcomes and optimize performance in physical education curricula within the higher education system of the region.

Shuqin Chen,1,&ast; Xuepeng Wang,2,&ast; Yong Jin,3 Xueqin Chen,4 Qifa Song,5 Gang Wei,6 Li Li1 1Department of Endocrinology and Metabolism, The First Affiliated Hospital of Ningbo University, Ningbo, People’s Republic of China; 2Department of Infectious Disease, The First Affiliated Hospital of Ningbo University, Ningbo, People’s Republic of China; 3Department of Internal Medicine, Ningbo Yinzhou No.2 Hospital, Ningbo, People’s Republic of China; 4Department of Traditional Medicine, The First Affiliated Hospital of Ningbo University, Ningbo, People’s Republic of China; 5Medical Data Center, The First Affiliated Hospital of Ningbo University, Ningbo, People’s Republic of China; 6Beijing Diabetes Institute, Beijing Key Laboratory of Diabetes Research and Care, Department of Endocrinology, Beijing Tongren Hospital, Capital Medical University, Beijing, People’s Republic of China&ast;These authors contributed equally to this workCorrespondence: Li Li, Department of Endocrinology and Metabolism, The First Affiliated Hospital of Ningbo University, Ningbo, 31500, People’s Republic of China, Email lilyningbo@163.com Gang Wei, Beijing Diabetes Institute, Beijing Key Laboratory of Diabetes Research and Care, Department of Endocrinology, Beijing Tongren Hospital, Capital Medical University, Beijing, 100000, People’s Republic of China, Email gangwei_2013@163.comBackground: Changes in body composition accompanied by glucagon-like peptide 1 receptor agonist (GLP-1RA) induced weight loss have drawn much attention. However, fewer studies have reported body composition changes in patients receiving dulaglutide therapy in Chinese population.Methods: A total of 70 overweight/obese type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM) patients who received dulaglutide therapy were included. Clinical data were collected. Visceral fat area (VFA) and body composition were also measured. Changes in clinical indicators and body composition of patients before and after intervention were also analyzed. Correlation analysis and multiple linear regression model were used to evaluate the association between hemoglobin A1C (HbA1c) and body composition.Results: The results showed that body weight (BW), VFA, body fat (BF), lean body mass (LBM), skeletal muscle mass (SMM) and water content were reduced after 3 months dulaglutide intervention. The lean body mass percentage (LBMP) and skeletal muscle mass percentage (SMMP) significantly increased. Moreover, there was no significant difference in bone mineral quality (BMQ) after the intervention. The multiple linear regression model revealed that the % change in BF was independently associated with % change in HbA1c (β = 0.449, t = 3.148, p=0.002).Conclusion: These results indicate that dulaglutide intervention does not cause muscle and bone mass loss while inducing weight loss, and % change in BF was independently associated with improved glucose control during dulaglutide therapy. This study offers some positive results to support the clinical application of dulaglutide.Keywords: dulaglutide, obesity, diabetes, body fat mass, visceral fat

Bioelectrical impedance analysis (BIA) is a non-invasive indirect method that allows for measurement of lean and fat body mass. The main goal of this exploratory study was to compare the results from two different portable BIA devices. We found that only fat-free mass and body fat mass were directly comparable between InBodyS10 (Teprel, Porto, Portugal) and seca mBCA 525 (Bacelar, Porto, Portugal) medical portable BIA devices. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Abstract Background Epidemiologic findings suggest that measures of body fat distribution predict health outcomes independent of the overall body fat assessed by body mass index (BMI). This study aimed to evaluate the associations of overall and regional body fat with the severity of hepatic steatosis and fibrosis in type 2 diabetic patients with non‐alcoholic fatty liver disease. Methods Bioelectric impedance analysis and two newly developed anthropometric indices, namely, A Body Shape Index (ABSI) and Body Roundness Index (BRI), were used to estimate the body fat. Based on fibroscan parameters, significant hepatic fibrosis and severe steatosis were defined as ≥F2 and >66%, respectively. Results Higher total body fat (odds ratio [OR] 1.107, 95% confidence intervals (CI) 1.038–1.182, p = 0.002), trunk fat (OR 1.136, 95% CI 1.034–1.248, p = 0.008) and leg fat (OR 1.381, 95% CI 1.139–1.674, p = 0.001) were associated with liver fibrosis. However, in contrast to the total body fat (OR 1.088, 95% CI 1.017–1.164, p = 0.014) and leg fat (OR 1.317, 95% CI 1.066–1.628, p = 0.011), the trunk fat was not associated with severe hepatic steatosis. BRI performed better than trunk, leg and total body fat in predicting hepatic steatosis (OR 2.186, 95% CI 1.370–3.487, p = 0.001) and fibrosis (OR 2.132, 95% CI 1.419–3.204, p 0.05). Conclusion BRI revealed a superior predictive ability for identifying the degree of hepatic steatosis and stiffness than other obesity indices. Additionally, higher levels of adiposity in the trunk, legs, and overall body were linked to an increased risk of developing liver fibrosis. Although trunk fat did not show an association with severe hepatic steatosis, an increase in leg and total fat was related to liver steatosis.

The aim of the study was to investigate the effects of a once weekly, online video bodyweight resistance exercise training on body mass, muscle strength, and quality of life in middle-aged men (age 40–50 years) during a 20-week coronavirus (COVID-19) pandemic period. The participants were 30 healthy men, and the intervention lasted from June 2021 to September 2021. The participants were randomly assigned in two groups: an exercise group (n = 15) and a congrol group (n = 15). The exercise group participated in a 45-minute program including warm-up, resistance exercise, and recovery once per week for 20 weeks. The participants in the exercise group showed significantly reduced body mass (76.08 ± 8.80 kg), body mass index (BMI, 25.23 ± 2.39 kg·m−2), body fat mass (14.93 ± 4.97 kg), body fat percentage (19.42 ± 5.31%), and waist circumference (91.40 ± 6.13 cm) and increased handgrip strength (right: 48.49 ± 6.98 kg and left: 44.44 ± 6.39 kg) and quality of life (total score: 25.80 ± 2.651). Meanwhile, the control group showed increased body mass (77.06 ± 9.04 kg) and body fat mass (19.10 ± 4.95 kg) and decreased quality of life (total score: 24.60 ± 3.180). The once-weekly online video bodyweight resistance exercise program could be beneficial for body mass, muscular strength, and quality of life among middle-aged men.

Introduction: Bodybuilding and fitness are sports in which the primary goal is to build and shape a desirable body figure. Consequently, achieving the ideal body composition is the ultimate aspiration of every participant in these sports. Body composition analysis is a valuable tool for assessing body structure and quantifying data for this specific athletic population. The aim of this study was to determine and compare the body composition characteristics of fitness and bodybuilding enthusiasts, both competitive and recreational. Material and Methods: This study included 89 adult women and men, aged 18 to 37, who were categorized into four groups: female competitors (N=9), female recreational participants (N=30), male competitors (N=15), and male recreational participants (N=35). Body composition was assessed using the bioelectrical impedance method, specifically the InBody720. Results: The comparison of bioelectrical impedance analysis (BIA) obesity parameters revealed that BMI did not significantly differ between competitors and recreational participants in both male and female groups. However, competitors (both male and female) displayed a higher volume of body fluids (ICW and ECW). Body fat mass (BFM) was statistically greater in recreational participants when compared to competitors, with females having 18.58 kg vs. 12.47 kg, and males having 16.64 kg vs. 9.81 kg. Mean values of body fat percentage were also statistically higher in recreational participants compared to competitors, with women at 27.25% vs. 16.39% and men at 19.49% vs. 11.97%. Conclusions: Fitness competitors had a significantly higher fat-free mass and a significantly lower fat component. Recreational exercisers exhibited significantly higher obesity parameters, body fat percentage, and waist-to-hip ratio (WHR) compared to competitors in fitness and bodybuilding.

• The trial was to assess the effect of sunflower seed extract (SUN-CA) on body fat. • A daily intake of SUN-CA for 12 weeks led to decreases in body fat. • SUN-CA improved body weight, body mass index, and hip circumference. • No difference in adverse events was found between the SUN-CA and placebo groups. • SUN-CA could be an effective and safe option for the management of body fat. Obesity is an important public health problem and socioeconomic burden. We hypothesized that an intake of sunflower seed extract (SUN-CA) would decrease body fat and then investigated the effects and safety of SUN-CA intake on body fat in adults with obesity as an option for obesity treatment. In this double-blind, randomized, placebo-controlled study, 100 adults with body mass indices of 25 to 31.9 kg/m2 were assigned to groups that received SUN-CA (n = 50) or a placebo (n = 50) and received 1 tablet/day containing 500 mg of SUN-CA or the placebo over a 12-week period. The primary endpoint was the change in mass and percentage of body fat. The group that received SUN-CA daily showed decreases in body fat mass greater than those in the placebo group (−0.9 ± 1.8 kg vs. −0.1 ± 1.4 kg, P =.043). In addition, body weight, body mass index, and hip circumference improved after the intake of SUN-CA relative to the changes in the placebo group. There was no intergroup differences in the prevalence of adverse events. The accumulation of excess body fat improved through the intake of 500 mg/day of SUN-CA containing 100 mg of chlorogenic acids for 12 weeks in adults with obesity without causing serious adverse side effects. SUN-CA could be an effective and safe management option for obesity. The trial was registered at Clinical Research Information Service (CRIS: https://cris.nih.go.kr/cris/index/index.do) as KCT0005733. Intake of 500 mg/day of sunflower seed extract containing 100 mg of chlorogenic acids for 12 weeks in adults with obesity led to decreases in body fat without causing severe adverse side effects. In addition, body weight, body mass index, and hip circumference improved after the intake of sunflower seed extract compared to the changes in the placebo group. Sunflower seed extract supplementation could be an effective and safe management option for obesity. Abbreviation: RCT, randomized controlled trial. [Display omitted] [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Dietary protein sources and protein adequacy are crucial modulators of muscle quality and body composition. We investigated the association between dietary protein sources (and their adequacy) and body composition and the risk of sarcopenic obesity (SO) in South Korean populations. The participants (n = 1967) were classified into SO, obese, sarcopenia, and normal groups. A cross-sectional survey was conducted using the KS-15 questionnaire, short-form food frequency questionnaire, and anthropometric measurements. The percentage of body fat (male: 35.36 ± 0.51%; female: 44.14 ± 0.36%) was significantly high, while appendicular skeletal muscle (ASM; male: 36.39 ± 0.30%, female: 30.32 ± 0.19%) was low in the SO group. Beef and pork consumption was negatively associated with ASM (%) but positively associated with body fat (%) in the normal group and positively associated with ASM (kg/m2: beta = 0.002, p = 0.02) and BFM (kg: beta = 0.012, p = 0.03) in the SO group, respectively. The highest quintile (Q5: 173.6 g/day) showed a decreased risk of SO prevalence (AORs: 0.46, CI: 0.22–0.94) compared with that in the lowest quintile (Q1: 21.6 g/day) among the people with inadequacy protein intake. Daily poultry and egg intake was positively linked with body composition in the participants with SO, while red meat showed a negative effect on imbalanced body composition in participants in the normal and SO groups. Furthermore, a lower intake of poultry and eggs was strongly associated with SO prevalence in people who consumed inadequate amounts of daily dietary protein. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background and objective: LN19183 is a proprietary, synergistic combination of Citrus aurantifolia fruit rind and Theobroma cacao seed extracts that increased resting energy expenditure (REE) in high-fat diet (HFD)- fed obese rats. The objective of this study was to validate the thermogenic potential of LN19183 in obese Sprague Dawley (SD) rats and to assess its clinical efficacy in a proof-of-concept, randomized, placebo-controlled, cross-over human trial. Methods: In the rat study, HFD-fed obese rats were supplemented with either HFD alone or with 45, 90, or 180 mg LN19183 per kg body weight (BW) for 28 days. In the human study, 60 overweight adults (male and female, aged 20--39 years) were randomized. Subjects took LN19183 (450 mg) or a matched placebo capsule on two consecutive days in phases one and two of the study, separated by a 10-day washout period. In each phase, on day 1, REE at pre-dose, 60-, 120-, and 180-min post-dose, and on day 2, metabolic rates at pre-dose and post-dose during and 20 min after exercise were measured using indirect calorimetry. Results: In rats, LN19183 significantly increased REE, reduced BW gain and fat masses, and increased fat and carbohydrate metabolism marker proteins including beta 3 adrenergic receptor (β3-AR), phospho-AMP-activated protein kinase (AMPK), glucagon-like peptide-1 receptor (GLP-1R) in the liver, and serum adiponectin levels. Furthermore, LN19183-supplemented human volunteers increased (P < 0.05, vs. placebo) the metabolic rates at rest and with exercise; their fat oxidation was increased (P < 0.05, vs. placebo) at rest and 20 min post-exercise. The groups' systolic and diastolic blood pressure (BP), heart rates (HR), and safety parameters were comparable. Conclusion: These observations suggest that LN19183 is a thermogenic botanical composition with no stimulatory effects on BP and HR. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Novaria Sari Dewi Panjaitan, Sarwo Handayani, Christina Safira Whinie Lestari Center for Biomedical Research, Research Organization for Health, National Research and Innovation Agency (BRIN), Cibinong Science Center, Bogor, West Java, IndonesiaCorrespondence: Novaria Sari Dewi Panjaitan, Center for Biomedical Research, Research Organization for Health, National Research and Innovation Agency (BRIN), Jl. Raya Bogor No. 490, Cibinong – Bogor Km. 46, Bogor, West Java, Indonesia, Email nova014@brin.go.id

Objective: To discern the relationship of height and weight with body composition in healthy attendants of cancer patients. Study Design: Cross-sectional study. Place and Duration of Study: Combined Military Hospital, Rawalpindi Pakistan, from Oct to Dec 2022. Methodology: A total of 226 healthy adults aged 19-47 years having similar daily physical activity levels were included. The body composition of study participants was evaluated using a bioelectric impedance analysis (BIA) machine. The weight of all participants was recorded with the help of a weighing machine. The participants' height was measured using a Harpenden Stadiometer and recorded. Results: Our study showed that weight had a significant positive correlation with body fat mass (rs value=0.83), skeletal muscle mass (rs value=0.763), total body water (rs value=0.704), fat-free mass (rs value=0.75) and per cent body fat (rs value 0.716). On the other hand, height had a negative but non-significant association with fat mass (rs value= 0.025) and a negative significant association with per cent body fat (rs value=-0.16). Height had a positive and significant association with fat-free mass (rs value=0.553), total body water (rs value=0.501) and skeletal muscle mass (rs value=0.505). Conclusion: Weight, if used alone, is not a good indicator of obesity or emaciation, and height has a negative association with fat mass.

The most common sports nutrition strategies were constructed not only for maximizing musculoskeletal adaptations to exercise, but also to minimize health risks in athletes. Given the lack of research highlighting the potential effects of the intake of carbohydrates, fats, and B vitamins on body fat percentage in a population of female athletes, this study aimed to elucidate whether the intake of macronutrients and B vitamins could be associated with the variation in body fat percentage in a cohort of professional female athletes. This cross-sectional study was weighted to represent Lithuanian elite female athletes (n = 89). The dietary assessment of the female athletes was carried out using a 3-day dietary recall method. Their body composition was assessed using the bioelectrical impedance analysis method. For females, the reported average intakes of energy, carbohydrates, protein, and fat were 2475 kcal/day, 5.1 g/kg/day, 1.5 g/kg/day, and 36.7%, respectively. Excess B vitamin intake was revealed, ranging within plus 1–2 standard deviations (SDs) around the mean requirements. As a consequence, excessive body fat percentage was potentially factored as a negative outcome in maintaining optimal body composition in female athletes. Multivariate logistic regression analysis of a sample of female athletes revealed that, despite a slightly positive energy balance (∆ 95 kcal/day), the carbohydrate-deficient diet (adjusted odds ratio (aOR) 0.3, 95% confidence interval (CI) 0.1; 0.7), along with higher intakes of vitamin B1 (aOR 2.9, 95% CI 2.6; 7.8), vitamin B2 (aOR 6.7, 95% CI 1.1; 8.3), and vitamin B3 (aOR 1.8, 95% CI 1.4; 7.8) from food, was associated with a lower percentage of body fat. Therefore, more attention should be given to the intake of B vitamins in professional athletes with a range of body fat mass percentages for the purpose of achieving long-term goals of maintaining body composition and fitness. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

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Objectives: Behavioral restrictions and staying at home during the COVID-19 pandemic have affected lifestyles. It was hypothesized that patients with rheumatoid arthritis (RA) decreased their activities of daily living (ADL) and exercise during the pandemic. The aim of this study is to investigate the changes in lifestyle and body composition. Methods: Data were obtained from an observational study (CHIKARA study). Of 100 RA patients, 70 (57 women, 13 men) were followed-up with measurements of grip strength, as well as muscle mass, fat mass, and basal metabolic rate by a body composition analyzer. Changes in ADL and exercise were evaluated using a visual analog scale. The relationships between changes in ADL or exercise and body composition were investigated. Results: Muscle mass and grip strength were significantly lower after behavioral restrictions compared to the periods before restrictions (34.0 vs 34.7 kg, P

A normal body weight can be maintained by balancing skeletal muscle mass (SMM) and body fat mass (BFM). InBody™ 270 is an easy-to-use bioelectrical impedance device when it comes to monitoring body parameters such as SMM and BFM. Such body parameters when kept in balance can reduce lifestyle diseases. This case report is an attempt to elucidate the impact of different diet plans and exercise regimens on changing (recomposition) the body composition parameters (SMM, BFM, etc.). One of the authors performed the experiments and recorded the observations. The blueprint for the diet included strategies such as low-calorie plans and intermittent fasting. The exercise regimen had different combinations of whole-body strength training four times a week. Almost eight kg of BFM was lost. The body weight had been brought to normalcy, and at the same time, SMM was preserved due to dietary interventions and exercises.

Aim: To evaluate the contribution of body fat mass and serum adiponectin concentration to glucose variability (GV) stability in people with type 2 diabetes with impaired versus preserved endogenous insulin secretion. Materials and methods: This multicentre prospective observational study included 193 people with type 2 diabetes who underwent ambulatory continuous glucose monitoring, abdominal computed tomography and fasting blood sampling. A fasting C‐peptide (FCP) concentration >2 ng/mL was defined as preserved endogenous insulin secretion. The participants were divided into high (FCP > 2 ng/mL) and low FCP subgroups (FCP ≤ 2 ng/mL). Multivariate regression analysis was performed in each subgroup. Results: In the high FCP subgroup, the coefficient of variation (CV) in GV was unrelated to abdominal fat area. In the low FCP subgroup, a high CV was significantly related to small abdominal visceral fat area (β = –0.11, standard error 0.03; P < 0.05) and to small subcutaneous fat area (β = –0.09, standard error 0.04; P < 0.05). No significant relationship between serum adiponectin concentration and continuous glucose monitoring‐related variables was found. Conclusions: The contribution of body fat mass to GV depends on the endogenous insulin secretion residue. A small body fat area has independent adverse effects on GV in people with type 2 diabetes and impaired endogenous insulin secretion. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Introduction: Obesity is a risk factor for both the development of and mortality from breast cancer in postmenopausal but not in premenopausal women. However, which part of the fat mass is associated with risk remains unclear, and whether the difference in the risk for breast cancer is associated with discrepancy in the distribution of fat with menstrual status requires further study. Methods: A dataset from the UK Biobank, which included 245,009 female participants and 5,402 females who developed breast cancer during a mean follow-up of 6.6 years, was analyzed. Body fat mass was measured according to bioelectrical impedance at baseline by trained technicians. Age- and multivariable-adjusted hazard ratios and corresponding 95% confidence intervals for associations between body fat distribution and the risk for breast cancer were estimated using Cox proportional-hazards regression. Height, age, education level, ethnicity, index of multiple deprivation, alcohol intake, smoking, physical activity, fruit consumption, age at menarche, age at first birth, number of births, hormone replacement therapy, family history of breast cancer, hysterectomy, and ovariotomy were adjusted for potential confounders. Results: Fat distribution differed between pre- and postmenopausal women. After menopause, there was an increase in fat mass in different body segments (arms, legs, and trunk). After age- and multivariable adjustment, fat mass in different segments, BMI, and waist circumference were significantly associated with the risk for breast cancer among postmenopausal but not premenopausal women. Conclusion: Postmenopausal women exhibited more fat in different body segments, which are associated with increased risk for breast cancer, compared to premenopausal women. Fat mass control throughout the body may be beneficial in mitigating the risk for breast cancer and was not limited to abdominal fat alone among postmenopausal women. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

L. fermentum strains K7-Lb1, K8-Lb1 and K11-Lb3 were found to suppress Th1 and Th2 response and to enhance defensin release by enterocytes, respectively. Based on these anti-inflammatory actions, we investigated the effect of these strains on traits of metabolic syndrome, which is driven by low-grade inflammation. In a double-blind, randomised, placebo-controlled clinical trial with three parallel arms, 180 individuals with abdominal overweight were administered for 3 months with (1) placebo; (2) probiotic, comprising L. fermentum strains; or (3) synbiotic, comprising the strains + acacia gum (10 g daily). The effects were evaluated using Kruskal–Wallis one-way analysis of variance on ranks and post hoc tests (Holm–Sidak and Dunn's tests). The alteration (∆) in body fat mass (kg) (primary parameter) during intervention was significantly (p = 0.039) more pronounced in the Probiotic group (−0.61 ± 1.94; mean ± SD) compared with the Placebo group (+0.13 ± 1.64). Accordingly, differences were found in ∆ body weight (p = 0.012), BMI (p = 0.011), waist circumference (p = 0.03), waist-to-height ratio (p = 0.033), visceral adipose tissue (SAD) (p < 0.001) and liver steatosis grade (LSG) (p < 0.001), as assessed using sonography. In the Synbiotic group, ∆SAD (p = 0.002), ∆LSG (p < 0.001) and ∆constipation score (p = 0.009) were improved compared with Placebo. The probiotic mixture and the synbiotic improved the parameters associated with overweight. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Pu Zang,1,&ast; Cui-Hua Yang,1,&ast; Jun Liu,2 Hai-Yan Lei,2 Wei Wang,1 Qing-Yu Guo,1 Bin Lu,1 Jia-Qing Shao1 1Department of Endocrinology, Jinling Hospital, School of Medicine, Nanjing University, Nanjing, People’s Republic of China; 2Department of Endocrinology, Jinling Hospital, Southern Medical University, Nanjing, People’s Republic of China&ast;These authors contributed equally to this workCorrespondence: Jia-Qing Shao, Department of Endocrinology, Jinling Hospital, School of Medicine, Nanjing University, 305 East Zhongshan Road, Nanjing, People’s Republic of China, Tel +86-25-80860354, Email shaojiaqing@nju.edu.cnPurpose: Although strong evidence suggests that ghrelin plays an important role in regulating energy balance, the effects of acylated ghrelin (AG) and deacylated ghrelin (DAG) on fat mass are largely undefined. This study aimed to investigate the differential associations of both forms of ghrelin with insulin resistance and body fat mass in patients with type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM).Patients and Methods: A total of 162 patients with type 2 diabetes were recruited and classified based on BMI and visceral fat area (VFA) as VFA normal group (n = 78), normal-BMI VFA obesity group (n = 20) and high-BMI VFA obesity group (n = 64). VFA and subcutaneous fat area (SFA) were detected by bioelectrical impedance analysis. Blood samples were collected to measure fasting glucose, insulin, lipids, AG and DAG levels after clinical examination.Results: Compared with VFA normal group, DAG levels were significantly lower (421.7 ± 106.0 and 388.7 ± 96.5 pg/mL vs 524.4 ± 141.5 pg/mL, P < 0.01) in the two VFA obesity groups. No significant difference was found in AG levels within three groups. Among all subjects, BMI, VFA, SFA, fasting insulin and HOMA-IR were negatively correlated with DAG but positively with AG/DAG ratio (P < 0.01). In contrast, AG was positively correlated with HOMA-IR and fasting glucose (P < 0.01). Multiple stepwise regression analysis showed that fasting glucose was the independent factor of AG, VFA and HOMA-IR were the independent factors related to DAG.Conclusion: DAG levels have a strong negative association with excess body fat mass and insulin resistance, whereas AG levels are closely related to elevated blood glucose levels in T2DM patients.Keywords: acylated ghrelin, deacylated ghrelin, body fat mass, insulin resistance, type 2 diabetes mellitus

Background: We previously conducted a pilot randomized controlled trial "the MASTER study" and demonstrated that alpha-glucosidase inhibitor miglitol and a dipeptidyl peptidase-4 inhibitor sitagliptin modified postprandial plasma excursions of active glucagon-like peptide-1 (aGLP-1) and active gastric inhibitory polypeptide (aGIP), and miglitol treatment decreased body fat mass in patients with type 2 diabetes (T2D). However, the details regarding the relationships among postprandial plasma aGLP-1 and aGIP excursions, skeletal muscle mass, and body fat mass are unclear. Methods: We conducted a secondary analysis of the relationships among skeletal muscle mass index (SMI), total body fat mass index (TBFMI), and the incremental area under the curves (iAUC) of plasma aGLP-1 and aGIP excursions following mixed meal ingestion at baseline and after 24-week add-on treatment with either miglitol alone, sitagliptin alone, or their combination in T2D patients. Results: SMI was not changed after the 24-week treatment with miglitol and/or sitagliptin. TBFMI was reduced and the rates of aGIP-iAUC change were lowered in the two groups treated with miglitol, although their correlations did not reach statistical significance. We observed a positive correlation between the rates of aGIP-iAUC and TBFMI changes and a negative correlation between the rates of TBFMI and SMI changes in T2D patients treated with sitagliptin alone whose rates of aGIP-iAUC change were elevated. Conclusions: Collectively, although T2D patients treated with miglitol and/or sitagliptin did not show altered SMI after 24-week treatment, the current study suggests that there are possible interrelationships among postprandial plasma aGIP excursion modified by sitagliptin, skeletal muscle mass, and body fat mass. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

OBJECTIVE: The predictive value of body simplified indices needs to be evaluated properly for cardiovascular risk. This study aimed to assess and compare the relative relationship of arm circumference (AC), arm muscle circumference (AMC), body mass index (BMI), and waist-hip ratio (WHR) with Ultra-Sensitive C-Reactive Protein (US-CRP) in healthy male subjects and with type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM). PATIENTS AND METHODS: We performed the study at the department of Physiology, College of Medicine & King Khalid University Hospital, King Saud University, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia. It was a cross-sectional study with 93 healthy male subjects and 112 type 2 diabetic male patients who underwent body composition analysis by BIA and fasting venous blood samples were collected. US-CRP and body composition were determined for all subjects. RESULTS: US-CRP is correlated positively with AC (0.378) and BMI (0.394) more than AMC (0.282) and WHR (0.253) which have lower correlation both in control and DM group. BCM has the lowest correlation with US-CRP (0.105). The association between US-CRP and AC, AMC, Body Fat Percent (BFP), and body fat mass (BFM) are statistically significant except for BFP in DM group. In control group, AC is noticed to be a better predictor for US-CRP, with area under curve (AUC) 64.2% (p=0.019), WHR with AUC 72.6% (p<0.001), and BMI with AUC 65.4% (p=0.011) but AMC is not a good predictor in control group with AUC 57.5% (p=0.213). In DM group, AC is noticed to be a better predictor for US-CRP, with AUC 71.5% (p<0.001), WHR with AUC 67.4% (p=0.004), BMI with AUC 70.9% (p=0.001), and AMC with AUC 65.2% (p=0.011). CONCLUSIONS: Simplified muscle mass body indices like AC and AMC have significant predictive value for assessing cardiovascular risk in both healthy population and patients with T2DM. Therefore, AC could be used as a future predictor for cardiovascular disease in healthy and DM patients. Further investigations are needed to confirm its applicability. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background. Observational studies have shown that obesity is closely associated with leukocyte telomere length (LTL). However, the causal relationship between obesity and LTL remains unclear. This study investigated the causal relationship between obesity and LTL through the Mendelian randomization approach. Materials and Methods. The genome-wide association study (GWAS) summary data of several studies on obesity-related traits with a sample size of more than 600,000 individuals were extracted from the UK Biobank cohort. The summary-level data of LTL-related GWAS (45 6,717 individuals) was obtained from the IEU Open GWAS database. An inverse-variance-weighted (IVW) algorithm was utilized as the primary MR analysis method. Sensitivity analyses were conducted via MR-Egger regression, IVW regression, leave-one-out test, MR-pleiotropy residual sum, and outlier methods. Results. High body mass index was correlated with a short LTL, and the odds ratio (OR) was 0.957 (95% confidence interval [CI] 0.942-0.973, p = 1.17E-07). The six body fat indexes (whole body fat mass, right leg fat mass, left leg fat mass, right arm fat mass, left arm fat mass, and trunk fat mass) were consistently inversely associated with LTL. Multiple statistical sensitive analysis approaches showed that the adverse effect of obesity on LTL was steady and dependable. Conclusion. The current study provided robust evidence supporting the causal assumption that genetically caused obesity is negatively associated with LTL. The findings may facilitate the formulation of persistent strategies for maintaining LTL. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Dietary protein sources and protein adequacy are crucial modulators of muscle quality and body composition. We investigated the association between dietary protein sources (and their adequacy) and body composition and the risk of sarcopenic obesity (SO) in South Korean populations. The participants (n = 1967) were classified into SO, obese, sarcopenia, and normal groups. A cross-sectional survey was conducted using the KS-15 questionnaire, short-form food frequency questionnaire, and anthropometric measurements. The percentage of body fat (male: 35.36 ± 0.51%; female: 44.14 ± 0.36%) was significantly high, while appendicular skeletal muscle (ASM; male: 36.39 ± 0.30%, female: 30.32 ± 0.19%) was low in the SO group. Beef and pork consumption was negatively associated with ASM (%) but positively associated with body fat (%) in the normal group and positively associated with ASM (kg/m2: beta = 0.002, p = 0.02) and BFM (kg: beta = 0.012, p = 0.03) in the SO group, respectively. The highest quintile (Q5: 173.6 g/day) showed a decreased risk of SO prevalence (AORs: 0.46, CI: 0.22–0.94) compared with that in the lowest quintile (Q1: 21.6 g/day) among the people with inadequacy protein intake. Daily poultry and egg intake was positively linked with body composition in the participants with SO, while red meat showed a negative effect on imbalanced body composition in participants in the normal and SO groups. Furthermore, a lower intake of poultry and eggs was strongly associated with SO prevalence in people who consumed inadequate amounts of daily dietary protein.

Hui Wang,1,&ast; Huaiming Peng,1,&ast; Linlin Zhang,1 Wei Gao,1 Jingya Ye2,3 1Department of Endocrinology, Yancheng City No.6 People’s Hospital, Yancheng, Jiangsu Province, People’s Republic of China; 2Department of Endocrinology, Second Affiliated Hospital, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Hangzhou, People’s Republic of China; 3Department of Endocrinology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Nanjing Medical University (Jiangsu Province Hospital), Nanjing, Jiangsu, People’s Republic of China&ast;These authors contributed equally to this workCorrespondence: Jingya Ye, Department of Endocrinology, Second Affiliated Hospital, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Hangzhou, 310000, People’s Republic of China, Tel +011-86-571-87783882, Fax +011-86-571-87022776, Email yezi88999@163.comObjective: Decreased bone mineral density (BMD) is a common complication in individuals with type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM). Body weight, mainly consisting of muscle and fat, is the main determinant of BMD and fracture risks but does not accurately describe nutritional status. Most studies suggest that skeletal muscle mass (SMM) promotes BMD, while body fat mass (BFM) decreases BMD. However, the combined effect of SMM and BFM on BMD is elusive. Thus, the study aims to explore the combined effect of fat and muscle by the ratio index SMM/BFM on BMD in T2DM.Methods: BFM and SMM were measured by the bioelectrical impedance analysis (BIA) method among 593 T2DM individuals ranging from normal weight and obesity. BMD was analyzed by DXA. Novel non-linear generalized additive models (GAMs) were used as the statistical analysis method.Results: The results demonstrated that BMD T score/Z score of both femur and lumbar vertebrae were significantly higher and waist–hip ratio (WHR) was significantly lower in the high SMM/BFM group of both normal weight and overweight groups in T2DM individuals. Hence, SMM/BFM might be a good factor indicating BMD in different weight ranges. Additionally, the relationship between muscle fat and BMD was not linear. Notably, this correlation was not influenced by hyperglycemia in T2DM since different analytic models adjusted with the age, gender, BMI and HbA1c were adopted in this study. Furthermore, the impact of trunk fat (central, visceral fat most) and non-trunk fat (peripheral, the sum of subcutaneous limb fat most) on BMD was inconsistent. BMD presented unlimited reduction with trunk BFM increasing, while sustaining minimal diminishment with non-trunk BFM accumulation.Conclusion: Our study provided a novel viewpoint relationship between muscle-fat and bone, and SMM/BFM might be a potential biomarker for bone health and clinical treatments of diabetes and related metabolic syndromes.Keywords: bone mineral density, skeletal muscle mass, body fat mass, type 2 diabetes, non-linear correlation

BACKGROUND: There are a lot of works devoted to the study of the main regularities of the heart rate (HR) control in individuals depending on the body weight. Still, there are some uncleared and even controversial issues that significantly influence the notion of this process itself. Particularly, impaired HR variability in patients with the cardiometabolic syndrome is characterized by the weakening of the impact of both parasympathetic and sympathetic branches of the autonomic nervous system. The works devoted to the heart rate variability features in young people associated with the body weight are scarce.AIM: To study the peculiarities of the heart rate variability in boys and girls with different body composition, motor and eating behavior.MATERIALS AND METHODS: A cross-sectional, open, single-arm, non-randomized study of the HR variability in adolescents with different body fat mass (BFM) was carried out on the basis of the Center for Healthy Nutrition of Altai State University. The HR variability, nutritional status and physical activity index (PHAI) were studied in the groups of individuals with different body fat mass.RESULTS: We examined 168 people (85 boys and 83 girls). The surveyed belonged to the adolescent age period (boys from 17 to 21 years old, girls from 16 to 20 years old). The boys and girls examined by us had a different amount of BFM %. The HR variability, nutritional status and physical activity index were studied in 44 people with the low BFM, 71 people with the average BFM, 53 people with the increased BFM. In both sexes, the group with the increased BFM features an increase in the absolute (HF, ms2 ) and relative (HF%) oscillation power of the heart rate high-frequency component. The average value of the physical activity index in the group with the reduced BFM equals 1.52 ± 0.037 in boys, and 1.44 ± 0.099 in girls. The average value of the physical activity index in the group with the average BFM is 1.44 ± 0.029 and 1.42 ± 0.095 in boys and in girls respectively. The average value of the physical activity index in the group with the increased BFM is 1.23 (Q25–75 1.20–1.70) in boys, and 1.26 ± 0.33 in girls. The representatives of the group with the increased BFM have a higher caloric value (CV) of the daily intake. In young men, a higher CV was achieved due to increased consumption of fats and carbohydrates. In the girls of the third group, a higher CV of the daily intake was gained due to proteins, fats, carbohydrates.CONCLUSION: The results of the HR variability showed that the motor and eating behavior affect the state of the cardiac function in both boys and girls. An increase in the body fat mass in the individuals with a maximum CV of the daily intake and a minimum level of motor activity is associated with the prevalence of the parasympathetic branch of the autonomic nervous system in the heart rate control.

Abstract Background Little is known about the association of changes in two body components, muscle and fat mass, with the risk of cardiovascular disease (CVD) among young adults. We investigated the association of changes in predicted lean body mass index (LBMI), appendicular skeletal muscle mass index (ASMI), and body fat mass index (BFMI) with the development of CVD among young adults. Methods This nationwide, population‐based cohort study included 3 727 738 young adults [2 406 046 (64.5%) men and 1 321 692 (35.5%) women] aged 20–39 years without a previous history of CVD who underwent two health screening examinations during 2009–2010 and 2011–2012. Using validated and robust prediction equations, we calculated the changes in predicted LBMI, ASMI, and BFMI from the first to the second examinations. Results The mean (SD) age was 32.2 (4.9) years, and 2 406 046 (64.5%) of the participants were men. A total of 23 344 CVD events were detected during 22 257 632 person‐years of follow‐up. Each 1 kg/m2 increase in predicted LBMI and ASMI change was associated with a reduced risk of CVD among men [adjusted hazard ratio (aHR): 0.86, 95% confidence interval (CI) 0.82–0.91; aHR: 0.76, 95% CI 0.69–0.82, respectively] and women (aHR: 0.77, 95% CI 0.63–0.95; aHR: 0.75, 95% CI 0.59–0.96). Each 1 kg/m2 increase in predicted BFMI change was associated with an increased risk of CVD among men (aHR: 1.16, 95% CI 1.10–1.22) and women (aHR: 1.32, 95% CI 1.06–1.65). In both sexes, decreases in predicted LBMI and ASMI were associated with greater CVD risk, and decreased predicted BFMI was associated with a reduced CVD risk. Those who maintained their BMI between −1 and +1 kg/m2 also had a decreased risk of CVD per 1 kg/m2 increase in predicted LBMI and ASMI change among men (aHR: 0.86, 95% CI 0.80–0.92; aHR: 0.85, 95% CI 0.76–0.95) and women (aHR: 0.62, 95% CI 0.47–0.83; aHR: 0.59, 95% CI 0.44–0.80) and had a greater risk of CVD per 1 kg/m2 increase in predicted BFMI change among men (aHR: 1.17, 95% CI 1.10–1.25) and women (aHR: 1.64, 95% CI 1.20–2.23). Regardless of changes in weight, such as from normal to obese or vice versa, these results were consistent. Conclusions Among young adults, increased predicted muscle mass or decreased predicted fat mass were associated with a reduced risk of development of CVD. Decreased predicted muscle mass or increased predicted fat mass were associated with an elevated risk of development of CVD.

There is scarce evidence about early nutrition programming of dynamic aspects of glucose homeostasis. We analyzed the long-term effects of early nutrition on glycemic variability in healthy children. A total of 92 children participating in the COGNIS study were considered for this analysis, who were fed with: a standard infant formula (SF, n = 32), an experimental formula (EF, n = 32), supplemented with milk fat globule membrane (MFGM) components, long-chain polyunsaturated fatty acids (LC-PUFAs), and synbiotics, or were breastfed (BF, n = 28). At 6 years old, BF children had lower mean glucose levels and higher multiscale sample entropy (MSE) compared to those fed with SF. No differences in MSE were found between EF and BF groups. Normal and slow weight gain velocity during the first 6 months of life were associated with higher MSE at 6 years, suggesting an early programming effect against later metabolic disorders, thus similarly to what we observed in breastfed children. Conclusion: According to our results, BF and normal/slow weight gain velocity during early life seem to protect against glucose homeostasis dysregulation at 6 years old. EF shows functional similarities to BF regarding children's glucose variability. The detection of glucose dysregulation in healthy children would help to develop strategies to prevent the onset of metabolic disorders in adulthood. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background. Observational studies have suggested that obesity is associated with the risk of bladder cancer (BCa). However, their causal relationship remains unclear. This study aimed to prove the causal relationship between obesity and the risk of BCa by using Mendelian randomization. Methods. Single-nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) correlated with body fat indexes were screened from several genome-wide association studies (GWAS) with more than 300,000 individuals. Summary-level genetic data of BCa-related GWAS were obtained from a European cohort with a sample size of 218,792. An inverse-variance-weighted (IVW) method was used as the major MR analysis. The MR-Egger regression, IVW regression, leave-one-out test, and MR-Pleiotropy Residual Sum and Outlier methods were used to test the reliability and stability of MR results. Results. Genetically predicted per 1-SD increase in body fat indexes (whole body fat mass, and the right leg, left leg, right arm, left arm, and trunk fat mass) were associated with increased BCa risk with values of 51.8%, 77.9%, 75.1%, 67.2%, 59.7%, and 36.6%, respectively. Sensitivity analyses suggested that the genetically determined risk effect of obesity on BCa was stable and reliable. Conclusions. Our study provided powerful evidence to support the causal hypothesis that the genetically predicted high body fat mass was associated with a risk increase for BCa. The finding is a new idea for drawing up prevention strategies for BCa. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

A normal body weight can be maintained by balancing skeletal muscle mass (SMM) and body fat mass (BFM). InBody™ 270 is an easy-to-use bioelectrical impedance device when it comes to monitoring body parameters such as SMM and BFM. Such body parameters when kept in balance can reduce lifestyle diseases. This case report is an attempt to elucidate the impact of different diet plans and exercise regimens on changing (recomposition) the body composition parameters (SMM, BFM, etc.). One of the authors performed the experiments and recorded the observations. The blueprint for the diet included strategies such as low-calorie plans and intermittent fasting. The exercise regimen had different combinations of whole-body strength training four times a week. Almost eight kg of BFM was lost. The body weight had been brought to normalcy, and at the same time, SMM was preserved due to dietary interventions and exercises. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This research focused on establishing a hierarchy concerning the influence of various biological markers and body composition parameters on preventing, diagnosing and managing Metabolic Syndrome (MetS). Our cross-sectional cohort study included 104 subjects without any atherosclerotic antecedent pathology, organized in two groups (with and without MetS). All participants underwent clinical and anthropometric measurements, DEXA investigation and blood tests for all MetS criteria, together with adiponectin, leptin, insulin, uric acid and CRP. Based on mathematical logic, we calculated a normalized sensitivity score to compare the predictive power of biomarkers and parameters associated with MetS, upon the prevalence of MetS. Patients with MetS report higher levels of uric acid (p = 0.02), CRP (p = 0.012) and lower levels of adiponectin (p = 0.025) than patients without MetS. The top three biological markers with the highest predictive power of the prevalence of the disease are HDL, insulin, and adiponectin:leptin ratio, and the top three body composition parameters are trunk fat-free percentage, waist-height ratio and trunk fat percentage. Their high sensitivity scores differentiate them from all the other markers analysed in the study. Our findings report relevant scores for estimating the importance of cardiometabolic risks in the prevalence of MetS. The high rank of protective markers, HDL and trunk fat-free percentage, suggest that positive effects have a stronger association with the prevalence of MetS, than negative ones do. Therefore, this risk stratification study provides important support for prevention and management programs regarding MetS. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Although research on the relationship between lean body mass and blood pressure (BP) has been inconsistent, most studies reported that measures of lean body mass are associated with a higher risk of hypertension. We explored relationships between body composition (fat and skeletal muscle mass) and BP in 1162 young adult African women. DXA-derived measures of whole body, central and arm fat mass were associated with higher systolic and diastolic BP, while leg fat percentage was associated with lower systolic and diastolic BP. However, only the associations with diastolic BP remained after adjusting for appendicular skeletal muscle mass (ASM). ASM was associated with higher systolic and diastolic BP, before and after adjusting for whole-body fat percentage and VAT.While there was no overlap in targeted proteomics of BP and body composition, REN was lower in the elevated BP than the normal BP group and was inversely associated with diastolic BP (false-rate discovery adjusted p<0.050). Several proteins were positively associated with both VAT and ASM (LEP, FABP4, IL6, and GGH) and negatively associated with both VAT and ASM (ACAN, CELA3A, PLA2G1B, and NCAM1). NOTCH3, ART3, COL1A1, DKK3, ENG, NPTXR, AMY2B, and CNTN1 were associated with lower VAT only, and IGFBP1 was associated with lower ASM only.While the associations between body fat and BP were not independent of skeletal muscle mass, the associations between muscle mass and BP were independent of overall and central adiposity in young adult African women. Future interventions targeting muscle mass should also monitor BP in this population.

The incidence rate is directly proportional to the incidence of obesity or overweight and Type 2 diabetes mellitus. Garcinia is a plant that has been proven empirically, preclinically, and clinically to have activities for the avoidance and treatment of metabolic syndrome and on the pathogenesis and pathophysiology caused by the disease. The aim of this study is to create a discussion and summarize information regarding the activity or usefulness of the Garcinia plant. This review article was based on the published journals obtained from Google Scholar, Scopus, and PubMed databases using the keywords Garcinia obesity, Garcinia overweight, and Garcinia metabolic syndrome. Garcinia had many activities related to metabolic syndrome because it was able to reduce body fat mass, blood sugar level, body weight, total cholesterol, and triglyceride level. These activities were mediated by numerous apparatuses of feat together with a reserve of fatty acid synthase, α-amylase, α-glucosidase, and several other enzymes and pathways associated with the metabolic syndrome. Garcinia plant was able to be used as a candidate for a new herbal that had a good effect in treating metabolic syndrome in future.

ObjectivesAlthough lipids have been assessed for their possible roles in cancer survival prediction, studies on the association between serum triglyceride (TG) levels and the prognosis of esophageal squamous cell carcinoma (ESCC) patients are limited. This study aimed to evaluate whether serum TG is associated with outcomes in patients with ESCC and investigate any interaction between serum TG and clinical parameters, especially body fat mass.Materials and methodsWe conducted a prospective case study on patients diagnosed with ESCC between March 2012 and November 2018. We measured patients’ serum TG levels before and after treatment. The association between serum TG and overall survival (OS) was evaluated using hazard ratios. We sought to determine a threshold point using optimal stratification. Survival analysis was performed using Kaplan–Meier curves and a Cox proportional hazards model.ResultsOf the 257 participants diagnosed with ESCC, 200 (77.8%) were men. Median follow-up time was 22.4 months (range 3.3–92.4 months). Using univariate Cox proportional hazard analysis and subsequent multivariate analysis, post-TG levels, Karnofsky performance scores, T stages, and chemotherapy cycles were shown to be independent prognostic factors for OS (p < 0.05). The post-TG cut-off point to best classify patients with respect to time to mortality was 1.47 mmol/L. A post-TG level of ≥ 1.47 mmol/L could independently predict a better OS (hazard ratio: 0.55, 95% confidence interval: 0.37–0.79). The associations were consistent across the subtypes of clinical parameters. Furthermore, the post-body mass index, post-subcutaneous adipose tissue area, post-visceral adipose tissue area, post-total adiposity tissue area, and post-total adipose density exhibited a strong positive association with post-TG levels.ConclusionPost-TG levels were found to be a significant positive prognostic biomarker for body fat mass and OS in ESCC patients.

The most common sports nutrition strategies were constructed not only for maximizing musculoskeletal adaptations to exercise, but also to minimize health risks in athletes. Given the lack of research highlighting the potential effects of the intake of carbohydrates, fats, and B vitamins on body fat percentage in a population of female athletes, this study aimed to elucidate whether the intake of macronutrients and B vitamins could be associated with the variation in body fat percentage in a cohort of professional female athletes. This cross-sectional study was weighted to represent Lithuanian elite female athletes (n = 89). The dietary assessment of the female athletes was carried out using a 3-day dietary recall method. Their body composition was assessed using the bioelectrical impedance analysis method. For females, the reported average intakes of energy, carbohydrates, protein, and fat were 2475 kcal/day, 5.1 g/kg/day, 1.5 g/kg/day, and 36.7%, respectively. Excess B vitamin intake was revealed, ranging within plus 1–2 standard deviations (SDs) around the mean requirements. As a consequence, excessive body fat percentage was potentially factored as a negative outcome in maintaining optimal body composition in female athletes. Multivariate logistic regression analysis of a sample of female athletes revealed that, despite a slightly positive energy balance (∆ 95 kcal/day), the carbohydrate-deficient diet (adjusted odds ratio (aOR) 0.3, 95% confidence interval (CI) 0.1; 0.7), along with higher intakes of vitamin B1 (aOR 2.9, 95% CI 2.6; 7.8), vitamin B2 (aOR 6.7, 95% CI 1.1; 8.3), and vitamin B3 (aOR 1.8, 95% CI 1.4; 7.8) from food, was associated with a lower percentage of body fat. Therefore, more attention should be given to the intake of B vitamins in professional athletes with a range of body fat mass percentages for the purpose of achieving long-term goals of maintaining body composition and fitness.

Objective: The prediction of gestational diabetes mellitus (GDM) by body composition-related indicators in the first trimester was analyzed under different body mass index (BMI) values before pregnancy. Methods: This was a retrospective analysis of pregnant women who were treated, had documented data, and received regular perinatal care at the Third Affiliated Hospital of Zhengzhou University from January 1, 2021, to December 31, 2021. Women with singleton pregnancies who did not have diabetes before pregnancy were included. In the first trimester (before the 14th week of pregnancy), bioelectric impedance assessment (BIA) was used to analyze body composition-related indicators such as protein levels, mineral levels, fat volume, and the waist-hip fat ratio. The Pearman's correlation coefficient was used to evaluate the linear relationship between the continuous variables and pre-pregnancy body mass index (BMI). In the univariate body composition analysis, the association with the risk of developing GDM was included in a multivariate analysis using the relative risk and 95% confidence interval obtained from logarithmic binomial regression, and generalized linear regression was used for multivariate regression analysis. Furthermore, the area under the curve (AUC) was calculated by receiver operating characteristic (ROC) curves. The optimal cutoff value of each risk factor was calculated according to the Youden Index. Results: In a retrospective study consisting of 6698 pregnant women, we collected 1109 cases of gestational diabetes. Total body water (TBW), protein levels, mineral levels, bone mineral content (BMC), body fat mass (BFM), soft lean mass (SLM), fat-free mass (FMM), skeletal muscle mass (SMM), percent body fat (PBF), the waist-hip ratio (WHR), the visceral fat level (VFL), and the basal metabolic rate (BMR) were significantly higher in the GDM group than in the normal group (P<0.05). Under the pre-pregnancy BMI groupings, out of 4157 pregnant women with a BMI <24 kg/m2, 456 (10.97%) were diagnosed with GDM, and out of 2541 pregnant women with a BMI =24 kg/m2, 653 (25.70%) were diagnosed with GDM. In the generalized linear regression model, it was found that in all groups of pregnant women, pre-pregnancy BMI, age, gestational weight gain (GWG) in the first trimester, and weight at the time of the BIA had a certain risk for the onset of GDM. In Model 1, without adjusting for confounders, the body composition indicators were all positively correlated with the risk of GDM. In Model 3, total body water, protein levels, mineral levels, bone mineral content, soft lean mass, fat-free mass, skeletal muscle mass, and the basal metabolic rate were protective factors for GDM. After Model 4 was adjusted for confounders, only the waist-hip ratio was positively associated with GDM onset. Among pregnant women with a pre-pregnancy BMI <24 kg/m2, the body composition-related indicators in Model 2 were all related to the onset of GDM. In Model 3, total body water, soft lean mass, fat-free mass, and the basal metabolic rate were negatively correlated with GDM onset. In the body composition analysis of among women with a pre-pregnancy BMI = 24 kg/m2, only Model 1 and Model 2 were found to show positive associations with GDM onset. In the prediction model, in the basic data of pregnant women, the area under the receiver operating characteristic curve predicted by gestational weight gain for GDM was the largest (0.795), and its cutoff value was 1.415 kg. In the body composition results, the area under the receiver operating characteristic curve of body fat mass for predicting GDM risk was larger (0.663) in all pregnant women. Conclusions: Through this retrospective study, it was found that the body composition-related indicators were independently associated with the onset of GDM in both the pre-pregnancy BMI <24 kg/m2 and pre-pregnancy BMI =24 kg/m2 groups. Body fat mass, the visceral fat level, and the waist-hip ratio had a higher correlation with pre-pregnancy BMI. Total body water, protein levels, mineral levels, bone mineral content, soft lean mass, fat-free mass, skeletal muscle mass, and the basal metabolic rate were protective factors for GDM after adjusting for some confounders. In all pregnant women, the waist-hip ratio was found to be up to 4.562 times the risk of GDM development, and gestational weight gain had the best predictive power for GDM. Gestational weight gain in early pregnancy, body fat mass, and the waist-hip ratio can assess the risk of GDM in pregnant women, which can allow clinicians to predict the occurrence of GDM in pregnant women as early as possible and implement interventions to reduce adverse perinatal outcomes. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The purpose of this study was to investigate the relationship between body fat mass and insulin resistance in non-obese patients with idiopathic hypogonadotropic hypogonadism (IHH) and normal glucose tolerance. A total of 42 patients with IHH and normal glucose tolerance, and BMI lower than 28 kg/m2 were recruited. Patients were required to have a normal glucose tolerance test for inclusion in the study. Ten Healthy subjects were recruited as control group. Laboratory studies included fasting insulin, testosterone, and lipids. Waist circumference (WC), weight, and body fat mass were measured, and waist-to-hip ratio (WHR), body mass index (BMI), HOMA-IR, and logHOMA-B were calculated. Data were compared between groups, and linear regression was used to determine relations. Blood pressure, fasting glucose, BMI, WHR, and lipids were similar between the groups. Fasting insulin levels (15.61±7.66 mIU/l vs. 7.60±3.84 mIU/l), logHOMA-B (2.39±0.29 vs. 2.03±0.21), HOMA-IR (3.38±1.71 vs. 1.64±0.91), and body fat mass (30.49±9.46% vs. 21.11±4.31%) were significantly greater in the IHH group compared with those in control group (all p<0.05). Multivariable linear regression showed that in IHH patients body fat mass was an independent predictor of fasting insulin level (β=0.71, p<0.01), logHOMA-B (β=0.02, p<0.05), and HOMA-IR (β=0.14, p<0.05). Body fat mass is an independent predictor of insulin resistance in non-obese IHH patients with normal glucose tolerance. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The aim of this study is to apply aMendelian randomization (MR) design to investigate the potential causal associations between the body mass index (BMI), body fat mass such as trunk fat mass and waist circumference (WC), and diabetic kidney disease (DKD). A two-sample MR study was conducted to obtain exposure and outcome data from previously published studies. The instrumental variables for BMI, trunk fat mass, and WC were selected from genome-wide association study datasets based on summary-level statistics. The random-effects inverse-variance weighted (IVW) method was used for the main analyses, and the weighted median and MR-Egger approaches were complementary. In total, three MR methods suggested that genetically predicted BMI, trunk fat mass, and WC were positively associated with DKD. Using IVW, we found evidence of causal relationships between BMI [odds ratio (OR) = 1.99; 95% confidence interval (CI), 1.47-2.69; p = 7.89 × 10-6], trunk fatmass (OR = 1.80; 95% CI, 1.28-2.53; p = 6.84 × 10-4), WC (OR = 2.48; 95% CI, 1.40-4.42; p = 1.93 × 10-3), and DKD. MR-Egger and weighted median regression also showed directionally similar estimates. Both funnel plots andMR-Egger intercepts showed no directional pleiotropic effects involving the aforementioned variables and DKD. Our MR analysis supported the causal effect of BMI, trunk fat mass, and WC on DKD. Individuals can substantially reduce DKD risk by reducing body fat mass and modifying their body fat distribution. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

MED-02 is a complex supplement containing two probiotic strains, Limosilactobacillus fermentum MG4231 and MG4244, isolated from humans. The anti-obesity effects and safety profile of MED-02 were assessed in overweight and obese subjects. In this randomized, double-blinded, placebo-controlled, multicenter study, 100 healthy obese and overweight subjects aged 19–65 years with a body mass index (BMI) between 25 and 31.9 kg/m2 were recruited and randomized to receive a placebo or MED-02 (5 × 109 CFU/day). After 12 weeks of consumption, body fat mass (−1166.82 g vs. −382.08 g; p = 0.024) and body fat percentage (−0.85% vs. −0.11%; p = 0.030), as evaluated by dual-energy X-ray absorptiometry (DEXA) and body weight (−2.06 kg vs. −1.22 kg; p = 0.041), were significantly reduced in the MED-02 group compared to the placebo group. The safety profile did not differ among the groups. No serious adverse effects were observed in either group. These results suggest that MED-02 is a safe and beneficial probiotics that reduces body fat and body weight in overweight or obese individuals. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Abstract Background Rapid weight gain in early life is associated with adiposity later in life. However, there is limited information on the association between weight gain and body fat mass measured using precise methods. This study aimed to investigate whether weight gain is associated with body fat mass measured by dual-energy X-ray absorptiometry (DXA) in adolescents. Methods Participants of this retrospective cohort study were 423 adolescents born at full-term who were enrolled in the Japan Kids Body-composition Study. Anthropometric measurements related to pregnancy, delivery, and child health were obtained from the Japanese Maternal and Child Health Handbook. Fat mass in adolescents was measured with a DXA scanner. Weight gain was defined as the change in body weight from birth to age 1.5 years. Associations between birthweight and fat mass, and between weight gain and fat mass, were evaluated using multiple regression analysis. Results There was a significant positive association between weight gain from birth to age 1.5 years and fat mass in adolescents (boys: standardized regression coefficient (β) = 0.253, p

Background. Premenopause is a transition period from reproduction to menopause. This phase is characterized by a decrease in estradiol levels which causes body fat mass and cholesterol levels tend to rise in most women of premenopausal age. Objective. This study aims to determine the relationship of body fat mass and cholesterol levels with serum estradiol levels in premenopausal women in Padang city. Method. This study is an analytic study witha cross sectional study design. This study involved 112 data of premenopausal female respondents aged 40-55 years in the city of Padang, which consisted of data on age, occupation, body fat mass, total cholesterol levels and estradiol levels. Data obtained from observation of the master table. Analysis of the relationship of body fat mass and cholesterol levels with estradiol levels was using the One Way Anova test. Result. The results showed the mean body fat mass of premenopausal women in Padang City was 37.3±7.2%, the mean cholesterol level was 204.45±40.73 mg/dL and the average estradiol level was 145.72±49.82 pg/ml. Based on the results of the analasis test, a significant negative correlation was obtained, p=0.026 (p0.05). Conclusion. There is a relationship between cholesterol levels with estradiol levels, but there is no relationship between body fat mass with serum estradiol levels of premenopausal women in Padang City.