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The quantum standard of temperature based on the revealed quantum unit of the mentioned quantity is studied. It is recommended first to apply as an intrinsic standard. Such a standard does not need permanently recurring measurements against the realization of the SI unit to validate its accuracy. It may be considered as the intrinsic standard of temperature that could be embedded into cyber-physical systems (CPSs) ensuring their precision operation. The methodological base of involvement of the developed standard in the formation of the thermoelectric power of thermoelectric transducers as well as the generator is considered. The feasibility of a unified consideration of the nature of thermoelectric power within macro- and nanothermodynamics is shown. This approach is driven by the increasing use of nano elements based on 1D-, 2D- nanomaterials (nanowires and nanosheets, respectively) and nanostructured materials in technology, in particular, to improve the key parameters of thermoelectric generators and thermometers. In the first case, this is thermoelectric efficiency, and in the second case, the accuracy of thermometers, which is determined by the stability in a time of thermoelectric power.

The analysis of the concept of Open-Science Space is carried out. The existence of ways to achieve reproducibility and traceability of research results performed by a group of worldwide situated Cyber-physical system operators/supervisors is shown. Ways to ensure the efficient operation of Cyber-physical systems as complex technological nondemountable objects with high requirements for metrological characteristics have been studied. To develop the scattered cyberphysical systems, the portable stable-in-time code-controlled measures of physical quantities have been studied. They have to be metrologically confirmed in the laboratory before the delivery to the site of the measuring subsystem for its calibration.

The hard operation conditions of temperature thermotransducers which involve their thermal cycling require special attention to the study of processes occurring in structural elements, in particular in thermometric materials. Operation impacts cause the drift of thermometric characteristics due to the influence of the few factors main of which seem to be the thermo structural stresses. Therefore, different kinds of sensitive elements were studied. Since traditional polycrystalline thermoelectrodes of thermocouples are inherent in the well-known drawback linked with recrystallization, there were investigated the liquid metals as the thermometric substances, melts, single-crystal materials, and metallic glasses. The need for metal glasses application in thermometry is substantiated, which allows eliminating thermally activated gradients of internal stresses in thermocouples ensuring high reproducibility and low drift of their thermo-EMF comparing to traditional materials. The analysis of sources of the instability of thermocouples’ drift is carried out. It demonstrates the density of heat and electric flows in stressed thermoelectrodes depends not only on temperature and electric potential gradient but also on the stresses’ gradient. This causes the dependence of thermometric parameters of both poly- and single-crystal substance of thermoelectrodes on the value and nature of stresses occurring within the operation cycle.

The purpose of the study was to investigate the energy spectrum of stochastic signals caused by the fluctuations of electric resistance of the resistance coils, the metal film resistors and the encephalograms of patients. We have established that all energy spectra of the investigated stochastic signals contain a flicker component that in case of the metal film resistors depends on the defects of their inner structure. We have suggested the reason for the appearance of spectrum flicker-component in the energy spectrum of the stochastic signals of systems of different origin. This reason is the nonequilibrium state of the investigated system. We have shown that it is possible to calculate the flicker noise of the investigated system on any frequencies as well as the flicker noise power, using only two parameters: the value of energy spectrum on the middle and high frequencies (energy spectrum of the equilibrium system) and the relaxation time.

The authors offer to solve the problem of providing traceability of measurements by increasing metrological autonomy of in-plant measuring systems. The paper shows the expedience of increasing metrological autonomy by creating a "virtual" reference. There are analysed possible variants of implementation of the "virtual" reference, which will provide high metrological stability of measurements at insignificant additional expenses. The authors point out the necessity of creation of universal technical and programmatic means of mutual comparison for the in-plant measuring systems to increase the reliability of measurements in the conditions of metrological autonomy.

After proving the existence of Temperature Quantum the next step would be the study of possibility of Temperature Standard creation. We consider the general principles of design and operation of such advanced Temperature Standard constructed on the basis of Quantum Temperature Unit. The latter is determined solely via the fundamental physical constants. Approach to the mentioned Standard is developed in this paper.

Aiming the substantial development of Cyber- Physical systems, which are becoming a key element of everyday life, the smart measuring instruments are considered below as the indispensable part of entire systems. Verification of the metrological subsystems for parameters determining the controlled equipment and processes through the development, implementation and realization of specific metrology and standardization methods, instruments, that is successfully described by the terms “metrological hardware, software, and middleware”.

It is examined the specific of metrology of Cyber-Physical Systems as well as the sequence of methods for accuracy enhancing. For precise operation of full-fledged CPS the metrological control of group of measurement parameters is needed. Different approaches of received results processing are studied aiming the improvement of accuracy of CPS operation.

This article presents the segment approximation method for surface topology reconstruction from white light interferogram. The method involves polynomial approximation of separate interferogram segments, and polynomial coefficients are computed at calibration stage. Metrological properties of proposed method are investigated by interferogram modeling tilted and spherical surfaces.

The reference measure of temperature may be embedded in appropriate unit of Cyber-Physical System. Whereas this measure made on the basis of fundamental constants of matter would be installed in such System, the latter will get an extra precision. It is shown that metrologically correct Kelvin redefinition which would be changed by CODATA to 2018 is insufficient to create a Temperature Standard on the basis of fundamental constants of matter. New approach to the mentioned Standard and firstly to the Quantum Unit of Temperature is developed.

Contemporary trend of Cyber-Physical Systems evolution considers as promising line the metrology science development ability for estimation the quality of final or intermediate product. The reliability and perfection of smart and flexible operation of mentioned systems could be permanently improved if determination of critical characteristics would be performed correctly, and particular coordinated assessment would be non-correlatively fulfilled. Last is guaranteed at applying thermodynamic principles of coordinates’ choice.

Methodology of comprehensive assessment of the natural gas quality as an energy source is considered. Technique is based on the definition of natural gas accordingly to the methodology of qualimetrical measurements, suggesting components of gas, its physical and chemical properties that influence the calorific content. Results of determining the level of natural gas quality are provided.

The work presents experimental investigations of Raman method for different objects. In particular, there are performed the modeling, estimation and defining the Raman wavelengths shift. A number of modes to improve the accuracy and reduce measurement uncertainty are studied.

There are considered the model and tools for gauging and predicting the failure of wide items of products of different origin. The basis of the studied method concerns in passive non- destructive noise spectroscopy. It can be recommended for quantitative assessment of information contained in stochastic signals of real systems.

Accounting for contemporary trends of Cyber-physical systems evolution, there are considered promising lines of metrology science, which is able to support them. Important role of rapid developing standards base is underlined. So it's time to correlate this growth with development of systems. Standards themselves can be embedded, transmitted over a distance as working models or even relocated providing a precision operation of Cyber-physical systems.

The reference measure of electrical resistance as collaborating element can be embedded in appropriate component of Cyber-Physical System. Whereas this measure made on the basis of inverse of conductance quantum is installed in such System, the latter could reach exclusive precision and provide high quality products manufacturing. The article considers the problems with transferring the measure’s value to measuring instruments and validation of gauged resistances.

Coriolis mass flowmeter instrumental and dynamic errors are studied. They can be decreased by the thermocouple usage of R or S types instead of Pt100 sensors. The dynamic error analysis shows that it is able to improve the operation accuracy in the dynamic regime and eliminate the initial period of the flowmeter exploitation in the error compensation absence regime. In consequence of the instrumental error consideration the expediency of the differential thermocouples installation with the reduced performance dispersion, lowered by taking into account of local and extensive inhomogeneities as result of technological deviations of wire production.

It is considered the hydraulic technique and studied nanoobject stepless shifting means along the Z-axis with the working liquid monomolecular layer thickness order error. Systematic multiplicative error elimination is obtained by means of the opposing method usage when calibrating.

This work is devoted to the study of the impact of fluctuation parameters on forming random error of temperature measurements of environment. That is particular value for gas fire alarm sensors because it facilitates of increase of their data reliability. Random error is demonstrated to increase significantly under the decrease of sensitive element dimensions that, however, is demanded for reduction of sensor thermal inertia constant.

Succession of problems in measuring the parameters of noise processes has been settled following the experience of thermal noise study. An effect of uninformative noise signals on the result of measuring integral characteristics and possibility of optimizing the duration of measurement in the input circuit has been scrutinized. The methods of increasing the interference immunity of means of measuring the integral characteristics of noise signals have been analyzed.

Proper electrical noise research based on estimation of electronic element structure defectiveness and resistor layer electroconductivity by use of the determined noise parameters is suggested in the article. Low-reliable elements are expected to be revealed with the help of proper noise power parameters. The appropriate examples of experimental parameter determination and defectiveness evaluation are notified.

The ways to use the single chip impedance analyzers AD5933 and AD5934 in various impedimetric sensor applications is presented. Spectral leakage impact on the accuracy of quadrature conversion based on algorithm of single-point Fourier transform across is scrutinized. The efficiency of the Hann and Blackman-Harris window functions for decreasing the leakage error is investigated. It is shown that application of the Hann window reduces leakage error in several times, but even though it remains on the unacceptable level (over 25 %). Significantly better results are achieved for the Blackman-Harris window (error can be reduced to 0.1 %).

Statistical thermodynamic phenomenon of fluctuations (noise) appearance in the controlled substance is under consideration in the proposed work. Their types as well as the relationship among them revealing in the totality of influences on the characteristics of a noise thermometer as a certified metrological mean of measuring the parameters of electric noise have been researched. The background of repeatable measurement is unfolded. It is suggested that under condition of a concrete metrological approach, particularly while studying proper noise, the mentioned method could be used as a method of noise spectroscopy for electronic device diagnosing. The possibilities of low- and high-temperature research into effects of arising proper noise in the calibrated noise thermometer whose sensitive element is made from the investigated substance have been analyzed.

The structure of Ukrainian metrology service, tasks of everyone its unit, basic stages of development and transformation of national legislation are considered on metrology tasks and harmonization of basic concepts and organizational structure of nowadays national metrology service in Ukraine.

Integral power of flicker-noise in transistors of different structure was calculated. Data for calculation was taken from published experimental results of flicker-noise research. Integral power of flicker-noise was calculated in the frequency range for which lower threshold of frequency range is 10−7 Hz. Upper threshold of frequency range has frequency value on which flicker-noise equals thermal noise. Calculations indicated that integral power of flicker-noise is only 3–4 times bigger than the power of thermal noise at the same frequency range. Hence, in the range of low frequencies for signal/noise ratio calculation the power of noise should be 3–4 times bigger than thermal noise power. Integral power of flicker-noise of real systems can be calculated using suggested formula in the frequency range in which lower threshold of frequency range is close to 0 Hz.

The a priory poor known and complex measurement objects have to be served by the multiplex instrumentation which allows adopting it's next sampling program to the current object situation. Such task may be realized by a little bit more intellectualized system with capability of object behavior analyzing and self programming

We give the results of experimental study of the thermoelectric noise in thermometric materials. We have detected a difference between thermal noise for pure metals and for alloys at low temperatures, in the range of 4.2 K.

The information about physiological bases of warmth-radiation of a person is given and the opportunity of microwaves application of dielectrics aerials and dielectrics of resonators at measurements of temperature in the clinical diagnostics is considered.

The system W-Re-C was studied by the method of x-ray structural analysis. Phase equilibria were established for as-cast alloys and alloys quenched from 2000, 1500, 1000, and 800°C. Rhenium and α-W2C form continuous series of solid solutions. Forthe composition W3Re2C, there exists a ternary compound with a cubic structure which is related to the β-Mn structure (space group P41 3-O7, a=6.859±0.002 A). At temperatures above 2500°C, there exists the ternary carbide (W, Re)C, which has a cubic face-centered NaCl type structure (space group Fm3m-Oh5, a==4.063± 0.001 A). Preliminary data were obtained on the existence of a rhombic low-temperature W2C modification.

1. Thermocouples made of high-melting compounds of transition metals (carbides, borides, nitrides and silicides) make it possible to measure temperatures under more exacting conditions and have a higher thermal-emf than the existing metal high-temperature thermocouples; moreover, they are as accurate as metal thermocouples. 2. Changes in the thermal-emf of high-melting thermocouples decrease with a rising operation time, thus making it advisable and necessaryto submit them to stabilizing annealing; by using thermocouple materials with close chemical tolerances, standardizing their production and annealing, it becomes possible to produce thermocouples with standard calibrations. 3. The results published in this article are not final, since they were obtained on several tens of thermocouples made under laboratory conditions.

Alloys of the systems Zr-Re-B and W-Re-B in the as-cast condition and after quenching from 1500°C, were studied by x-ray diffraction and metallographic techniques. Isothermal sections of these systems were constructed. A compound with a structure of theβ-Mn type (π phase, a=6.809±0.002 A) was found in as-cast alloys with 32 at.% W, 63 at.% Re, and 5 at.% B. In the structure of this compound, the W and Re atoms are distributed statistically, while the B atoms fill a quarter of all octahedral voids. The effect of the amount of the third component on the lattice constants of W and Re borides has been established.

The system Nb-W-B was investigated by the x-ray diffraction method. The phase equilibria in this system at 1500° C were established (Fig. 1). The compound W2B dissolves 15 at.% Nb, Nb3B2 dissolves 35 at. % W, and NbB dissolves 40 at. % W. The effect of composition on the lattice parameters of solid solutions based on (Nb, W)3B2 and (Nb, W)B is shown in Figs. 2 and 3.