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Penderita diabetes mellitus disebabkan oleh kurangnya sekresi insulin yang diperkirakan mengalami peningkatan dari 8,4 menjadi 21,3 juta jiwa pada 2000 hingga 2030 mendatang. Seiring dengan semakin meningkatnya penderita penyakit diabetes mellitus, maka perlu dilakukan pencarian berbagai alternatif obat herbal dari tumbuhan. Salah satu tumbuhan yang berpotensi sebagai pengobatan diabetes mellitus seperti Sauauria bracteosa yang banyak tumbuh liar di daerah tropis. Tujuan dari penelitian ini menguji aktivitas antidiabetes dari fraksi S. bracteosa diujikan lebih lanjut ke hewan percobaan (tikus). Metode pengujian aktivitas antidiabetes dilakukan dengan metode induksi aloksan terhadap fraksi tumbuhan S. bracteosa dengan dosis 250 mg/kg BB tikus. Induksi aloksan dosis 175 mg/kg BB tikus pada hari ke 0-6. Hasil pengujian aktivitas antidiabetes fraksi n-heksana memiliki aktivitas antidiabetes yang lebih tinggi 43,05% dibandingkan dengan fraksi etil asetat sebesar 33,22% dan fraksi air sebesar 8,88%. Persentase penurunan kadar glukosa kelompok fraksi n-heksana dan fraksi etil asetat pada dosis 100 mg/kgBB menunjukkan penurunan yang lebih tinggi daripada kelompok kontrol positif sebesar 20,93% yang diberikan glibenklamid dosis 0,5 mg/kg BB. Hal ini menunjukkan bahwa tumbuhan S. bracteosa berpotensi kuat sebagai penurun gula darah terutama fraksi n-heksana dan fraksi etil asetat.

Background: Ant-nest (Myrmecodia pendans) is an epiphytic plant that can prevent several diseases, including bacterial infections. Diarrhea is caused by Escherichia coli bacteria, while infections in the oral cavity can be caused by Enterococcus faecalis bacteria. Antibacterial activity is also influenced by conditions of Reactive Oxygen Species (ROS). Antioxidants are needed to inhibit the formation of excess ROS in the body. Superoxide anion radicals are included in the generation of ROS, which are produced by several enzymes, such as nicotinamide-adenine dinucleotide phosphate (NADPH) oxidase or commonly known as Nox and xanthine oxidase (XO). Background: Ant-nest (Myrmecodia pendans) is an epiphytic plant that can prevent several diseases, including bacterial infections. Diarrhea is caused by Escherichia coli bacteria, while infections in the oral cavity can be caused by Enterococcus faecalis bacteria. Antibacterial activity is also influenced by conditions of Reactive Oxygen Species (ROS). Antioxidants are needed to inhibit the formation of excess ROS in the body. Superoxide anion radicals are included in the generation of ROS, which are produced by several enzymes, such as nicotinamide-adenine dinucleotide phosphate (NADPH) oxidase or commonly known as Nox and xanthine oxidase (XO). Objective: This study aimed to determine the potential of M. pendans as an antibacterial in vitro and in silico correlation in the formation of superoxide anion radicals. objective: To determine the potential of M. pendans as an antibacterial in vitro and in silico correlation in the formation of superoxide anion radicals. Methods and Materials: The compounds were obtained by column chromatography method, followed by a spectroscopic examination. In vitro test using the disc diffusion method and in silico test using AutoDock 4.2 program were conducted with positive control fosfomycin and allopurinol, tethered to MurA, Nox, and XO enzymes, and visualized using the Discovery Studio 2020. Results: Compound 1 (oleanolic acid ) and compound 2 (pomolic acid) demonstrated antibacterial activity against E.coli but no activity against E. faecalis. Compound 3 (acid-3-hydroxy-eupan-20,24-dien-26-oic) demonstrated no activity against these two bacteria. Based on the in silico results, compound 3 had the best binding energy affinity for all MurA, Nox, and XO enzymes of -6.89, -9.35, and -9.75 Kcal/mol, respectively. Similarly, compounds 1 and 2 had good binding energies for Nox protein of -9.29 Kcal/mol and -6.54 Kcal/mol and XO of -7.66 and -4.7 Kcal/mol, respectively. Conclusion: In vitro results against E.coli and E. faecalis bacteria showed inhibition by compounds 1 and 2 but not by compound 3. Meanwhile, in in silico analysis, all the compounds showed potential as an inhibitor of superoxide anion radicals generated by enzymes Nox and XO. conclusion: In vitro results against E.coli and E. faecalis bacteria showed inhibition by compounds 1 and 2, but not by compound 3. Meanwhile, based on the results of in silico data, compounds 1-3 had the potential to inhibit superoxide radicals. anions to the enzymes Nox and XO. other:

The study evaluates the antibacterial activities of different parts of gletang (Tridax procumbens) against Streptococcus mutans and Enterococcus faecalis oral pathogens bacteria. The extracts of different parts were subjected to qualitative phytochemical screening and antibacterial activity. The antibacterial activity of extracts of the plants was investigated using the agar Kirby-Bauer method and chlorhexidine as a positive control. The Minimum inhibitory concentration (MIC) and minimum bacteriocide concentration (MBC) using the ELISA reader micro-dilution method in 96-well microplates. The part of Tridax procumbens was extracted with ethanol 96%. Phytochemical screening showed that the leaf extract contained flavonoids, terpenoids, tannin, and saponin, while stem extract contained flavonoids, terpenoids, tannin, and the flower alkaloids, flavonoids, tannins, and terpenoids. The results showed that % of the leaf, stem, and flower of Tridax procumbens with concentrations of 20, 40, and 60% had antibacterial activity against S. mutans and E. faecalis in the resistant to moderate category. The MIC values of stem, leaf, and flower T. procumbens against S. mutans were 2.5, 10, and 5%, respectively, and MBC values were 10, 20, and 20%, respectively. The MIC values of stem, leaf, and flower gletang against E. faecalis were 5, 10, and 10%, respectively, and MBC values were 10, 40, and 40%, respectively. The highest antibacterial activity was shown in the stem extract of gletang.

Caesalpinia bonducella, known as ‘tombili’ belongs to the family of Fabaceae. Tombili has been empirically used as traditional medicine. In a previous study, phytochemical screening showed that tombili seed contained alkaloid, flavonoid, terpenoid, and tannin compounds. This research aimed to isolate an antioxidant compound from tombili seed extract. Fractionated using n-hexane, ethyl acetate, and methanol as a solvent. All fractions were tested for their antioxidant potential. The ethyl acetate fraction gave a better antioxidant potential (IC50 86.153±4.22 ppm) than it has purified. Characterization of an isolated compound using various spectroscopies data, including UV, FTIR, 1D-NMR, 2D-NMR, and LCMS/MS. The structure of the isolated compound was suggested as 7- (β-DGlucopyranosyloxy) 5-hydroxy-2-(4-hydroxyphenyl)-6-methoxy-4H-1-benzopyran-4-one (homoplantaginin). The IC50 value

The content of active compounds in methanol extract of kesambi stem bark ( Scheleicera oleosa ) is known to have good antioxidant activity. Methanol extract of kesambi stem bark contain flavonoid and fenolic compounds. The purpose of this study was to evaluate the methanol extract of kesambi in inhibiting the oxidation of crude palm oil (CPO). In this study, the extraction of kesambi stem bark was carried out with methanol solvent. Antioxidant activity test of methanol extract of kesambi using the DPPH method. The parameters observed were free fatty acids (FFA) values, acids value, and DOBI (Deterioration of Bleachability Index). The used concentration of natural antioxidant were 200; 400; 600; 800 and 1000 ppm. Based on the results of this study, the natural antioxidant of methanol extract of Kesambi stem bark ( Schleichera oleosa ) can reduce levels of free fatty acid numbers, acid value, and DOBI value. Actioxidant activity methanol extract of kesambi stem bark shown IC50 42.092 ppm. The lowest FFA levels and acid numbers were obtained from samples with addition of 1000 ppm natural antioxidants with free fatty acid (4.1%), acid value (7.7 mg KOH/g) while the DOBI value increased to 1.331. Furthermore, FFA value meets the CPO quality standard, according to SNI-01-2901-2006. Keywords: Crude palm oil, antioxidant, free fatty acid (FFA), acid value

Drug delivery system is a system that describes the journey of a drug to its target location. The main component of the drug delivery system is gelatin. The leaves of grass jelly-seaweed are needed as a raw material for gelatin. The main component of gelling agents in grass jelly leaves and seaweed is a low-methoxy pectin polysaccharide. Pectin from previous study is used as a synthesis material for hard capsule shells with the addition of other ingredients, which are Na-CMC, sorbitol, and water. The characterization results of capsule shells with variations in the composition of grass jelly-seaweed leaves 0: 4, 1: 3, 2: 2, 3: 1, and 4: 0 (A, B, C, D and E) have a disolving time of 12 minutes 45 seconds; 15 minutes 53 seconds; 23 minutes 10 seconds; 15 minutes 35 seconds and 18 minutes 12 seconds. The swelling degree test each of 200%; 266,7%; 303.3%; 586.7% and 643.3%. Furthermore, the shells of grass jelly-seaweed leaf capsules were tested for their material performance in the cefadroxyl disolving test with variations in sampling time of 10, 20, and 30 minutes. Keywords: Cefadroxyl, Drug delivery system, Green grass jelly leaves, Non-gelatin capsules, Seaweed

This study aims to obtain a dye sensitized solar cell (DSSC) prototype and a voltaic cell prototype using the kedondong plant ( Spondias dulcis Forst ). Kedondong leaves as a source of chlorophyll were deliberately chosen to be in line with the use of kedondong fruit as a material for electrochemical cells, so that two research results could be obtained from the kedondong plant. This research is for the application of scientific development, increasing the added value of kedondong plant, and as support for the use of environmentally friendly energy. Research methods in general are chlorophyll extraction, citric acid isolation, chlorophyll testing, DSSC assembly, electrochemical cell assembly, and performance testing for both DSSC and electrochemical cells. The analysis results show that typical peaks appear for the functional groups in chlorophyll at certain wave numbers. Hydroxyl (-OH) groups appear in the range of 3650 - 3200 cm -1 , the C=C group at 1700 - 1500 cm -1 , the C-N group at 1350 - 1000 cm -1 , and the C-O group at 1300 - 1000 cm -1 . Quantitative testing used a UV-Vis spectrophotometer at 645 nm and 633 nm, the results obtained were chlorophyll a was 4.52 mg/L, chlorophyll b was 8.43 mg/L, and total chlorophyll was 12.95 mg/L. The DSSC prototype performance test with a size of only 2.5 cm 2 , can produce a minimum voltage of 30.1 mV and a maximum of 280 mV. The electrochemical test of kedondong citric acid extract showed that the value of the electric voltage ranged from 121 to 630 mV. Keywords: Kedondong, Chlorophyll, DSSC, Citric acid, Electrochemical cells

The purpose of these study is to determine the effect of active compound from tombili seed extract as a vegetable pesticide in the prevention of soil pest in rice plants. The method of these researches is isolation to obtain pure isolates, characterization by using infrared spectrophotometer (IR) and UV-VIS spectrophotometer then following biological test. The isolates obtained were tested positive for phytochemical containing alkaloid compounds and characterized as amorphous crystals. Identification of IR spectrophotometer generate a functioning -NH wave group of the wavelengths region of 3423.4 cm -1 , bend C-N at wave number 1242.1 cm -1 , C-H stretch at wave number 2925.8 and 2854.5 cm -1 , bend C-H at 1475 wave numbers 1540 cm -1 , carbonyl group (C = O) at the 1720.4 cm -1 wave number which is probably an alkaloid compound. The UV-VIS spectrophotometer results in a maximum absorption at 209.9 nm wavelengths indicated the presence of double bonds between the C = O functional group suspected as a result of the successive electronic transitions to n-π * and n-σ *. The result of biological test showed that methanol extracts of tombili seed can be used as a vegetable pesticide in pest prevention on rice plants, the most effective concentration used in this biological test is at 0.1% concentration, with very high effectiveness in eradicating pest on rice plants. Keywords: Tombili, Alkaloid, Biopesticide

Background: Species A. paniculata (Burm. f.) Nees known as″ Sambiloto ″ and P. pellucida L. Kunth known as″ Suruhan ″ are mainly distributed in Indonesia and their combination was used as a traditional medicine for treating malaria diseases. However, no information appears to have evaluated the antiplasmodial potential of the two plants. This research aimed to evaluate the antiplasmodial activity of the two plants and the species P. pellucida L. Kunth alone as a source of antiplasmodial agent. Methods: In vitro test of the AP-PP and PP extracts against Pf D-10 (chloroquine-sensitive) were performed as described by Desjardins et al. An in vivo test of the PP extract in mice infected with Pb ANKA was performed using Peters´ 4-day suppressive test. Parasitemia, growth and inhibition rates were determined via Giemsa-stained smear of blood and analyzed microscopically. Survival was followed up until day 21 post-infection.Results: The increased ratio of the PP extract (20:80) exhibited significant antiplasmodial in contrast to the high ratio of the AP extract (IC50, 62.01 mg/mL). Further evaluation of the PP extract alone displayed better antiplasmodial activity with an IC50 value of 4.0 mg/mL. Furthermore, an in vivo test of the PP extract in BALB/c albino mice infected with Pb ANKA exhibited a significant chemosuppressive effect in a dose-dependent manner.Conclusion: The increased ratio of the PP extract exhibited a major contribution for their activity. The PP extract alone showed better antiplasmodial activity than the AP extract and their combination. An in vivo test confirmed the efficacy of the PP extract in mouse model.

Pirdot plant( Saurauia vulcani . Kurth)is a plant that grows naturally in a tropical climate. During this decoction pirdot leaves plants are used by the people to treat diabetes disease. The purpose of this study was to isolate triterpenoid compound from ethyl acetate extract of pirdot leaves. The sample extraction was performed by total of maceration method using ethyl acetate as a solvent. The separation and purification of the compound was carried out by column chromatography method followed by stain pattern analysis with thin layer chromatography (TLC). Structure characterization of pure compound was determined using UV, IR, 1 H-NMR, 13 C-NMR, DEPT 135o, HMQC, HMBC, 1 H- 1 H COSY and MS spectroscopies including compared with various literatures. Based on the analysis result, the pure isolate obtained was identified as a pentacyclic triterpenoid compound, 3-hydroxy acid, 12(13)-en,28-oleanolate acid with the molecular formula C 30 H 48 O 3 . The triterpenoid compound of pentacyclic oleanolic acid is the first reported from the pirdot plant ( Saurauia vulcani . Kurth).

Mangrove plant ( Sonneratia alba ) is easily found in West and North Indonesia. Mangrove plant has the potential of being a herb medicine. Mangrove plant variously used in ethnomedicine to treat various deseases like wounds, diarrhea, and fever. In previously sutudy, leaf extract of mangrove plants reported have anti-cholesterol activity. This plant is widely used to treat various deseases like wounds, diarrhea, and fever. The purpose of this study was to isolate triterpenoid compound from the ethyl acetate fraction of mangrove leaves and anticholesterol activity test. Extraction was done by maceration method using methanol 96% as solvent. Isolation was carried out by column chromatography using a combination of n -hexane, ethyl acetate, and methanol solvents. The elucidation of the structure was determined by analysis of IR, 1 H-NMR, 13 C-NMR, 2D-NMR, and MS spectroscopies as well as by comparisons with the literature. Anticholesterol activity test was carried out in vitro. The results showed that triterpenoid compounds (lupeol) were able to reduce cholesterol from concentrations of 5, 10, 20, 40, 60, and 80 ppm are 13.7; 29.4; 49.0; 60,1; 70.2; and 77.0% respectively. Therefore, isolates compound (lupeol) have anti-cholesterol activity. Keywords: Anti-cholesterol; mangrove; triterpenes

Kesambi plant ( Schleichera oleosa ) is a medicinal plant belongs to family Sapindaceae , commonly found in tropical and subtropical regions of the world. In Indonesia, kesambi plants can be found in Java and Bali island. The purpose of this study is to extraction and antibacterial activity test of steam bark extract of kesambi against Escherichia coli and Staphylococcus aureus . Extraction was done by maceration method using n -hexane, ethyl acetate and methanol. Antibacerial test using Kirby bauer method by measure inhibition zone. Phytochemical screening shown that n -hexane extract contain triterpenes and steroid compounds. Ethyl acetate extract contain triterpenes, flavonoid, steroid, and fenolic compounds. Methanol extract contain flavonoid, fenolic and triterpenes compounds. Inhibition zone of n -hexane, ethyl acetate and methanol extracts against E. coli and S. aureus at concentration of 5000 µg/mL showed 4.4; 7.9; 4.6 mm and 4.7; 8.9; 4.5 respectively, while amoxicillin and ciprofloxacin as positive control at concentration of 100 µg/mL showed 6.9 and 7.1 mm respectively. Kesambi extract have potential as antibacterial against E. coli and S. aureus . Keywords: Kesambi; antibacterial; Eschericia coli ; Staphylococus aureus