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El presente artículo tiene como objetivo analizar la reivindicación de las memorias disidentes y contrahegemónicas de la historia oficial de Simón Bolívar presentes en la novela La carroza de Bolívar (2012) de Evelio Rosero. A partir de una crítica de los discursos acerca del archivo oficial como documento que autoriza y defiende una exégesis legítima de la figura del Libertador, se ahonda en las grietas de la historia para deshilvanar el entramado de las memorias subalternas que evidencian las acciones nefandas del proyecto patriota durante el siglo XIX en Pasto. A su vez, se plantea cómo la carnavalización funciona como el dispositivo que activa esas acciones de resistencia dentro de la trama y que permite una transformación grotesca de la figura de Simón Bolívar. Así, el propósito último es demostrar la trascendencia simbólica que tienen las memorias antibolivarianas dentro de la sociedad pastusa hasta el día de hoy.

Copyright of Perífrasis. Revista de Literatura, Teoría y Crítica is the property of Universidad de los Andes and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

The political uses of the past find in the “cult of Bolívar” and in “Bolivarianisms” an enlightening illustration of the recourse to the nation's founding figures, reinterpreted by Venezuelan rulers over time. The images of the nation's founder in the broad sense, that is the medias that portray him (all kinds of representations such as feature films or documentaries for the cinema), are part of a national imaginary reinterpreted by Hugo Chávez. The image of the hero appears to be an ideological reconstruction in the long term, from the Revolution of Independence to the present day, where Chávez appears to be the “Bolivar of the 20th/ 21st century”. So, this essay will attempt to decipher the instrumentalization of history through both an official and a visual mode, especially via the cinema, along with the backlash this has caused in a country deeply divided and scarred by the dictatorship.

Copyright of Americanía. Revista de Estudios Latinoamericanos is the property of Revista Americania - Universidad Pablo de Olavide and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Abstract Background Fifty-three percent of all cases of malaria in the Americas in 2019 came from Venezuela, where the epidemic is heavily focused south of the Orinoco river, and where most of the country’s Amerindian groups live. Although the disease is known to represent a significant public health problem among these populations, little epidemiological data exists on the subject. This study aims to provide information on malaria incidence, geospatial clustering, and risk factors associated to Plasmodium falciparum infection among these groups. Methods This is a descriptive study based on the analysis of published and unpublished programmatic data collected by Venezuelan health authorities and non-government organizations between 2014 and 2018. The Annual Parasite Index among indigenous groups (API-i) in municipalities of three states (Amazonas, Bolivar, and Sucre) were calculated and compared using the Kruskal Wallis test, risk factors for Plasmodium falciparum infection were identified via binomial logistic regression and maps were constructed to identify clusters of malaria cases among indigenous patients via Moran’s I and Getis-Ord’s hot spot analysis. Results 116,097 cases of malaria in Amerindian groups were registered during the study period. An increasing trend was observed between 2014 and 2016 but reverted in 2018. Malaria incidence remains higher than in 2014 and hot spots were identified in the three states, although more importantly in the south of Bolivar. Most cases (73.3%) were caused by Plasmodium vivax, but the Hoti, Yanomami, and Eñepa indigenous groups presented higher odds for infection with Plasmodium falciparum. Conclusion Malaria cases among Amerindian populations increased between 2014 and 2018 and seem to have a different geographic distribution than those among the general population. These findings suggest that tailored interventions will be necessary to curb the impact of malaria transmission in these groups.

This article presents a description of the colonial structures up to the 18th century, it alludes to the Bourbon reforms and then focuses on the Haitian Revolution at the end of that century and the beginning of the 19th century in order to determine its influence on the republican thought of Simón Bolívar. It is argued that the liberation of slaves, the elimination of all kinds of servitude, as well as other principles of republicanism, are taken by Bolívar from the Haitian revolution rather than from the French and English enlightened political thought. Finally, it is argued that Bolívar's wager represents a classic example of the struggle for the democratic expansion of rights where education, civic virtue, the fight against corruption and the search for more egalitarian societies are constitutive of republicanism. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In this document we extend the geographical distribution for three common species of diurnal butterflies from the Colombian Caribbean region (Aides dysoni, Calpodes ethlius, and Anteos clorinde). The specimens were captured with an insect net in samplings conducted in the Arjona jurisdiction (Bolivar, Deparment) in 2015, between 8:00 and 16:00 hours. For each of them we provide important morphological characters for their recognition, and complement their distribution in the Neotropic.

A menudo suele asociarse la historia de Bolívar y Manuela como la de los amantes independentistas, signados por un tiempo de lucha y resistencias. Sin embargo, es la figura de Manuela una tipificación bajo el epíteto ‘Libertadora del libertador’ que tal vez obnubila y ha desplazado en la memoria su gran aporte a la causa libertadora, suplantada por la poderosa imagen de un hombre generalmente asociado al ámbito político. No obstante, posamos algunas miradas preliminares, orientadas hacia el contexto de una sociedad conservadora y los desafíos de un amor fuera de toda racionalidad temporaria, resaltando aspectos inherentes a Manuela y su lado feminista y autosuficiente; mientras que, en Bolívar, reflejaremos al hombre romántico y poeta como uno de sus lados menos abordados. Es decir, la vida de dos seres cruzados por un sentimiento capaz de congregar a la humanidad bajo la riqueza de su amor.

Throughout history, the man-plant relationship and the cultural form have been a fundamental basis in the medicinal field. The ethnobotany of Geum peruvianum Focke (Rosaceae) "valeriana" existing in Bambamarca district, Bolivar province, La Libertad region, Peru (7º26´11.7" S and 77º41´53.0"W, ca. 3428 m) is presented. This species in turn is a new record for this Andean region in the north of the country. The ethnobotanical information was obtained according to the methodology, techniques and protocols with semi-structured interviews and through informal interviews with the inhabitants. The results indicate that the locals generally use the root for the medicinal purpose with dosage in oral form either in decocts or infusions, to treat stress, nervous breakdowns and insomnia with satisfactory results. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The purpose of this paper is to examine the ways in which different Venezuelan intellectuals embarked, between 1910 and 1930, on the task of revising, consecrating, and extending a particular version of Simón Bolívar and his role in the defeat of the royalist cause and the construction of a republican order in Hispanic America. Specifically, it focuses on the historiographical disputes they had with important Argentine literary figures considered responsible for spreading an anti-Bolivarian and "exclusivist" discourse aimed at eroding the image of the Liberator to the benefit of the Argentine nation and hero. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Copyright of Caravelle: Cahiers du Monde Hispanique et Luso-Bresilien is the property of Presses Universitaires du Mirail and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Por más de 20 años, la economía venezolana ha sufrido una estabilidad económica en donde los agentes se han visto obligados a defender su patrimonio del poder corrosivo de la inflación acelerada. El objetivo de este trabajo es analizar el proceso de dolarización venezolano desde el enfoque de demanda de dinero en el periodo 1990-2015. Se elaboró un modelo de regresión múltiple, cuyas variables independientes son consumo, inversión total, y nivel riqueza. Los resultados muestran que después de la implementación del control de cambios a partir del primer trimestre del año 2003, la demanda de dinero en divisas ha crecido muy por encima de la demanda de dinero en moneda nacional; lo cual es indicativo de dolarización. Además, al analizar las fluctuaciones de ambas variables, se observa que no se ajustan a los preceptos teóricos según los cuales las mismas deben comportarse inversamente proporcionales, lo cual demuestra lo inefectiva de la política monetaria del Banco Central de Venezuela. En conclusión, el incremento de la demanda dinero en moneda nacional no necesariamente se tradujo en un decremento de la demanda de divisas, con lo cual las fluctuaciones de esta última respondieron más a expectativas de proteger el valor de activos en poder de agentes económicos.

Background: Fifty-three percent of all cases of malaria in the Americas in 2019 came from Venezuela, where the epidemic is heavily focused south of the Orinoco river, and where most of the country's Amerindian groups live. Although the disease is known to represent a significant public health problem among these populations, little epidemiological data exists on the subject. This study aims to provide information on malaria incidence, geospatial clustering, and risk factors associated to Plasmodium falciparum infection among these groups. Methods: This is a descriptive study based on the analysis of published and unpublished programmatic data collected by Venezuelan health authorities and non-government organizations between 2014 and 2018. The Annual Parasite Index among indigenous groups (API-i) in municipalities of three states (Amazonas, Bolivar, and Sucre) were calculated and compared using the Kruskal Wallis test, risk factors for Plasmodium falciparum infection were identified via binomial logistic regression and maps were constructed to identify clusters of malaria cases among indigenous patients via Moran's I and Getis-Ord's hot spot analysis. Results: 116,097 cases of malaria in Amerindian groups were registered during the study period. An increasing trend was observed between 2014 and 2016 but reverted in 2018. Malaria incidence remains higher than in 2014 and hot spots were identified in the three states, although more importantly in the south of Bolivar. Most cases (73.3%) were caused by Plasmodium vivax, but the Hoti, Yanomami, and Eñepa indigenous groups presented higher odds for infection with Plasmodium falciparum. Conclusion: Malaria cases among Amerindian populations increased between 2014 and 2018 and seem to have a different geographic distribution than those among the general population. These findings suggest that tailored interventions will be necessary to curb the impact of malaria transmission in these groups. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This paper offers a reading on Simón Bolívar's Latin Americanism from his main essay, "The Jamaica's Letter" (1815). By "Political Latin Americanism" I refer to the dream of all "Our America" republics' united into a bigger one, the magna patria, whose recognized founder is Simón Bolívar. Through an analysis on his postulates, contrasted with some interpretations of this, I propose that Bolivar's Latin Americanism is a discourse that, in a political and social level, aimed for a society in which many social groups were excluded. With the goal of arriving to this hypothesis, in the first section I try to systematize the features of the Liberator's Continental Dream. Then, I study the construction of the Latin American identity of "us" by Bolívar, which allows an understanding of the social exclusion mechanisms that I analyze in the final section. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

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"El General y 'lo pequeño' de la historia" analyzes several of Ricardo Palma's tradiciones that focus on Simón Bolívar. The tradiciones demystify not only General Bolívar, the independence-era hero whose life and times are chronicled throughout Venezuelan and Andean cultural mythologies, but, moreover, history itself, a discourse ascendant in power and prestige during the nineteenth century in Spanish America. Many of these tradiciones present a Peruvian critique of the Libertador, portraying him as an imperfect figure, both authoritarian and effeminate, characterizations that are quite distinct from those associated with the cult of Bolívar. These narratives underscore the artificial separation between history and fiction, while examining history as an ideological, nation-building discourse. Palma's Bolivarian tradiciones emphasize the subjective nature of history in order to cultivate critical counterpublics that might read against the grain, questioning both the general and "lo pequeño" of official histories and their fictions. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The Dry Tropical Forest (DTF) is one of the most diverse yet threatened biomes of Colombia. There is limited information about the richness of the order Pseudoscorpiones (Arachnida) in this ecosystem in the country. Pseudoscorpions are ecologically interesting, as they may be good indicators of habitat conservation. However, it is still necessary to gather more knowledge related to its spatio-temporal variation. In this study, pseudoscorpion diversity variation was assessed in two fragments of the Dry Tropical Forest in the Caribbean region of Colombian: Reserva Campesina La Montaña (RCM) and Reserva La Flecha (RLF). Four samplings were carried out between March and September of 2016 to include the dry and rainy season. Pseudoscorpions were collected using litter sifting (SL) and manual capture (MC). A total of 260 individuals belonging to five families and eight species were collected. The most abundant was Pachyolpium granulatum (Olpiidae) and the richest family was Chernetidae. The collection methods were effective and complementary. Spatial variation was significant, but no temporal variation was observed however, there was a marked difference between the abundance at RCM in the dry season and the rainy season. In contrast, at RLF most individuals were found in the dry season in comparison with the rainy season. These new faunistic data is the first of its order in the Atlántico and Bolívar department.

El presente artículo estudia la Educación Pública del departamento de Bolívar durante la primera mitad del siglo XX, a fin de analizar la recepción e implementación de las reformas educativas en las regiones de provincia y su articulación con los municipios de la costa Caribe colombiana. Con base en Fuentes Primarias sustentadas en Leyes Educativas, en Informes de Directores de Instrucción Pública y de Ministros de Educación, se plantea un análisis de esta coyuntura en el que se ponen de relieve las tensiones por modernizar el sistema educativo desde el nivel nacional, en contraste con las precarias condiciones sociales y económicas que imperaban en el departamento en este contexto. Se examinará, en consecuencia, las actuaciones de las autoridades educativas locales de acuerdo a las disposiciones normativas que se emanaban desde el nivel nacional.

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Este artigo propõe uma série de reflexões acerca dos elos existentes entre os eventos que ocorreram de 1795 a 1815 simultaneamente na Europa e no vasto espaço que era então a América Hispânica. Durante o período considerado, os dois anos que podem ser vistos como pontos de viragem são 1807, quando da invasão da Espanha pelos exércitos franceses de Napoleão, e 1810, quando os movimentos de independência hispano-americanos iniciaram em caráter definitivo.

La bibliografía sobre la Carta de Jamaica de Simón Bolívar ha tendido a minusvalorar la importancia del odio a España. Generalmente se ha considerado esta dimensión del texto como puramente retórica y circunstancial. Sin embargo, la importancia de este elemento es central, pues, prácticamente no existe idea en este ensayo que no se vincule de modo estrecho con el odio a España. Sin hispanofobia simplemente no existiría la Carta de Jamaica. En este trabajo, me propongo reconstruir los tres pilares de esta enemistad que Bolívar recrea: la crítica a la Conquista y a la Colonia, el desfase temporal de España y la invención de España como peor tiranía de la historia. Daré una especial importancia a este último punto, ya que debido a esta exageración, Bolívar ofrece involuntariamente una justificación a cualquier desastre político y constitucional.

Las escuelas normales femeninas en Colombia fueron creadas en el año de 1874 bajo el decreto n° 356. En el departamento de Bolívar se creó la primera Escuela Normal de Institutoras de Bolívar en el año de 1878. Este artículo hace parte de una investigación que estudia la formación de profesoras en la escuela Normal de Institutoras de Bolívar en el periodo de 1903 a 1930 . Nuestro análisis tiene como fundamentos la historia de la educación a partir de la visión de la Historia Nueva, que introduce nuevos temas, objetivos, caminos, objetos y sujetos en las investigaciones históricas. Analizamos cómo se formaban las profesoras primarias a los inicios de siglo XX. La formación de maestras en las tres primeras décadas del siglo XX era considerada como el espacio de trabajo de la mujer colombiana.

Representations of Simón Bolívar on the Centenary of his Death in Cromos in 1930 Representações de Simón Bolívar no centenário de sua morte na revista Cromos, em 1930 Este artículo analiza las representaciones construidas, con ocasión del centenario de la muerte de Simón Bolívar en el número especial que a esta celebración dedicara la revista Cromos, el 13 de diciembre de 1930. A partir del análisis de quince textos que, en su mayoría provienen de autores de la Academia Colombiana de Historia, se discuten las implicaciones de la heroización de Bolívar para el proceso de construcción simbólica de la nación y, más ampliamente, del continente americano, respecto del tiempo, el espacio y la población. Haciendo particular hincapié en el papel que España y América desempeñan en la representación del héroe, se pone de manifiesto la manera como la ovación a Bolívar constituye a su vez una oda a España desde el punto de vista histórico, cultural y racial, mientras que su americanismo se resalta desde el punto de vista geográfico y político. Se demuestra que la exaltación de la capacidad épica del Libertador iba de la mano de esfuerzos genealógicos para evidenciar la pertenencia de Bolívar a la raza blanca europea y para presentar el proceso de independencia, por él liderado, como una fase más de la misión civilizadora que, desde la Conquista, España había iniciado en América. El artículo concluye que la heroización de Bolívar llevaba ínsito un desprecio por el pasado prehispánico y un desconocimiento de toda historia previa a 1492, así como una representación denigratoria de sus contemporáneos. Asimismo, concluye que, en sintonía con el republicanismo de la revista, el Bolívar de Cromos es, en general, un Bolívar republicano. Para citar este artículo / to reference this article / para citar este artigo Cadelo, A. (2019). Representaciones de Simón Bolívar en el centenario de su muerte en la revista Cromos en 1930. Palabra Clave, 22(4), e2243. DOI: https://doi.org/10.5294/ pacla.2019.22.4.3 Recibido: 04/03/2019 Aceptado: 16/07/2019 Publicado en línea: 18/09/2019

Copyright of Revista de Ciencias Sociales (13159518) is the property of Revista de Ciencias Sociales de la Universidad del Zulia Venezuela and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

This article explores some representations of Simón Bolívar, on the occasion of the centenary of his death, contained in a special issue that Cromos magazine dedicated to this commemoration on December 13, 1930. From the analysis of fifteen writings authored mostly by members of the Colombian Academy of History, the implications of heroizing Bolívar for the symbolic building of the nation and, more broadly, the American continent are discussed regarding time, space and population. Emphasizing the role that Spain and America play in the representation of the hero, it is noted how an ovation to Bolívar becomes an ode to Spain from the historical, cultural and racial point of view, while his Americanism stands out geographically and politically. It is shown that the praise for the Liberator's epic abilities is accompanied by genealogical efforts to prove that he belonged to the European white race and to present the process of independence led by him as another phase of the civilizing mission that, since the Conquest, Spain had started in America. In short, the heroization of Bolívar entails disregard for the pre-Hispanic past and ignorance of the history prior to 1492, as well as a denigrating representation of his contemporaries. It is also concluded that, in line with the republicanism of the magazine, Cromos's Bolívar is generally a republican Bolívar. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

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Two new species of Beraba from Colombia (Bolívar) are described: Beraba anae sp. n. and Beraba angeli sp. n. The most recent key to species of the genus was modified to incorporate the new species. The male of Beraba limpida Martins, 1997 is described and illustrated for the first time. Moreover, the geographical distribution of 12 species of Eburiini is expanded. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This article seeks to clarify doubts regarding an epithet commonly associated with Simón Bolívar, namely «father of the country» [padre de la patria]. It offers an analysis of the particular context in which it was applied in the time of independence movements, as a means to a clearer understanding of the paradoxes in the heroisation of a figure who came to be worshipped almost as a demi-god throughout a continent. To that end we emphasise the use of this term in New Granada beginning in the 16th century: then, founders of townships and presidents of the Real Audiencia were hailed as new Romuluses until a more Augustan sense of the term came into preferential use in the latter years of the 18th century. During the «New Granada interregnum» (1810-1816), the term retained the ambiguity of the classical tradition, namely the hailing of republican heroes—like Camillus, Fabius, Cincinnatus or the Scipios—and their imperial epigones alike as the first «hero of the century». To distance themselves from the Augustan tradition, associated with the Bourbons, Bolívar and his supporters sought to place the emphasis on another epithet more attuned to the republican essence of their struggle—that is, Liberator, like Brutus the Younger. By 1823 the growing association of the two epithets Liberator and Father of the Country was already raising suspicion of a ravenous appetite for glory in their bearers. As a result, Andrés Bello sought to downplay Bolívar’s reputation from London, above all others the source-point of its fabrication: and so he acclaimed other Venezuelan and New Granadan heroes before taking exile in Chile in 1829, where he stood up as the herald of domestic heroism, the only kind attuned to Freedom in the minds of Modernists.

Analizamos aquí la focalización, la evitación y otras técnicas discursivas en varios discursos de Hugo Chávez. Se parte de la base de que es propio de los políticos incluir a ciertos grupos en los discursos que emiten, considerándolos como parte de la misma lucha y recurriendo al populismo. En este sentido, el empleo de estructuras y metáforas concretas y la selección de un léxico específico, entre otros recursos, le sirven a Chávez para comparar su causa con la revolución bolivariana, a la vez que inventa su identidad y transfiere la culpa de todos los males a gobiernos previos o a los Estados Unidos. Se analizan las técnicas de la propaganda, entre ellas, bandwagon, el testimonio, la transferencia, la repetición y el uso de palabras emotivas. Como recursos veremos, por ejemplo, la inclusión de discursos históricos y alusiones a la religión, el uso del miedo y la evitación de los temas negativos relacionados con su administración.

Bolívar’s life and actions, hero of Latin American Independence Wars and and Venezuela’s « Liberator », gave rise from the nineteenth century onwards to the establishment of a civic religion whose consensual aspect accompanied the forming of the Venezuelan nation, paving the way for the imposition in the long term of an official History based on heroic cult. With Chávez’s arrival as President of the Republic (1999-2013), « Bolivar’s cult » reached a decisive stage. The new official History tends indeed to promote the redeeming vision of a « second Independence », this time against the American « empire », turning the « twenty-first century Bolívar » into the continent’s new saviour. Therefore, we are witnessing an unprecedented instrumentalization of History, in an extremely consensual and inspiring context: the Bicentennial of Latin American Independence Wars.

Este trabajo aborda la internacionalización del conflicto armado colombiano desde una variable que si bien ha sido relativamente desarrollada desde el enfoque regional andino, ha obviado las estrategias utilizadas por los actores armados para alcanzar sus objetivos políticos y militares internacionalmente. La investigación surge a raíz de la constatación de una ausencia de trabajos académicos que analicen las estrategias de inserción internacional de un actor armado como las FARC-EP, y los factores de orden nacional e internacional que han posibilitado dicha actividad especialmente al terminar la guerra fría. Los resultados de la investigación indican que la persistencia en el respice polum, dejó amplios espacios en Europa y Latinoamérica, que fueron llenados por la diplomacia de las FARC-EP, la cual mantuvo continuidad y un flujo permanente de recursos materiales y humanos y objetivos a largo plazo, que le permitieron entablar relaciones con organizaciones de distintos países.

A new species of Gnomidolon from Colombia is described and illustrated: Gnomidolon franciscoi sp. nov.; and the previous key for the genus is modified to include the new species. The male of Gnomidolon hamatum Linsley, 1935 is described and illustrated for the first time. Additionally, a chromatic variation in some species of Hexoplonini from Colombia is reported and the geographical distribution of four species is expanded. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This analysis of the novel El general en su laberinto, by Gabriel García Márquez, uses wide repertory of critics and theorists in order to demonstrate into the fictional discourse the tension between poetic language and memory, between register historic and imagination, tour de force that characterizes the language of this novel and, mutatis mutandis, the Colombian nobel's poetics. However, it's possible to affirm that the novel also circumscribes itself into mythic category for denouncing the traps of the power inherents to the Bolívar's trajectory that turn him nowadays source of many controversies. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

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Copyright of Universum is the property of Instituto de Estudios Humanisticos Juan Ignacio Molina, Universidad de Talca and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

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Once the projects to change the productive and energy matrix in Ecuador have started, it is understandable that the country now aims at an efficient, innovative, with high quality and environmentally friendly production. Therefore the need for a social, labor and academic study must be set in the career of Environmental Engineering focused on Region 5. The work presented in this article involved a quantitative and qualitative research. The first was focused on companies in the agricultural and industrial sector of region 5 and the second was directed to experts. In both cases the objectives aimed to determine the necessity of environmental engineers in the region 5, the profile of the graduates for an eventual career and the academic and infrastructure requirements for the success of the career and the graduates. The results encourage the creation of a career in Environmental Engineering, because there is currently a need for at least 2454 professionals. It was also noted that the University should aim to generate links with key stakeholders for the new career to be successful and fulfill its social purpose

The Santander History Center began operations on July 20, 1929 as the body responsible for organizing the centennial commemoration of Bolivar's death in 1930. As the first major activity, local intellectuals decided to engage fully in the organization of the event in order to place the name of Santander and its heroes in the national context. As a result of their participation, the Center won local and national recognition as a socializing space dedicated to cultivate the regional past due to this national-scale event and set the foundations to develop other commemorations in the thirties and forties.