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Introduction: The pH-cyling (pHc) is a widely used method applied by cariology researches for lesions-like caries creation. This study evaluates the methodological aspects of pHc, proposes a specific protocol to standardize this demineralization method and quantifies the demineralization yielded by this in vitro model in dentine. Materials and methods: PubMed, Scopus and WOS databases were used to select studies. Meta-analyses were performed for microtensile bond strength test (µTBS), hardness test, microradiography (MRG) and polarized light microscopy (PLM). Results and discussion: Sixtyseven references were selected for qualitative assessment and 32 for meta-analysis. Significant differences were found between sound/untreated dentine and pH-cycled dentine in all analytical techniques. Considerable heterogeneity was showed by meta-analyses. The results for the depth of demineralization by pHc averaged between 194.95 µm and 298.17 µm for MRG and PLM, respectively. Conclusions: pHc is an effective and reproducible in vitro procedure to simulate dentine caries lesions for cariology and dental materials research. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Aim: compare the effectiveness of the electrofulguration technique, and evaluate if constitutes an alternative to formocresol in vital pulp therapy in primary dentition. Methodology: fifty primary molars in 29 children, between 4-9 years old were treated by two different techniques of pulpotomy and evaluated clinical and radiological during twelve months. After coronal pulp removal and homeostasis, remaining pulp tissue was treated by electrofulguration in the experimental group. In the control group full strength FC was placed with a cotton pellet over the pulp tissue for 5 minutes. All the teeth were covered with ZOE restored with SSC and evaluated clinical and radiographic at 3, 6 and 12 months. Results: after 12 months, the experimental group showed success rate of 100% and 95,8% clinically and radiological respectively; and the control group 95,7% and 91,3% in the same order . Conclusions: no statistical significant difference between both groups observed at the end of 12 months, when utilizing Fisher's exact Test. These results suggested that electrofulguration could be recommended as an alternative to the use of formocresol in vital pulp therapy for primary molars. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This case is the radiological diagnosis of a supernumerary premolar with the molarization of both lower second premolars in a 12-year-old child. Ten years after the diagnosis, the delayed development of another 4 supernumerary premolars was detected. Orthopantomography during mixed dentition allowed the detection of anomalies not clinically suspected. Any alteration in the number of teeth should suggest the potential of associated dental anomalies, indicating the long-term clinical and radiological follow-up of the patient during the second decade of life. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In vitro simulation of natural caries is of great importance in dental research for the development of more effective clinical treatments. The pH-cycling (pHc) procedure consists of a dynamic caries process with alternating de-remineralisation periods. The current research aims to evaluate the effects of the pHc procedure on mineral dentine properties in comparison with sound dentine and natural residual caries. For this purpose, dentine slices from human third molars were submitted to cycling periods of 14 and 28 days. The chemical composition, morphological and microstructural properties of the dentine samples were examined by infrared and Raman spectroscopies, X-ray diffraction, and scanning electron microscopy techniques. In addition, the depth of the demineralisation front was evaluated by Masson's trichrome (MT) staining. The results showed that the pHc procedure led to notable changes in the mineral composition and the crystalline characteristics with respect to sound dentine and some extent to natural caries. The MT results revealed that pHc 28 yields a deeper lesion than pHc 14, simulating potential progression of natural caries. The results of this study provide a better understanding of the mechanisms of demineralisation that could occur in an in vivo environment and provide a standardised substrate similar to natural residual caries. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Resumen. Cincuenta molares primarios tratados mediante dos técnicas de pulpotomía, por electrofulguración y formocresol fueron evaluados clínica y radiológicamente du rante doce meses. Objetivos. El propósito del presente estudio es conocer la eficacia de la técnica de pulpotomía mediante electrofulguración y evaluar si constituye una alternativa al formocresol en terapia pulpar vital de la dentición temporal. Diseño del estudio. 13 niñas, 16 niños entre 4-8 años de edad fueron seleccionados para ser ingresados en el estudio. Criterios de inclusión, tales como paciente sano, dientes asintomáticos y sin alteraciones radiológicas fueron aplicados. Resultados. Tras 1 2 meses de seguimiento, los porcentajes de éxito radiológico fueron de 91.3% y 95.8% para el grupo formocresol y electrofulguración, respectivamente. Mientras que a la evaluación clínica los porcentajes fueron en el orden de 95.7% grupo formocresol y del 1 00% para el grupo electrofulguración. Conclusión. No se encontraron diferencias estadísticamente significativas al final del periodo de evaluación, tras utilizar el Test exacto de Fisher. Estos resultados nos permiten recomendar esta técnica como una alternativa al uso de formocresol en la terapia pulparvital en molares primarios. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Dentists in Spain reached equal gender representation in 2012 and the number of female dentists has continued to grow (until 57.3% in 2020). This study aims to increase evidence about the gender distribution on the high responsibility positions and opinion leaders of the dental profession and academia. Composition of the executive comities of the main dental institutions of Spain (regional professional associations, national dental association, and scientific societies), members of the Faculty of Dentistry of the University of Granada in 2020 and speakers of the main dental congresses of 2019 (due to the lack of congress in 2020) were recorded and analyzed by genders using chi-squared test ( P  < .05). Mean representation of female dentists in executive committees of professional associations was 35.6%. More than 70% of presidents and vice-presidents of professional colleges and more than 60% of these positions in scientific societies were occupied by male dentists. None of dental congresses of 2019 reached equal gender participation, being 81.3% of lecturers presenting on main auditoriums male dentists. Although dental workforce in Spain is slightly overrepresented by females, leadership positions and figures among Spanish dentists doesn't seem to reflect the gender distribution of the collective. There is a lack of women occupying high-level positions in dentistry that proves the existence of the so-called "glass ceiling effect" on the profession. Further studies about sociodemographic aspects of dental workforce are needed to develop evidence-based policies for the collective.