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The authors of the article consider urgent problems of Chinese students training in Russian as a foreign language. The authors reveal specific difficulties of their training and a solution of these problems taking into account features of national Russian and Chinese mentalities. The authors note significant mental differences between Russian and Chinese ethnic groups which define behavior of these people, emotional reactions and a way of thinking. These differences often interfere with full communication, therefore Russian teachers need to consider them in the Chinese audience for the purpose of the increase of the efficiency of the process of training, ensuring high level of proficiency in Russian as the experience transmission medium, the means of communication and means of implementation of successful professional activity., В статье рассматриваются актуальные проблемы обучения русскому языку как иностранному китайских учащихся, выявляются специфические трудности данного процесса и пути решения проблем с учетом особенностей национального русского и китайского менталитетов. Авторы отмечают значительные ментальные отличия между русским и китайским этносами, которые определяют поведение этих народов, эмоциональные реакции, способ мышления. Эти различия часто препятствуют полноценной коммуникации, поэтому их необходимо учитывать преподавателю русского языка в китайской аудитории с целью повышения эффективности процесса обучения, обеспечения высокого уровня владения русским языком как средством передачи опыта, общения и осуществления успешной профессиональной деятельности.

In the given work the authors try to give an objective scientific analysis of social reality which is in the focus of many investigators today. The article demonstrates possibility of using the system of values to analyze social systems and social reality. It is in the value system, on the one hand, where internalized values of social objects and phenomena are accumulated, and on the other hand it is the source of social creativity reflecting the process of externalization of accumulated values of social objects and phenomena. Sociological research “Family and Personality” conducted in 2012 is considered. A group of people of different age, gender and educational level took part in it. Secondary analysis of its materials points to opportunity of investigating social systems of macro and micro levels, as well as modeling the social reality of a particular society through the system of values existing in it.

The article investigates relationship between neighboring ethnic groups (Russians and Komi-Permians) traditionally living together in a common area. Relevance of the topic is due to transforming intercultural communication between large and small ethnic groups, as any social problem tends to acquire ethnic specificity today. The article presents the results of an experimental study of hetero-stereotypes of large (Russians) and small (Komi-Permians) ethnic groups. It was found that the small ethnicity perceives the large one with great care, rather negatively than positively. Respondents of the large ethnic group give four times fewer negative estimations of the small ethnic group. Awareness of the fact that a large ethnic group treats a small ethnic group better than a small ethnic group treats itself can help reduce the anxiety of small ethnic groups in dealing with large ethnic groups. Adequate knowledge about small ethnic groups will ensure scientific management of social processes involving large and small ethnic groups. Policies to improve self-esteem of small ethnic groups and a competent cultural and linguistic policy may form conditions for effective strategies of interethnic interaction in a multicultural environment.

In Russia, people with disabilities remain one of the most vulnerable and poorly protected groups. Because of their vulnerable situation of persons with disabilities are faced with so many and serious social problems. Persons with disabilities are faced with problems such as difficulties in obtaining a profession and trying to find jobs that exist in the community social and architectural barriers, special drug supply facilities, education, the problem of labor rehabilitation. В России инвалиды по-прежнему остаются одной из наиболее социально уязвимых и слабозащищенных групп населения. Ввиду своего уязвимого положения инвалиды сталкиваются с очень многими и серьезными социальными проблемами. Инвалиды сталкиваются с такими проблемами как: трудности в получении профессии и попытке найти работу, существующие в обществе социальные и архитектурные барьеры, специальное лекарственное обеспечение инвалидов, получение образования, проблема трудовой реабилитации.

In the present paper attempts to study the system of incentives for staff as a way of opening the labor potential employees, efficient discharge of their professional duties, personal growth and professional skills. The article also discussed regulations in the wage system and regional peculiarities of incentives for employees of institutions of social protection of the population of the Republic of Bashkortostan. В представленной статье предпринимается попытка изучения системы стимулирования персонала как способа раскрытия трудового потенциала работников, эффективного выполнения ими своих профессиональных обязанностей, личностного роста и профессионального мастерства. В статье также рассмотрены нормативно-правовые акты в области системы оплаты труда и региональные особенности стимулирования работников учреждений социальной защиты населения Республики Башкортостан.

Although multiple reports show that defective genetic networks underlie the aetiology of autism, few have translated into pharmacotherapeutic opportunities. Since drugs compete with endogenous small molecules for protein binding, many successful drugs target large gene families with multiple drug binding sites. Here we search for defective gene family interaction networks (GFINs) in 6,742 patients with the ASDs relative to 12,544 neurologically normal controls, to find potentially druggable genetic targets. We find significant enrichment of structural defects (P≤2.40E-09, 1.8-fold enrichment) in the metabotropic glutamate receptor (GRM) GFIN, previously observed to impact attention deficit hyperactivity disorder (ADHD) and schizophrenia. Also, the MXD-MYC-MAX network of genes, previously implicated in cancer, is significantly enriched (P≤3.83E-23, 2.5-fold enrichment), as is the calmodulin 1 (CALM1) gene interaction network (P≤4.16E-04, 14.4-fold enrichment), which regulates voltage-independent calcium-activated action potentials at the neuronal synapse. We find that multiple defective gene family interactions underlie autism, presenting new translational opportunities to explore for therapeutic interventions.

Rare copy-number variation (CNV) is an important source of risk for autism spectrum disorders (ASDs). We analyzed 2,446 ASD-affected families and confirmed an excess of genic deletions and duplications in affected versus control groups (1.41-fold, p = 1.0 × 10(-5)) and an increase in affected subjects carrying exonic pathogenic CNVs overlapping known loci associated with dominant or X-linked ASD and intellectual disability (odds ratio = 12.62, p = 2.7 × 10(-15), ∼3% of ASD subjects). Pathogenic CNVs, often showing variable expressivity, included rare de novo and inherited events at 36 loci, implicating ASD-associated genes (CHD2, HDAC4, and GDI1) previously linked to other neurodevelopmental disorders, as well as other genes such as SETD5, MIR137, and HDAC9. Consistent with hypothesized gender-specific modulators, females with ASD were more likely to have highly penetrant CNVs (p = 0.017) and were also overrepresented among subjects with fragile X syndrome protein targets (p = 0.02). Genes affected by de novo CNVs and/or loss-of-function single-nucleotide variants converged on networks related to neuronal signaling and development, synapse function, and chromatin regulation.

Рассматривается влияние государственной молодежной политики на изменение ценностный ориентаций современной молодежи. Discusses the impact of the State youth policy on changing the value orientations of modern youth.

Обосновано понимание валеологической культуры, обобщены результаты микроопроса студентов The understanding of valeological culture is proved, results of micropoll of students are generalized

Autism spectrum disorder (ASD) is a highly heritable disorder of complex and heterogeneous aetiology. It is primarily characterized by altered cognitive ability including impaired language and communication skills and fundamental deficits in social reciprocity. Despite some notable successes in neuropsychiatric genetics, overall, the high heritability of ASD (90%) remains poorly explained by common genetic risk variants. However, recent studies suggest that rare genomic variation, in particular copy number variation, may account for a significant proportion of the genetic basis of ASD. We present a large scale analysis to identify candidate genes which may contain low-frequency recessive variation contributing to ASD while taking into account the potential contribution of population differences to the genetic heterogeneity of ASD. Our strategy, homozygous haplotype (HH) mapping, aims to detect homozygous segments of identical haplotype structure that are shared at a higher frequency amongst ASD patients compared to parental controls. The analysis was performed on 1,402 Autism Genome Project trios genotyped for 1 million single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs). We identified 25 known and 1,218 novel ASD candidate genes in the discovery analysis including CADM2, ABHD14A, CHRFAM7A, GRIK2, GRM3, EPHA3, FGF10, KCND2, PDZK1, IMMP2L and FOXP2. Furthermore, 10 of the previously reported ASD genes and 300 of the novel candidates identified in the discovery analysis were replicated in an independent sample of 1,182 trios. Our results demonstrate that regions of HH are significantly enriched for previously reported ASD candidate genes and the observed association is independent of gene size (odds ratio 2.10). Our findings highlight the applicability of HH mapping in complex disorders such as ASD and offer an alternative approach to the analysis of genome-wide association data. © The Author(s) 2011.

Recent genome-wide association studies (GWAS) have implicated a range of genes from discrete biological pathways in the aetiology of autism. However, despite the strong influence of genetic factors, association studies have yet to identify statistically robust, replicated major effect genes or SNPs. We apply the principle of the SNP ratio test methodology described by O'Dushlaine et al to over 2100 families from the Autism Genome Project (AGP). Using a two-stage design we examine association enrichment in 5955 unique gene-ontology classifications across four groupings based on two phenotypic and two ancestral classifications. Based on estimates from simulation we identify excess of association enrichment across all analyses. We observe enrichment in association for sets of genes involved in diverse biological processes, including pyruvate metabolism, transcription factor activation, cell-signalling and cell-cycle regulation. Both genes and processes that show enrichment have previously been examined in autistic disorders and offer biologically plausibility to these findings.

Recent genome-wide association studies (GWAS) have implicated a range of genes from discrete biological pathways in the aetiology of autism. However, despite the strong influence of genetic factors, association studies have yet to identify statistically robust, replicated major effect genes or SNPs. We apply the principle of the SNP ratio test methodology described by O'Dushlaine et al to over 2100 families from the Autism Genome Project (AGP). Using a two-stage design we examine association enrichment in 5955 unique gene-ontology classifications across four groupings based on two phenotypic and two ancestral classifications. Based on estimates from simulation we identify excess of association enrichment across all analyses. We observe enrichment in association for sets of genes involved in diverse biological processes, including pyruvate metabolism, transcription factor activation, cell-signalling and cell-cycle regulation. Both genes and processes that show enrichment have previously been examined in autistic disorders and offer biologically plausibility to these findings. © 2011 Macmillan Publishers Limited All rights reserved.

Although autism spectrum disorders (ASDs) have a substantial genetic basis, most of the known genetic risk has been traced to rare variants, principally copy number variants (CNVs). To identify common risk variation, the Autism Genome Project (AGP) Consortium genotyped 1558 rigorously defined ASD families for 1 million single-nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) and analyzed these SNP genotypes for association with ASD. In one of four primary association analyses, the association signal for marker rs4141463, located within MACROD2, crossed the genome-wide association significance threshold of P < 5 3 10-28. When a smaller replication sample was analyzed, the risk allele at rs4141463 was again over-transmitted; yet, consistent with the winner's curse, its effect size in the replication sample was much smaller; and, for the combined samples, the association signal barely fell below the P < 5 × 10-28 threshold. Exploratory analyses of phenotypic subtypes yielded no significant associations after correction for multiple testing. They did, however, yield strong signals within several genes, KIAA0564, PLD5, POU6F2, ST8SIA2 and TAF1C. © The Author 2010. Published by Oxford University Press. All rights reserved.

Although autism spectrum disorders (ASDs) have a substantial genetic basis, most of the known genetic risk has been traced to rare variants, principally copy number variants (CNVs). To identify common risk variation, the Autism Genome Project (AGP) Consortium genotyped 1558 rigorously defined ASD families for 1 million single-nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) and analyzed these SNP genotypes for association with ASD. In one of four primary association analyses, the association signal for marker rs4141463, located within MACROD2, crossed the genome-wide association significance threshold of P < 5 × 10−8. When a smaller replication sample was analyzed, the risk allele at rs4141463 was again over-transmitted; yet, consistent with the winner's curse, its effect size in the replication sample was much smaller; and, for the combined samples, the association signal barely fell below the P < 5 × 10−8 threshold. Exploratory analyses of phenotypic subtypes yielded no significant associations after correction for multiple testing. They did, however, yield strong signals within several genes, KIAA0564, PLD5, POU6F2, ST8SIA2 and TAF1C.

The autism spectrum disorders (ASDs) are a group of conditions characterized by impairments in reciprocal social interaction and communication, and the presence of restricted and repetitive behaviours 1. Individuals with an ASD vary greatly in cognitive development, which can range from above average to intellectual disability2. Although ASDs are known to be highly heritable ( ∼90%)3, the underlying genetic determinants are still largely unknown.Hereweanalysed the genome-wide characteristics of rare (