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At present, the effect of ultraviolet (UV) radiation on the interaction between Bombyx mori nucleopolyhedrovirus (BmNPV) and host remains unclear. In the current study, UV treatment significantly reduced the activity of BmNPV budded viruses (BVs), and UV-damaged BmN cells were not conducive to BmNPV proliferation. BmNPV infection significantly reduced the viability of host cells, but increased the viability of high-dose UV-treated host cells. Furthermore, the quantitative reverse-transcription PCR (qPCR) results suggested that BmNPV and Bombyx mori might mutually use the same DNA repair proteins for repairing UV-induced damage and BmNPV infection promote the ability of host cells to repair UV-induced damage., (© 2019 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.)

Insect cuticle acts as a primary protective barrier against environment stresses that may directly impact the insect body. Here, we report the mechanical defense function of a structural cuticular protein, BmorCPH24, to environmental stresses using a silkworm Bamboo (Bo) mutant with this gene mutation. Ultraviolet (UV) irradiation and topical application of an acetone insecticide were used as environmental stresses to determine the differences in susceptibility between Bo and wild-type larvae. UV irradiation resulted in a sunburn phenotype in the Bo strains earlier than the wild-type indicating the sensitivity of Bo. Higher malondialdehyde (MDA) content and a lower survival ratio were also observed in the Bo strains. Treatment with deltamethrin revealed that Bo larvae were more sensitive to insecticides than the wild-type. Furthermore, cuticle analysis by microsection revealed thinner cuticle and a significant decrease in the endocuticle layer (∼64.0%) in Bo. These results suggest that BmorCPH24 mutation can lead to deficiency in resources required to construct the cuticle in Bo resulting in thin cuticle and reduced resistance to UV and insecticides. These results provide us new insight into the role of structural cuticular proteins in insect cuticle against environment stresses., (Copyright © 2018 Elsevier Inc. All rights reserved.)

Speckled (Spc), an X-ray-induced lethal mutant of Bombyx mori, exhibits a mosaic dark-brown-spotted larval epidermis in both sexes and egg-laying problems only in females. Here, we report the morphological characterization and molecular mapping of the Spc mutant. Morphological investigations revealed that the epidermal ultrastructure of the small, dark-brown spots was more dense than that of the white regions in both Spc/+ mutants and wild type, and that the lethality of the Spc/Spc mutants occurred during early embryogenesis. Furthermore, the ovarioles and ovipositor were disconnected in approximately 85.5% of Spc/+ females, a further 2.5% had a connection between the ovarioles and ovipositor that was too narrow to lay eggs. The remaining females showed a normal connection similar to that of the wild type. We successfully narrowed down the location of the Spc mutation to a region on chromosome 4 that was ∼1041 kb long. Gene-prediction analysis identified 25 candidate genes in this region. Chromosome structure analysis indicated that a ∼305 kb deletion was included in the mapping region. Temporal and spatial reverse transcription PCR (RT-PCR) analysis showed that several genes in the mapped region are associated with the Spc mutant. Although the genes responsible for the Spc mutation were not definitively identified, our results further the current understanding of the complex mechanism underlying the multiple morphological defects in Spc mutants., (© 2015 The Royal Entomological Society.)

Polycomb group (PcG) complexes are known to be chromatin modifiers and transcriptional repressors. In this work, we reported that the histone-modifying PcG complexes are able to participate in the repair process of ultraviolet (UV)-induced DNA lesions in the silkworm, Bombyx mori. The silkworm cells with depletion of PcG genes showed hypersensitive to UV-C irradiation and increased inhibition of cell proliferation. Interestingly, an SQ site in the silkworm-human chimeric H2A protein synthesized here was phosphorylated rapidly upon UV-C exposure, which could be used as a marker for monitoring the response to DNA damage in silkworm cells. Under these UV-C irradiated conditions, we found that PRC1-mediated ubiquitylation of H2AX, but not of H2AZ, were decreased and this deubiquitylation was independent of its phosphorylation event. In contrast, UV-C irradiation induced the increase of trimethylation of lysine 27 on histone H3 (H3K27me3), a mark of transcriptionally silent chromatin catalyzed by another PcG subcomplex, PRC2. Collectively, we provided the first evidence on chromatin remodeling in response to UV-C lesion in silkworm and revealed another layer role for PcG complexes-mediated histone modifications in contributing to creating an open chromatin structure for the efficient repair of DNA damages., (Copyright © 2014 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.)

The phenomenon that epidermal cells under the white stripes rather than black stripes contain many uric acid granules was found in larvae of several Lepidopteran species. However, the biological mechanism of this phenomenon is still unknown. In the present study, we take advantage of several silkworm (Bombyx mori) body color mutant strains to investigate the deposition patterns and biological mechanism of urate and melanin in the integuments of these mutant larvae. By imaging with transmission electron microscope, we found that there were some melanin granules in the larval cuticle in black body color mutant plain Black (p(B) ), but not in background strain plain (p) with white larval body color. In contrast, the larval epidermal cell of background strain had much more urate granules than that of black one. Furthermore, the uric acid content under the black stripes was significantly lower than that under the white stripes in a single individual of mottled stripe (p(S) ) with black and white stripes in each segment. Ultraviolet A (UVA) exposure experiments showed that the distinct oily (od) mutant individuals with translucent larval integument were more sensitive to the UVA damage than black body color mutant and background strain without any pigmentation in the larval cuticle. This is likely due to the absence of melanin granules and few urate granules in the integument of od mutant. Thus, both the deposited melanin granules in the cuticle and the abundant urate granules in the epidermis cells constitute effective barriers for the silkworm to resist UVA-induced damage., (© 2013 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.)

Using heavy-ion microbeam, we report target irradiation of selected compartments within the diapause-terminated egg and its mutational consequences in the silkworm, Bombyx mori. On one hand, carbon-ion exposure of embryo to 0.5-6 Gy increased the somatic mutation frequency, suggesting targeted radiation effects. On the other, such increases were not observed when yolk was targeted, suggesting a lack of nontargeted bystander effect.

To carry out the radio-microsurgery study using silkworm, Bombyx mori, we have already developed the specific irradiation systems for eggs and third to fifth instar larvae. In this study, a modified application consisting of the first instar silkworm larvae was further developed using heavy-ion microbeams. This system includes aluminum plates with holes specially designed to fix the first instar silkworm larvae during irradiation, and Mylar films were used to adjust energy deposited for planning radiation doses at certain depth. Using this system, the suppression of abnormal proliferation of epidermal cells in the knob mutant was examined. Following target irradiation of the knob-forming region at the first instar stage with 180-mum-diameter microbeam of 220 MeV carbon (12C) ions, larvae were reared to evaluate the effects of irradiation. The results indicated that the knob formation at the irradiated segment was specially suppressed in 5.9, 56.4, 66.7 and 73.6% of larvae irradiated with 120, 250, 400 and 600 Gy, respectively, but the other knob formations at the non-irradiated segments were not suppressed in either irradiation. Although some larva did not survive undesired non-targeted exposure, our present results indicate that this method would be useful to investigate the irradiation effect on a long developmental period of time. Moreover, our system could also be applied to other species by targeting tissues, or organs during development and metamorphosis in insect and animals.

Purpose: To determine the impact of ultraviolet (UV) laser radiation on Bombyx mori embryos in terms of its effect on embryonic and larval haemolymph proteins and morphological traits., Materials and Methods: The eggs of silkworm strain NB4D2 were exposed to third harmonic laser pulses at 355 nm from a Nd:YAG laser for different durations of 30, 60, 90, 120, 150, or 180 sec. Morphological changes induced by the UV laser were analysed at larval, pupal and adult stages. The eggs exposed to UV laser irradiation at different developmental stages were subjected to protein analysis by sodium dodecyl sulfate - polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis (SDS-PAGE). The haemolymph derived from irradiated and control larva was also analysed by SDS-PAGE., Results: UV laser irradiation resulted in various structural polymorphisms. Asymmetrical fusion of segments was not confined to larva but persisted throughout pupal and adult stages. Development of extra caudal horn, unequal size and lack of antenna, retarded thoracic legs and variation in larval markings were observed. Comparatively, the effect of the UV laser on 8- and 16-h old embryo was greater than on the other stages. The changes in protein pattern were not distinct until the 5th day of embryogenesis as revealed by SDS-PAGE. A 178 kiloDalton (kDa) protein resolved into 198, 184 & 169 kDa polypeptides and 154 kDa new protein band along with other proteins of 110, 45, 41 & 38 kDa were noticed in irradiated eggs at the 6th day. Further, 33, 32, and 6.2 kDa new protein bands were observed in the haemolymph of 5th instar silkworm larvae derived from UV laser irradiated embryos., Conclusions: A comparative analysis of the present study revealed that UV laser not only induced continuous structural polymorphisms (somatic mutations), but also induced protein changes with the appearance of new protein bands in embryonic and haemolymph protein. The UV laser could be a potential tool for biochemical genetics and genome analysis in B. mori.

Heavy ion beam irradiation has promising effects on tumor therapy. Our previous study using the domesticated silkworm, Bombyx mori, showed that this irradiation could seriously damage larval hematopoietic organs but they would regenerate later. In the in vitro irradiation, most hemocytes died when hematopoietic organs and wing discs connected with epidermis were directionally irradiated from epidermis to hematopoietic organ and then cultured so as to exclude circulating hemocytes. A few hemocytes had escaped irradiation according to extremely low hematopoiesis in vitro. Almost no hemocytes could incorporate BrdU at 60 h after irradiation, with which living and proliferating hemocytes are also labeled. In the absence of circulating hemocytes, the irradiation-escaped hemocytes in the organs were not enough for cleaning all dead cells because lots of small dead bodies remained in situ post-irradiation. After irradiating hematopoietic organs in larvae (in vivo irradiation), only a few apoptotic cells were found when given the same length of recovery time, and most hemocytes maintained normal morphology. Many hemocytes incorporated BrdU when tested at the same time as the in vitro irradiation but this number was lower than that measured for control organs. Circulating hemocytes, labeled by fluorescent microbeads through phagocytosis before irradiation, were found to have invaded the in vivo irradiated hematopoietic organs where they help the irradiation-escaped hemocytes to clear dead cells in the process of regeneration. Hematopoiesis of the regenerated hematopoietic organs did not fully recover to the level of the control organs according to the number of hemocytes produced in tissue culture. Some of the released hemocytes obviously underwent apoptosis, suggesting a far-reaching bystander effect of carbon ion beams irradiation on hemocytes inside. From these results, it is suggested that, together with irradiation-escaped hemocytes, the invaded circulating hemocytes took part in the regeneration of heavy ion beams irradiated hematopoietic organs through the way of phagocytosis of injured hemocytes in vivo.

Effects of sinusoidal magnetic fields on chawki silkworm rearing have been studied. The experiment was conducted using a multi X Bi silkworm hybrid, PM x CSR 2. Disease-free layings were reared from hatching to cocooning and by subjecting first and second instar to three magnetic field frequencies: 0.1, 1.0, and 10 Hz at 1500 nT, pp, for six days at six hours per day. Controls were maintained simultaneously. Larval durations for both young-stage chawki (I and II) and late stage (III, IV, V) were calculated in days and hours, including the feeding and moulting periods for I to IV instars, and the feeding period for V instar up to the time of spinning. The study revealed that the magnetic exposures reduced both feeding and moulting times with no adverse effects on larval growth. The substantial reductions in time, 33 hours in instars I and II, and 64 hours in total larval duration, could be commercially important in chawki rearing, saving time, leaf consumption, and labor expenses.

Serial analysis of gene expression (SAGE) was used to examine the profile of expressed genes during embryonic development in the domesticated silkworm, Bombyx mori, after irradiation with Cobalt-60. A comparison of the SAGE sequence tags derived from irradiated embryos with those from normal embryos revealed 673 differentially expressed genes (P < 0.01 and at least three folds change). Of these, 292 genes were highly expressed in normal embryos and 381 genes were highly expressed in irradiated embryos. These results provide valuable information for understanding the mechanisms of radiation-induced changes in gene expression. In addition, it was noted that the generation of longer cDNA fragments from SAGE tags is an efficient way to identify genes, thereby facilitating the analysis of large numbers of unknown genes.

The effect of heterosis was studied in several quantitative traits of clone breed and interbreed silkworm hybrids exposed to electromagnetic irradiation (lambda = 1.6 cm, power density 700 microW/cm2) during postdiapause embryonic development. The influence of the type of reproduction on the manifestation of irradiation effects in the next generation was also examined. In hybrids, the resistance to low-intensity high-frequency irradiation was higher than in the parental forms. Unlike the latter, the hybrids showed no significant modification of the traits after the exposure to electromagnetic irradiation. In the second generation, the modifying effect of irradiation is retained in the case of parthenogenetic silkworm development but not after mating.

Localised UV laser irradiation of Bombyx eggs at the fertilisation stage causes localised cuticle defects in the integument of the resultant larvae. Based on the correlation between the site of irradiation and the site of defects, I previously established a fate map of the larval integument of Bombyx mori. Although most of the internal organs of the irradiated specimens were eliminated in the acidic fixative used for cuticle preparation, silk proteins which had accumulated in the gland lumen were resistant to the acid treatment and silk gland morphology was thus preserved. Taking advantage of this phenomenon, I continued fate mapping, now of the larval silk glands of Bombyx mori, utilising the same specimens that were prepared and analysed in the previous study. Of 710 irradiated specimens analysed, 452 showed two normal glands, 27 showed one normal and one deformed gland, 21 showed one normal gland only, and 210 showed no silk gland. The sites of irradiation that caused the deletion of a silk gland were located within a limited area that entirely overlapped the ventral half of the area where irradiation caused defects in the labium. These results are consistent with previous histological descriptions stating that the silk glands develop from the paired invaginations in the labial segment. Based on the data, the presumptive region for the larval silk glands was located on the previously established Bombyx fate map.

In order to investigate whether eggs of the black-striped strain (P(S)) of the silkworm, Bombyx mori, represent an appropriate model for estimating the biological effect of cosmic radiation, radiosensitivity of the eggs against X-rays and heavy ion particles was examined as ground-based experiments. The exposure of diapause eggs to X-rays or heavy ion particles resulted in somatic mutations appearing as a white spot on the black integument during larval stage. Irradiation of non-diapause eggs with X-rays demonstrated a significant difference in frequency of the mutation between fractionated and single administration doses, but no difference was observed in diapause eggs. Incidence of the mutation as induced by carbon ion beams for 15-day old eggs was higher for eggs that had been kept at 15 degrees C than those kept at 25 degrees C. Neon beam irradiation of diapause eggs displayed dose- and linear energy transfer (LET)-dependent effects, causing a maximal rate of the mutation at 150 keV/microm. These results confirm that B. mori eggs represent valid models for estimating the biological effects of cosmic radiation.

To study the effects of heavy-ion radiosurgery on the hemopoietic function of a silkworm, hemopoietic organs of larvae were locally irradiated with carbon-ion beams, and the changes in the hemocyte density and in the hemocyte function were investigated. When the larvae were irradiated by 50 Gy to 300 Gy carbon ions on the 3rd day of the 4th instar, the hemocyte densities did not change for a while, though they gradually increased at a later stage, but were finally still significantly lower than those of unirradiated controls. The hemocyte densities of the larvae irradiated at different developmental stages showed suppressed increments, and carbon-ion irradiation given to larvae at early stages compared to the later stages had a significant suppressive effect on the hemocyte densities. On unilateral irradiated larvae a hemocyte intermediate increment between those of bilateral irradiated larvae and unirradiated controls was observed. The percentage of dead hemocytes was obviously higher for irradiated larvae than unirradiated controls during the later 5th instar. Thus, it is evident that carbon-ion radiosurgery on hemopoietic organs of silkworm induced not only a quantitative change, but also a qualitative change in the hemocytes.

It was the aim of the study to test the applicability of radiosurgery in inactivating a specific organ through local irradiation with heavy ion beams. Silkworms were exposed to whole-body or local irradiation with carbon ion beams ((12)C(5+), 18.3 MeV/u, range=1.1 mm). After irradiation at the wandering stage, no significant differences were observed regarding either survival or cocoon quality between locally irradiated larvae and controls. Only localized effects were seen, such as the deletion of wings and functional disorders of the reproduction primordium, depending on both irradiation dose and site. This observation was not true for whole-body irradiated larvae. After local irradiation of the hemopoietic organs at the 4th instar premolting stage, the hemocyte densities were clearly reduced and the hemopoietic organ capacity was disrupted. The change in hemocyte densities was accompanied by changes of hemolymph components. These results show that radiosurgery utilizing heavy ion beams can destroy a specific organ or tissue in a living organism.

To investigate the effects of cosmic radiation and microgravity on embryogenesis and organogenesis in Bombyx eggs, two different stages of eggs, the early stage after oviposition and the diapause-terminated eggs, were loaded on the US Space Shuttle/Atlantis (STS-84) for a 9 day flight. More than 85% of the early stage eggs hatched in the flight sample and the ground control. In the diapause-terminated eggs, the percentage of unhatched eggs were 43% in the ground control and 56% in the flight sample. In these eggs, uncompleted embryonic reversal was observed two-fold higher percentage in the flight sample than in the ground control. The incidence of abnormality such as the larvae with segmental fusion and the appearance of abnormal crescent marking in the flight sample was significantly higher than that in the ground control. This was also observed in the 1st and 2nd filial generation of the flight sample. From these results, unsuccessful blastokinesis and the abnormal appearance was discussed in relation to cosmic radiation and microgravity.

Eggs of B. mori were irradiated with UV (254.4 nm wavelength) for different durations. Increase in the time of exposure to UV decreased the percentage hatchability of the eggs, cocoon and pupal weights. The shell weight remained unaltered proving the stability of silk gland DNA. Irradiation of eggs also delayed the degradation/utilization of the embryonic proteins, viz. vitellin (heavy and light subunits), egg-specific protein and 30K protein.

A study was made of the formation and repair of apurine-apyrimidine (AP) sites in DNA of gamma-irradiated 3- and 7-day embryos of Bombyx mori differing drastically in radiosensitivity. The number of AP-sites in DNA immediately after irradiation was much larger in DNA of 3-day embryos than in DNA of 7-day embryos. The kinetics of the postirradiation recovery of AP sites in DNA of 3- and 7-day Bombyx mori embryos was heterogeneous and varied significantly.

Studies have been made on formation and reparation of apurine-apyrimidine (AP) regions, monothread DNA ruptures, as well as on inhibition and recovery of DNA synthesis in gamma-irradiated 3- and 7-day embryos of the silkworm which sharply differ in their radiosensitivity. It was shown that in 3-day embryos, the number of AP regions and DNA ruptures immediately after irradiation is significantly higher than in 7-day embryos. DNA synthesis is more radiosensitive in 3-day embryos as compared to that in 7-day ones. Kinetics of postradiation recovery of regions and DNA ruptures in 3- and 7-day embryos is heterogeneous and significantly different. However, radiation inhibition and postradiation recovery of DNA synthesis in irradiated 3- and 7-day embryos are associated mainly with postradiation survival of these embryos.

The effect of chronic radiation, 100, 1000 and 4000 times exceeding the natural background radiation, on embryogenesis of silkworm, Bombyx mori has been investigated. It is shown that low level ionizing radiation shortens by several hours the period of embryogenesis while the larva mass increases as the development proceeds. A single preincubational exposure of silkworm eggs to a dose of 2 Gy increases the mass of larvae as well as the cocoon shell weight, silk-bearing and the raw silk production.

Gamma irradiation of a grain during embryogenesis at an intensity only 100 times exceeding that of the natural radioactive background reduces by 4-7 h the average time of embryogenesis for different species and hybrids of thesilworm embryo. The 10- and 40-time increase in the radiation intensity decreases the stimulatory effect and leads to the delay in the development.

A detailed presentation is made of the experimental data from the various systems used by Abrahamson et al. [2] to conclude that the per locus per rad (low LET) radiation-induced forward mutation rates in organisms, whose DNA content varies by a factor of about 1000, is proportional to genome size. Additional information pertinent in this context is also reviewed. It is emphasized that the mutation rates cited by Abrahamson et al. [2], although considered as pertaining to mutations at specific loci, actually derive from a broad variety of genetic end-points. It is argued that an initial (if not sufficient) condition for sound inter-specific mutation rate comparisions, covering a wide range of organisms and detecting systems of various sensitivities, requires a reasonalbly consistent biological definition of a specific locus mutation, namely, a transmissible intra-locus change. Granting the differences between systems in their resolving power to detect intragenic change, the data cited in this paper do not support the existence of a simple proportionality between radiotion-induced intra-locus mutation rate and genome size for the different species reviewed here. Furthermore, in Drosophila melanogaster, where individual salivary gland chromosome bands (that can differ greatly in DNA content) are usually associated with individual loci or at least distinct complementation groups, radiation-induced intra-locus mutation rates are not correlated with apparent differences in the DNA content of bands. This result is incompatible with the notion that most of the DNA in a band represents a radiation-mutable target capable of eliciting the kind of mutation observed in mutation rate experiments. All these considerations argue against the validity of the hypothesis of Abrahamson et al. [2] and their generalization that, for the evaluation of genetic radiation hazards in man, we can now "extrapolate from mutation rates obtained in lower organisms to man with greater confidence" on the basis of DNA content (italics are ours).