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The RNA-Seq profiling of Herbaspirillum seropedicae SmR1 wild-type and ntrC mutant was performed under aerobic and three nitrogen conditions (ammonium limitation, ammonium shock, and nitrate shock) to identify the major metabolic pathways modulated by these nitrogen sources and those dependent on NtrC. Under ammonium limitation, H. seropedicae scavenges nitrogen compounds by activating transporter systems and metabolic pathways to utilize different nitrogen sources and by increasing proteolysis, along with genes involved in carbon storage, cell protection, and redox balance, while downregulating those involved in energy metabolism and protein synthesis. Growth on nitrate depends on the narKnirBDHsero_2899nasA operon responding to nitrate and NtrC. Ammonium shock resulted in a higher number of genes differently expressed when compared to nitrate. Our results showed that NtrC activates a network of transcriptional regulators to prepare the cell for nitrogen starvation, and also synchronizes nitrogen metabolism with carbon and redox balance pathways. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

1. The aim of this study was to estimate heritability and genetic correlations, first among behavioural responses of juvenile South African Black ostriches towards humans and secondly with slaughter weight and skin traits.2. Behavioural traits, such as willingness of the birds to approach humans, keeping a distance from the human observer and allowing touch interactions by a human were recorded (n = 1012 birds). In addition, slaughter weight, skin size, scores for nodule size, nodule shape and the presence of hair follicles were recorded.3. Single- and multi-trait animal model analyses performed on the data using ASReml4 revealed high heritability estimates of 0.44 for allowing touch interactions and 0.48 for both willingness to approach and keeping a distance from the human observer. In addition, significant genetic correlations among behavioural response traits were estimated, ranging from −0.99 between keeping a distance and willingness to approach the human observer, to 0.87 between allowing touch interactions and willingness to approach the human observer.4. In contrast, genetic correlations of behavioural response traits with most slaughter and skin traits were low, variable, and not significant. The exception was hair follicle score, which appeared to be unfavourably correlated with key behavioural traits.5. This study suggested that the temperament of ostriches could be improved by selection of birds that demonstrate willingness to associate with humans without compromising slaughter weight or skin traits. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Animal models are used in cancer pre‐clinical research to identify drug targets, select compound candidates for clinical trials, determine optimal drug dosages, identify biomarkers, and ensure compound safety. This tutorial aims to provide an overview of study design and data analysis from animal studies, focusing on tumor growth inhibition (TGI) studies used for prioritization of anticancer compounds. Some of the experimental design aspects discussed here include the selection of the appropriate biological models, the choice of endpoints to be used for the assessment of anticancer activity (tumor volumes, tumor growth rates, events, or categorical endpoints), considerations on measurement errors and potential biases related to this type of study, sample size estimation, and discussions on missing data handling. The tutorial also reviews the statistical analyses employed in TGI studies, considering both continuous endpoints collected at single time‐point and continuous endpoints collected longitudinally over multiple time‐points. Additionally, time‐to‐event analysis is discussed for studies focusing on event occurrences such as animal deaths or tumor size reaching a certain threshold. Furthermore, for TGI studies involving categorical endpoints, statistical methodology is outlined to compare outcomes among treatment groups effectively. Lastly, this tutorial also discusses analysis for assessing drug combination synergy in TGI studies, which involves combining treatments to enhance overall treatment efficacy. The tutorial also includes R sample scripts to help users to perform relevant data analysis of this topic. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Laser-based powder bed fusion of metals (PBF-LB/M) is an additive manufacturing process enabling the fabrication of parts with highly complex and customizable geometries, enhanced strength-to-weight properties, and minimized material waste. Despite its unique capabilities, PBF-LB/M needs research and innovation efforts to enhance process dynamics and product quality, as well as to broaden its adoption in high-value industrial sectors, such as aerospace and biomedical. In this context, in-process monitoring solutions and post-process part quality evaluations are fundamental to improving the process towards sustainable, first-time-right, and zero-defect production. This paper describes a novel building plate concept for metal laser powder fusion, whose characteristics were specifically designed to enable and improve the performances of in-process monitoring and high-resolution X-ray computed tomography (CT) measurements. In particular, the plate features markers for perspective correction in off-axis optical monitoring and dismountable inserts with machined geometrical elements to be used for the precise alignment between high-resolution CT reconstructions, in-process gathered data, and building volume geometry. The plate capabilities were demonstrated through examples related to in-process monitoring and post-process X-ray CT measurements. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The aim of this work is to present the results of research carried out in a city in the interior of São Paulo that sought to understand the health needs of women released from prisons in the region who are cared for at a Center for Attention to Egress and Family (CAEF) as well as the barriers they report in obtaining support, discussing them in light of educational health interventions described in the international literature. This study conducted formative research to identify the themes and issues that should be included in educational material. Data were collected through body-map storytelling and semi-structured interviews with six and twenty women released from prison, respectively, and nine interviews with professionals from the CAEF and the health sector of a women's penitentiary in the study location. The main health demands of the women identified in the study were chronic diseases, mental health, gynecological problems, and sexually transmitted diseases, which constitute individual barriers and are aggravated by others of a relational, institutional, and political-systemic nature. It is hoped that the present study will inspire new interventions to be considered in the Brazilian context based on these results. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The industrial landscape has evolved from mass production to demand-driven systems in a competitive market. Companies face constant change, prompting a need for efficiency and flexibility in operations. The Toyota production system, developed in the 1950s, emphasizes waste reduction and pull-based production. This article explores how the Toyota system is applied in a metallurgical company to reduce waste and improve processes through Kaizen. The general objective of this article is to analyze the pulled production system and its contribution to reducing inventories in the production process in a metallurgical company. This study was operationalized through a qualitative analysis, with the aid of the case study research method within a metallurgical production context. The study participants are a specific sector of the company and data collection involves documentary analysis and secondary data. Data analysis includes content analysis, focusing on reducing lead time and inventories in the production process. Through the implementation of the pull system and the value flow, the production process was optimized, reducing stocks, facilitating quality control, and allowing the rapid identification of anomalies. The development of a future state flow map showed how Toyota Production System tools, such as 5S, visual management and Kanban, can be applied to promote continuous improvement in the manufacturing process. The implementation of the pull system in the sector brought improvements such as production on customer demand, reduced and qualified stocks, ensuring timely deliveries in line with the philosophy of the Toyota Production System, which prioritizes production according to the customer's needs. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The inner structures of the eye are protected by the cornea, which is a transparent membrane exposed to the external environment and subjected to the risk of lesions and diseases, sometimes resulting in impaired vision and blindness. Several eye pathologies can be treated with a keratoplasty, a surgical procedure aimed at replacing the cornea with tissues from human donors. Even though the success rate is high (up to 90% for the first graft in low-risk patients at 5-year follow-up), this approach is limited by the insufficient number of donors and several clinically relevant drawbacks. Alternatively, keratoprosthesis can be applied in an attempt to restore minimal functions of the cornea: For this reason, it is used only for high-risk patients. Recently, many biomaterials of both natural and synthetic origin have been developed as corneal substitutes to restore and replace diseased or injured corneas in low-risk patients. After illustrating the traditional clinical approaches, the present paper aims to review the most innovative solutions that have been recently proposed to regenerate the cornea, avoiding the use of donor tissues. Finally, innovative approaches to biological tissue 3D printing and xenotransplantation will be mentioned. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

A comprehensive overview of the state of knowledge on the ChilopodaGeophilomorpha of the Asian part of Russia is presented, based on the critical revision of all published morphological descriptions and all geographical records. Revised diagnoses for all the 38 nominal species so far reported from Asian Russia are given, with comments on their validity. Among them a total of 18 species are recorded only from this region and many of them from a single locality only. The species belong to Geophilidae s. l., (in the genera Arctogeophilus, Geophilus, Pachymerium, and Strigamia), Schendylidae (Escaryus), and Mecistocephalidae (Agnostrup, Arrup, and Tygarrup). At least two species have been introduced, namely Geophilus flavus and Tygarrup javanicus. The history of studies on the Geophilomorpha in the Asian part of Russia are also summarized. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Callithrix aurita is an endangered small primate endemic to the Atlantic Forest. The present work reports the labor of a free‐living C. aurita, through observation of its length and offspring viability. A conservative treatment was used to maintain fetal viability, in view of the species conservation importance. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background: Multiple system atrophy (MSA) is considered a primarily sporadic neurodegenerative disease, but the role of genetic is poorly understood. Case: We present a female patient of Moroccan origin who developed a rapidly progressive non-levodopa responsive parkinsonism, gait and balance problems, and dysautonomia including severe bulbar symptoms. She was diagnosed with MSA Parkinsonian-type (MSA-P) and suddenly died at night at 58 years of age. Reduced striatal DAT-SPECT, putaminal hyperintensity on T2-MRI, and hypometabolism with FDG-PET were present. Genetic testing documented a G2019S mutation in the LRRK2 gene. A skin biopsy was obtained and used to perform alpha-synuclein RT-QuIC, which was negative, and immunohistochemical analysis, which demonstrated abnormal alpha-synuclein deposits in cutaneous nerves. Elevated blood neurofilament light chain levels were also documented. Conclusions: LRRK2 mutations are the most common cause of monogenic Parkinson's disease (PD) and G2019S is the most frequent variant. Our patient presented with biological, clinical, and radiological features of MSA, but genetic testing revealed a G2019S LRRK2 mutation, which has been previously reported only in one other case of pathologically proven MSA but with mild progression. In our patient, post-mortem confirmation could not be performed, but RT-QuIC and immunohistochemical findings on skin biopsy support the diagnosis of MSA. G2019S LRRK2 may be linked to an increased risk of MSA. Cases of atypical parkinsonism with rapid disease course should be screened for PD-related genes especially in populations with a high prevalence of mutations in known genes. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Strigamia centipedes are widespread in European forest soils. However, a complex and inconsistent taxonomy has developed over time. Based on a modern species concept, we evaluated multiple lines of evidence for speciation among inland populations of Strigamia from the Italian region to the Baltic region, across central Europe. Hypotheses of species delimitation were drawn independently from: (1) morphological differentiation, by means of model-based cluster analyses of 52 specimens, after controlling for allometry and sexual dimorphism; (2) syntopy of morphologically distinct individuals, assumed to be representatives of coexistent species, from > 700 sites; and (3) molecular differentiation, by various methods applied to cytochrome c subunit I sequences of the same 52 specimens. Diagnoses and geographical distributions were revised by re-examining > 2000 specimens and the entire literature. We found preliminary evidence for: a Strigamia acuminata species complex, widespread, including a candidate species from the Eastern Alps differing in the forcipules; a Strigamia carniolensis species complex, hitherto often called Strigamia crassipes , widespread south of the Alps but absent from Sicily; a Strigamia crassipes species complex, hitherto often called Strigamia transsilvanica , more widespread than previously known, including three candidate species co-occurring in the Western Alps and differing in body size and the number of legs despite little genetic divergence; and Strigamia engadina , exclusive to a narrow part of the Central Alps. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Cave-dwelling species are of special interest in evolutionary biology, because (i) many share particular traits associated with the cave habitat (troglomorphic traits), and (ii) some represent relict lineages that may conserve ancestral traits or possibly transitional traits, which may provide insights into the evolution of other highly derived species. However, these different kinds of characters are hard to assess thoroughly in troglobionts belonging to little known terrestrial arthropod groups. We describe a new species of centipedes from the Areias System caves, Brazil, namely, Plutogeophilus jurupariquibaba gen.n. sp.n., which adds to the few putative troglobionts known among Chilopoda Geophilomorpha. We analyzed a suite of characters in the light of a phylogenetic analysis and by direct comparison with epigean relatives, controlling for interindividual variation and its confounding sources. We found that: (i) troglomorphic traits of P. jurupariquibaba may include large body, elongate antennae, elongate legs and claws, and possibly also elongate setae and large coxal pores; (ii) the cave-dwelling Plutogeophilus is the sister lineage of the soil-dwelling Macronicophilus, whose morphology is highly derived and whose phylogenetic position remained unclear; (iii) compared with other extant geophilids, symplesiomorphic traits and apparently intermediate traits found in Plutogeophilus provide insights on the origin of the morphology of Macronicophilus, suggesting a stepwise modification of labrum, forcipular apparatus and ultimate legs, and the derivation of the unique rounded and spiny tip of the second maxillae from a pointed claw. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Digital devices have gained popularity in the last 10 years as a tool for exercise prescription, the monitoring of daily physical activity, and nutrition for the management of a health-related parameter. Therefore, the aim of this study was to assess the effectiveness of the use of digital devices to monitor exercise data in sedentary persons with HIV who exercise following an individualized activity pacing (AP) protocol on cardiorespiratory fitness body composition, blood lipid profile, and psychological parameters. Twenty-four PLWH were enrolled in an 18-week randomized, open-label, pilot AP exercise protocol. All participants were monitored by a Health Band connected to a mobile app that transmitted the data to a server. At week 3, they were randomized either in an experimental group (EG), in which an open device configuration enabled them to receive training data feedback (n = 12), or continued with no data feedback (control group, n = 12). The primary endpoint was improvement from the baseline of 15% of steady-state oxygen consumption ( V ˙ O2) during a 6-min walking test. Technical issues occurred when pairing the health band with the app, which prevented EG participants from regularly receiving data feedback, and with data transmission to the server, which enabled only 40% monitoring of the total training days. Consequently, the study outcomes could not be compared between the two groups, and participants also lost confidence in the study. However, 19 out of 24 participants completed the AP program. Overall, only 6 (32%) improved steady-state V ˙ O2, with no significant changes at W18 from the baseline. Significant reductions were observed of BMI (p = 0.040), hip circumference (p = 0.027), and total-(p = 0.049) and HDL-cholesterol (p = 0.045). The failure of digital device performance substantially affected study procedures, monitoring, and participants' engagement, and likely limited the potential benefits of the AP exercise program. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

How" an action is performed is not solely determined by biomechanical constraints, but it depends on the agent's intention, that is, "why" the action is performed. Recent findings suggest that intentions can be specified at a tangible and quantifiable level in the kinematics of movements; that is, different motor intentions translate into different kinematic patterns. In the present study, we used 3D kinematical analysis to investigate whether the organization of climbing plants' approach-to-grasp action is sensitive to the kind of intention driving their movement toward potential support, namely individual or social. For the individual condition, a plant in isolation acted upon the support. For the social condition, two plants were located in the same pot opposite to each other with a support in the middle. Results indicate differences in kinematics depending on the context within which the plant is acting. In the presence of neighbors, climbing plants are able to modify their behaviors to maximize their long-term gains, including the grasping of a potential support. Overall, these data suggest that the organization of climbing plants' kinematics is sensitive to the "intention" driving their movement toward a potential support. To discuss this phenomenon, we capitalize on the concept of motor intentionality in plants and on available theories concerned to motor cognition. We suggest how they could be revisited to explain the intentionality component inherent in plant life and other brainless organisms. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In the Localization game played on graphs, a set of cops uses distance probes to identify the location of an invisible robber. We present an extension of the game and its main parameter, the localization number, to oriented graphs. We present several bounds on the localization number of an oriented graph, including a tight bound via strong components, a bound using a linear programming problem on hypergraphs, and bounds in terms of DAG-width. A family of oriented graphs of order n is given with localization number (1 − o (1)) n / 2. We investigate the localization number of random and quasi-random tournaments, including Paley tournaments. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Complex networks are pervasive in the real world, capturing dyadic interactions between pairs of vertices, and a large corpus has emerged on their mining and modeling. However, many phenomena are comprised of polyadic interactions between more than two vertices. Such complex hypergraphs range from emails among groups of individuals, scholarly collaboration, or joint interactions of proteins in living cells. Complex hypergraphs and their models form an emergent topic, requiring new models and techniques. A key generative principle within social and other complex networks is transitivity, where friends of friends are more likely friends. The previously proposed Iterated Local Transitivity (ILT) model incorporated transitivity as an evolutionary mechanism. The ILT model provably satisfies many observed properties of social networks, such as densification, low average distances, and high clustering coefficients. We propose a new, generative model for complex hypergraphs based on transitivity, called the Iterated Local Transitivity Hypergraph (or ILTH) model. In ILTH, we iteratively apply the principle of transitivity to form new hypergraphs. The resulting model generates hypergraphs simulating properties observed in real-world complex hypergraphs, such as densification and low average distances. We consider properties unique to hypergraphs not captured by their 2-section. We show that certain motifs, which are specified subhypergraphs of small order, have faster growth rates in ILTH hypergraphs than in random hypergraphs with the same order and expected average degree. We show that the graphs admitting a homomorphism into the 2-section of the initial hypergraph appear as induced subgraphs in the 2-section of ILTH hypergraphs. We consider new and existing hypergraph clustering coefficients, and show that these coefficients have larger values in ILTH hypergraphs than in comparable random hypergraphs. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Phosphodiesterase 4 inhibitors (PDE4-I), which selectively increase cyclic adenosine monophosphate (cAMP) levels, have shown neuroprotective effects after several neurological injuries inducing blood–brain barrier (BBB) damage including local/focal cerebral ischemia. The present investigated whether roflumilast confers BBB neuroprotection in the hippocampus after transient global cerebral ischemia (TGCI) in rats. TGCI resulted in whole BBB disruption as measured by the increase of Evans blue (EB) and IgG extravasation, neurodegeneration, and downregulation of claudin-5 and endothelial nitric oxide synthase (eNOS) levels in the CA1 hippocampal subfield of ischemic rats. Roflumilast attenuated BBB disruption and restored the levels of eNOS in the CA1 hippocampal area. Moreover, roflumilast increased the levels of B2 cell lymphoma (BcL-2) and neuron-glial antigen-2 (NG2) in the CA1 subfield after global ischemia in rats. The protective effects of roflumilast against TGCI-induced BBB breakdown might involve preservation of BBB integrity, vascularization and angiogenesis, and myelin repair. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

We study p-Faulty Search, a variant of the classic cow-path optimization problem, where a unit speed robot searches the half-line (or 1-ray) for a hidden item. The searcher is probabilistically faulty, and detection of the item with each visitation is an independent Bernoulli trial whose probability of success p is known. The objective is to minimize the worst case expected detection time, relative to the distance of the hidden item to the origin. A variation of the same problem was first proposed by Gal (Search games, Academic Press, New York, 1980). Alpern and Gal (The theory of search games and rendezvous, Springer, Berlin, 2003) proposed a so-called monotone solution for searching the line (2-rays); that is, a trajectory in which the newly searched space increases monotonically in each ray and in each iteration. Moreover, they conjectured that an optimal trajectory for the 2-rays problem must be monotone. We show that an analogous conjecture for the case where the search domain is the half-line cannot be correct. Indeed, we provide a lower bound for all monotone algorithms, which we also match with an upper bound. Our main contribution is the design and analysis of a sequence of refined search strategies, outside the family of monotone algorithms, which we call t-sub-monotone algorithms. Such algorithms induce performance that is strictly decreasing with t, and for all p ∈ (0 , 1) . The value of t quantifies, in a certain sense, how much our algorithms deviate from being monotone, demonstrating that monotone algorithms are sub-optimal when searching the half-line. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In this work, we investigate a cosmological model in the context of the covariant formalism proposed by Canuto et al. where the notion of atomic and gravitational units is invoked. We consider a minimally coupled scalar field as gravitational source, including a self-interacting potential. It is possible to determine the symmetries associated to the correspondent field theory using the Noether procedure, through the Lie derivative construction. This permits to determine the scale function β (t) , present in the covariant formalism, that maps the physics between descriptions in atomic and gravitational units. In gravitational units it is verified that the Klein–Gordon field behaves as a dark constituent. On the other hand, in atomic units what emerges is an initially accelerated universe, with a later incursion into a decelerated one, mirroring the usual matter/radiation age. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

We previously reported that cyclin D3‐null mice display a shift toward the slow, oxidative phenotype in skeletal muscle, improved exercise endurance, and increased energy expenditure. Here, we explored the role of cyclin D3 in the physiologic response of skeletal muscle to external stimuli and in a model of muscle degenerative disease. We show that cyclin D3‐null mice exhibit a further transition from glycolytic to oxidative muscle fiber type in response to voluntary exercise and an improved response to fasting. Since fast glycolytic fibers are known to be more susceptible to degeneration in Duchenne muscular dystrophy (DMD), we examined the effects of cyclin D3 inactivation on skeletal muscle phenotype in the mdx mouse model of DMD. Compared with control mdx mice, cyclin D3‐deficient mdx mice display a higher proportion of slower and more oxidative myofibers, reduced muscle degenerative/regenerative processes, and reduced myofiber size variability, indicating an attenuation of dystrophic histopathology. Furthermore, mdx muscles lacking cyclin D3 exhibit reduced fatigability during repeated electrical stimulations. Notably, cyclin D3‐null mdx mice show enhanced performance during recurrent trials of endurance treadmill exercise, and post‐exercise muscle damage results decreased while the regenerative capacity is boosted. In addition, muscles from exercised cyclin D3‐deficient mdx mice display increased oxidative capacity and increased mRNA expression of genes involved in the regulation of oxidative metabolism and the response to oxidative stress. Altogether, our findings indicate that depletion of cyclin D3 confers benefits to dystrophic muscle, suggesting that cyclin D3 inhibition may represent a promising therapeutic strategy against DMD. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This research aimed to explore the effect of different concentrations (5–7%) of PCA-MA (polyolefin compatibilizer additive with maleic anhydride) on the properties and migration potential of two different multilayer packaging materials currently used for meat products: PE/PE/ad/PA/ad/PE/PE and PE/ad/PA/EVOH/PA/ad/PE (PE: polyethylene; ad: adhesive; PA: polyamide; EVOH: ethylene vinyl alcohol). The incorporation of PCA-MA resulted in the reduction of the crystallinity index and consequently, a reduction in tensile strength and puncture resistance was experienced. Additionally, a loss of water vapor barrier was observed, and the overall and specific migrations of maleic anhydride to the aqueous and fatty food simulants were below the quantification limit of the methods used. Therefore, they are within the specifications of the current legislation of food contact materials. Overall, although PCA-MA incorporation resulted in some loss of packaging properties, this additive can be considered an attractive alternative to facilitate the recycling process of these complex materials. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background and purpose: The best reperfusion treatment for patients with mild acute ischaemic stroke harbouring proximal anterior circulation large vessel occlusion (LVO) is unknown. The aim was to compare the safety and efficacy of intravenous thrombolysis (IVT) plus endovascular thrombectomy (EVT) versus IVT alone in LVO patients with mild symptoms. Methods: From the Safe Implementation of Treatment in Stroke–International Stroke Thrombolysis and Thrombectomy Register (SITS‐ISTR), were included: (i) consecutive acute ischaemic stroke patients, (ii) treated within 4.5 h from symptoms onset, (iii) baseline National Institutes of Health Stroke Scale (NIHSS) score ≤5 and (iv) intracranial internal carotid artery [ICA], M1 or T occlusion [defined as occlusion of ICA terminal bifurcation]. After propensity score matching, 3‐month functional outcomes (modified Rankin Scale [mRS] 0–1 and 0–2) and safety outcomes (symptomatic intracerebral haemorrhage and death) were compared (via univariable and multivariable logistic [and ordinal] regression analyses) in patients treated with IVT + EVT versus IVT alone. Results: In all, 1037 patients were included. After propensity score matching (n = 312 per group), IVT + EVT was independently associated with poor functional outcomes (adjusted odds ratio [aOR] 0.46 for mRS 0–1, 95% confidence interval [CI] 0.30–0.72, p = 0.001; aOR 0.52 for mRS 0–2, 95% CI 0.32–0.84, p = 0.007; aOR 1.61 for 1‐point shift in mRS score, 95% CI 1.12–2.32, p = 0.011), with no significant differences in safety outcomes compared to IVT alone, despite numerically higher rates of symptomatic intracerebral haemorrhage (3.3% vs. 1.1%; p = 0.082), a higher rate of any haemorrhagic transformation (17.6% vs. 7.3%; p < 0.001) and subarachnoid haemorrhage (7.9% vs. 1.5%; p = 0.002) in the IVT + EVT group. Discussion: In anterior circulation LVO patients presenting with NIHSS score ≤5, IVT + EVT (vs. IVT alone) was associated with poorer 3‐month functional outcome. Randomized controlled trials are needed to elucidate the best treatments in mild LVO patients. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The bandgaps of CsPbI3 perovskite nanocrystals are measured by absorption spectroscopy at cryogenic temperatures. Anomalous bandgap shifts are observed in CsPbI3 nanocubes and nanoplatelets, which are modeled accurately by bandgap renormalization due to lattice vibrational modes. We find that decreasing dimensionality of the CsPbI3 lattice in nanoplatelets greatly reduces electron-phonon coupling, and dominant out-of-plane quantum confinement results in a homogeneously broadened absorption line shape down to cryogenic temperatures. An absorption tail forms at low-temperatures in CsPbI3 nanocubes, which we attribute to shallow defect states positioned near the valence band edge. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Although brain amyloidosis was detected with CSF biomarker, a diagnosis of co-morbid Alzheimer disease was excluded due to negative biomarkers of amyloid-related neurodegeneration. In fact, the diagnosis of probable bvFTD requires functional imaging in cases where brain CT/MRI does not reveal atrophic changes in frontal and/or temporal lobes [[7]]. 1[ 18 F]FDG-PET/MRI of the brain of the patient detailing mild hypometabolism in the bilateral fronto-mesial cortex and involvement of the caudate nucleus bilaterally, which appears hypometabolic compared to the putamen. [Extracted from the article]

Background: Studies on social participation point out some limitations in participatory architecture. For this reason, the World Health Organization designed a model with key components for bringing civil society and governments closer together. Objectives: This study aimed to identify the aspects that influence participation based on the components proposed by the World Health Organization. Methodology: This case study used a qualitative and cross-sectional approach. Data were collected through document analysis, non-participant observation, and semi-structured interviews in 2020 and 2021 with the municipal health council members of an inland city in the state of São Paulo, Brazil. Results: Weaknesses were observed in the council's institutional structure, such as excessive bureaucracy, lack of user representativeness, and council members' insecurity regarding the municipality's health-related economic-financial issues. Conclusion: There is a need to strengthen the culture of participation in this municipal health council, disseminate the activities developed, and reformulate the technical-bureaucratic dynamics that predominate in this environment. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Phenology is the study of timing of periodic activities in biological life cycles. It describes an inherent component of ecosystem dynamics, and shifts in biological activity have been increasingly recognized as an indicator of global change. Although phenology is mainly studied above the ground, major ecosystem processes, such as decomposition, mineralization, and nutrient cycling, are soil‐dependent. Therefore, the phenology of soil organisms is a crucial, but understudied, aspect of terrestrial ecosystem functioning. We performed a systematic review of 96 studies, which reported 228 phenological observations, to evaluate the current knowledge of soil microbial and animal phenology. Despite the increasing number of soil phenology reports, most research is still concentrated in a few countries (centered in the Northern Hemisphere) and taxa (microbiota), with significant gaps in the most diverse regions of the globe (i.e., tropics) and important taxa (e.g., ants, termites, and earthworms). Moreover, biotic predictors (e.g., biodiversity and species interactions) have rarely been considered as possible drivers of soil organisms' phenology. We present recommendations for future soil phenology research based on an evaluation of the reported geographical, taxonomic, and methodologic trends that bias current soil phenology research. First, we highlight papers that depict good soil phenology practice, either regarding the research foci, methodological approaches, or results reporting. Then, we discuss the gaps, challenges, and opportunities for future research. Overall, we advocate that focusing both on highly diverse ecosystems and key soil organisms, while testing for the direct and indirect effects of biodiversity loss and climatic stressors, could increase our knowledge of soil functioning and enhance the accuracy of predictions depicting the effects of global change on terrestrial ecosystem functioning as a whole. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Objective: This study aimed to map the value flow of medical records of a philanthropic hospital, identifying opportunities for improvements in the process. Design/methodology/approach: A qualitative research of descriptive and exploratory bias was developed, in which the sources of evidence emerged from participant observation and documentary analysis. Therefore, data collection took place for three months in 2021, which took place in the administrative sectors of a large philanthropic hospital, and the process chosen to be mapped and analyzed was the surgical record. Result: The analysis of the process took place from the patient's discharge to the delivery of the accounts to the typing/billing sector, where the routine of the post desks was observed and the current flows were mapped through the Value Stream Mapping tool (VSM), with several wastes being detected. The time spent in the process was approximately 56 days, after the suggested improvements and drawing up the map of the future situation, this time was reduced to 28 days. With the application of the tool, waste was identified and eliminated in the mapped process, generating a possibility of cost reduction. Originality/value: The study stands out as it seeks to link the context of value stream mapping in a hospital space, opening space for new research and contributing to practical results. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The aim of this four‐armed parallel group randomized‐controlled trial was to evaluate if plyometric training could have different effects on running performance and physiological adaptations depending on the training intensity distribution (TID) in an 8‐week intervention in endurance athletes. Sixty well‐trained male runners (age: 34 ± 6 years, relative ⩒O2peak: 69 ± 3 ml kg−1 min−1) were recruited and allocated to a pyramidal (PYR), pyramidal + plyometric training (PYR + PLY), polarized (POL), and polarized + plyometric training (POL + PLY) periodization. The periodization patterns were isolated manipulations of TID, while training load was kept constant. Participants were tested pre‐ and post‐intervention for body mass, velocity at 2 and 4 mmol·L−1 of blood lactate concentration (vBLa2, vBLa4), absolute and relative ⩒O2peak and 5‐km running time trial performance, counter movement jump and squat jump. There were significant group × time interactions for vBla4 (p = 0.0235), CMJ (p = 0.0234), SJ (p = 0.0168), and 5‐km running time trial performance (p = 0.0035). Specifically, vBla4 and 5‐km running time trial performance showed the largest post‐intervention improvements in PYR + PLY (2.4% and 1.6%) and POL + PLY (2.1% and 1.8%), respectively. No significant interactions were observed for body mass, absolute and relative ⩒O2peak, peak heart rate, lactate peak and rating of perceived exertion. In conclusion, an 8‐week training periodization seems to be effective in improving performance of well‐trained endurance runners. Including plyometric training once a week appeared to be more efficacious in maximizing running performance improvements, independently from the TID adopted. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Cerebrovascular diseases represent a leading cause of disability, morbidity, and death worldwide. In the last decade, the advances in endovascular procedures have not only improved acute ischemic stroke care but also conceded a thorough analysis of patients' thrombi. Although early anatomopathological and immunohistochemical analyses have provided valuable insights into thrombus composition and its correlation with radiological features, response to reperfusion therapies, and stroke etiology, these results have been inconclusive so far. Recent studies applied single- or multi-omic approaches—such as proteomics, metabolomics, transcriptomics, or a combination of these—to investigate clot composition and stroke mechanisms, showing high predictive power. Particularly, one pilot studies showed that combined deep phenotyping of stroke thrombi may be superior to classic clinical predictors in defining stroke mechanisms. Small sample sizes, varying methodologies, and lack of adjustments for potential confounders still represent roadblocks to generalizing these findings. However, these techniques hold the potential to better investigate stroke-related thrombogenesis and select secondary prevention strategies, and to prompt the discovery of novel biomarkers and therapeutic targets. In this review, we summarize the most recent findings, overview current strengths and limitations, and present future perspectives in the field. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

We performed two experiments in high milk-producing Holstein cows. First, we evaluated the repeatability of the antral follicle count (AFC) – where all follicles were ≥2 mm in diameter – during the days of the ovulation synchronization protocol for timed artificial insemination (TAI) in dairy cows (n = 20). In the second study we investigated the follicular dynamics and Doppler ultrasonography in cows with low (≤15 follicles, n = 9) and high (≥25 follicles, n = 9) AFC, and measured progesterone (P4) concentrations during CL evaluation. In addition, the diameter of the preovulatory follicle, area of blood flow of the preovulatory follicle, CL area, and CL blood flow were compared between groups with high and low AFC. Ultrasound examinations were performed during the days of the protocol and 10 days after ovulation to assess the CL. The constancy of the AFC was analyzed by calculating the repeatability. Parametric variables were analyzed using the t -test, and nonparametric variables were analyzed using the Mann-Whitney test (P ≤ 0.05). The repeatability of the AFC on different days of the protocol was 0.98. Cows with low AFC showed a greater diameter of the preovulatory follicle (16 ± 0.3 vs. 15 ± 0.4 mm), blood flow area of the preovulatory follicle (17.3 ± 2.3 vs. 8.1 ± 3.2 mm2), CL area (579.1 ± 16.9 vs. 405.8 ± 21.2 mm2), area of CL perfusion (97.1 ± 9.4 vs. 68.3 ± 5.2 mm2), as well as higher P4 levels (3.1 ± 0.2 vs. 2.2 ± 0.2 ng/mL). In high milk-producing Holstein cows, the AFC has high repeatability on different days of the TAI protocol, and cows with a low AFC show larger preovulatory follicles and CLs with greater perfusion, in addition to greater P4 concentrations in comparison to those cows with a high AFC. [Display omitted] • Low AFC cows exhibited a greater diameter and greater blood flow of the preovulatory follicle, in comparison to high AFC cows. • Low AFC cows showed a larger corpus luteum, greater blood flow, and higher P4 concentration when compared to high AFC cows. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The objective of this study was to assess the efficiency of Trichoderma harzianum and Bacillus subtilis on postharvest control of anthracnose, the effects on postharvest quality in 'Nanicão' bananas, and the sensory acceptance of fruits. In vitro and in vivo tests were performed. The in vitro tests included the following treatments: control (distilled water), T. harzianum, B. subtilis, and thiabendazole. In vitro tests consisted of pairing Colletotrichum musae with T. harzianum and B. subtilis by daily measuring the mycelial growth of C. musae and by counting the spore germination of C. musae. For in vivo tests, the treatments were control (distilled water), T. harzianum, B. subtilis, T. harzianum + B. subtilis, and thiabendazole. In vivo tests consisted of a daily evaluation of the incidence and severity of anthracnose in 'Nanicão' bananas. Some physicochemical characteristics of fruits were evaluated (weight loss, color, pulp firmness, soluble solids (SS), titratable acidity (TA), pH, and SS/TA ratio), as well as the sensory acceptance of bananas. Based on the results, the application of T. harzianum in 'Nanicão' bananas was efficient in decreasing the severity of anthracnose caused by C. musae, but treatments with biological control agents were inefficient in this process. On postharvest quality, treatments with biological control agents seem to have accelerated the maturation process. However, results from the sensory analysis showed that fruit acceptance was not affected. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Navigation safety issues are of common interest to all maritime countries due to their actions in a complex and risky environment. The world's most serious ship accidents can cause major economic losses, loss of life, and severe environmental pollution in the sea. The data included in trust and security databases are usually collected from different sources. The accuracy of the collected data may vary from source to source due to a greater number of external and internal factors such as different manufacturers, and working and environmental conditions. The quality of the data may vary due to the incompleteness of the details, subjectivity, and experience of the data collector. Databases on the frequency of failures, the estimation of which can be based on recorded failure events, are difficult to access. Therefore, the aim of the research, based on the available statistical indicators of maritime risks and safety, is to indicate the application of mathematical statistics, analysis and assessment of unwanted events. The statistical methods proposed in the paper aim to point out the importance of prediction and the possibility of improving safety. In this sense, the polynomial function was applied. To visualize the results obtained during the research, the Excel program is used. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

(1) Background: This work aims to assess human exposure to EMF due to two different wearable antennas tuned to two 5G bands. (2) Methods: The first one was centered in the lower 5G band, around f = 3.5 GHz, whereas the second one was tuned to the upper 5G band, at 26.5 GHz. Both antennas were positioned on the trunk of four simulated human models. The exposure assessment was performed by electromagnetic numerical simulations. Exposure levels were assessed by quantifying the specific absorption rate averaged on 10 g of tissue (SAR10g) and the absorbed power density (Sab), depending on the frequency of the wearable antenna. (3) Results: the higher exposure values that resulted were always mainly concentrated in a superficial area just below the antenna itself. In addition, these resulting distributions were narrowed around their peak values and tended to flatten toward lower values in farther anatomical body regions. All the exposure levels complied with ICNIRP guidelines when considering realistic input power. (4) Conclusions: This work highlights the importance of performing an exposure assessment when the antenna is placed on the human wearer, considering the growth of wearable technology and its wide variety of application, particularly regarding future 5G networks. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

DNA recombination is a ubiquitous process that ensures genetic diversity. Contrary to textbook pictures, DNA recombination, as well as generic DNA translocations, occurs in a confined and highly entangled environment. Inspired by this observation, here, we investigate a solution of semiflexible polymer rings undergoing generic cutting and reconnection operations under spherical confinement. Our setup may be realized using engineered DNA in the presence of recombinase proteins or by considering micelle-like components able to form living (or reversibly breakable) polymer rings. We find that in such systems, there is a topological gelation transition, which can be triggered by increasing either the stiffness or the concentration of the rings. Flexible or dilute polymers break into an ensemble of short, unlinked, and segregated rings, whereas sufficiently stiff or dense polymers self-assemble into a network of long, linked, and mixed loops, many of which are knotted. We predict that the two phases should behave qualitatively differently in elution experiments monitoring the escape dynamics from a permeabilized container. Besides shedding some light on the biophysics and topology of genomes undergoing DNA reconnection in vivo, our findings could be leveraged in vitro to design polymeric complex fluids--e.g., DNA-based complex fluids or living polymer networks--with desired topologies. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This article discusses the prevalence of carbapenemase-producing organisms (CPO) colonization before and after endoscopic retrograde cholangiopancreatography (ERCP). CPO is a significant public health concern globally, and there is a known risk of transmission from contaminated duodenoscopes. The study aims to evaluate the incidence of CPO colonization after ERCP outside of infection outbreak settings. The results show that out of 510 patients screened, 22 (4.3%) tested positive for CPO before the procedure, and 8 (2.4%) had rectal colonization from CPO after the procedure. The authors suggest that routine screening with anal swabs could help estimate the burden of endoscopy-related infections and identify high-risk cases. [Extracted from the article]

Background: Bioceramic nanometer coatings have been regarded as potential substitutes for plasma-sprayed hydroxyapatite coatings, and the association with bone morphogenetic protein (BMP) is an attempt to achieve faster osseointegration to hasten oral rehabilitation. Objective: This study aimed to investigate the effect of recombinant human bone morphogenetic protein-7 (rhBMP-7) on the osseointegration of titanium implants coated with a thin film surface of hydroxyapatite (HA). Methods: Two implants (n = 24) were placed in each white New Zealand rabbits' femur (n = 6). Implants were placed in the right femur after standard instrumentation (A and B) and in the left femur after an over-instrumentation (C and D), preventing bone-implant contact. The distal implants were installed associated with rhBMP-7 (groups B [regular instrumentation] and D [over-instrumentation]) and, also, in the absence of without BMP (control groups A [regular instrumentation] and C [over-instrumentation]). After 4 weeks, the animals were euthanized. The bone blocks containing the implants were embedded in methyl methacrylate and sectioned parallel to the long axis of the implant, which were analyzed by image segmentation. The data were analyzed using a nonparametric statistical method. Results: We observed that Group A had a mean bone formation of 35.6% compared to Group B, which had 48.6% (p > 0.05). Moreover, this group showed 28.3% of connective tissue compared to Group A, with 39.3%. In the over-instrumented groups, rhBMP-7 (Group D) showed an enhanced and significant increase in bone formation when compared with the group without rhBMP-7 (Group C). Conclusion: We concluded that the association of rhBMP-7 to thin nanostructure HA-coated implants promoted greater new bone area than the same implants in the absence of rhBMP-7, mainly in cases of over-instrumented implant sites. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

(1) Background: Cooperative Intelligent Transportation Systems (C-ITS) will soon operate using 5G New-Radio (NR) wireless communication, overcoming the limitations of the current V2X (Vehicle-to-Everything) wireless communication technologies and increasing road-safety and driving efficiency. These innovations will also change the RF exposure levels of pedestrians and road-users in general. These people, in fact, will be exposed to additional RF sources coming from nearby cars and from the infrastructure. Therefore, an exposure assessment of people in the proximity of a connected car is necessary and urgent. (2) Methods: Two array antennas for 5G-V2X communication at 3.5 GHz were modelled and mounted on a realistic 3D car model for evaluating the exposure levels of a human model representing people on the road near the car. Computational simulations were conducted using the FDTD solver implemented in the Sim4Life platform; different positions and orientations between the car and the human model were assessed. The analyzed quantities were the Specific Absorption Rate on the whole body (SARwb), averaged over 10 g (SAR10g) in specific tissues, as indicated in the ICNIRP guidelines. (3) Results: the data showed that the highest exposure levels were obtained mostly in the head area of the human model, with the highest peak obtained in the configuration where the main beam of the 5G-V2X antennas was more direct towards the human model. Moreover, in all configurations, the dose absorbed by a pedestrian was well below the ICNIRP guidelines to avoid harmful effects. (4) Conclusions: This work is the first study on human exposure assessment in a 5G-V2X scenario, and it expands the knowledge about the exposure levels for the forthcoming use of 5G in connected vehicles. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Context: Antral follicle count (AFC) has been related to bovine fertility and response to reproductive biotechnologies, but its relationship to oestrus expression during timed artificial insemination (TAI) is not known. Aims: This study evaluated the relationship between the AFC and oestrus expression in regard to the conception rate in beef cows that received an ovulation synchronisation protocol for TAI. Methods: Multiparous Nelore cows up to 40 days postpartum were evaluated by an ultrasound to determine the AFC, and were classified into low (≤15 follicles; n = 150), intermediate (≥19 and ≤26 follicles; n = 150) and high count (≥30 follicles; n = 150). AFC evaluation was performed on a random day of the oestrous cycle (Day 0). The animals received a conventional TAI protocol based on progesterone and oestradiol benzoate. On Day 8, the animals received cloprostenol, equine chorionic gonadotrophin and oestradiol cypionate, in addition to a painting in the sacrococcygeal region. On Day 10, TAI was performed, and oestrus expression was evaluated and classified as high, low or absent, according to the removal of paint. Pregnancy diagnosis was performed by ultrasound 30 days after TAI. The data were analysed using a generalised linear model and a binary logistic regression model (P < 0.05). Key results: Regardless of AFC, a high proportion of cows showed high oestrus expression (low 61.3%; intermediate 67.3% and high 58.7%) at the end of the TAI protocol. The conception rate was influenced by AFC (low 69.3% vs high 56.7%; P = 0.04) and oestrus expression (high oestrus: 67.3% vs no oestrus: 45.4%; P = 0.003). In addition, an interaction (P = 0.008) between AFC and oestrus expression showed that low AFC cows and high oestrus expression had the highest conception rate to TAI. Conclusion: AFC and oestrus expression classification influenced the conception rate of Nelore cows in the TAI programme. In addition, the interaction of AFC with oestrus expression revealed that the best conception rate was observed in females with low AFC that expressed high-intensity oestrus. Implications: The associated assessment of AFC and oestrus expression represents a strategy to increase the conception rate in TAI programmes in cattle. Fertility is a complex aspect in cattle: the aspects of ovarian physiology and oestrus behaviour may influence reproductive technology. We evaluated influence of the number of growing follicles in the ovary and oestrus expression on the pregnancy rate in beef cattle. We found a positive influence on the antral follicle count and demonstration of oestrus in the total number of pregnancies. We believe those results may improve the reproductive efficiency of bovine females. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

SARS-CoV-2 may lead to a large spectrum of respiratory manifestations, including pulmonary sequelae. We conducted a single-center longitudinal study of survivors from severe COVID-19 cases who underwent a chest CT during hospitalization (CTH). Three months after being discharged, these patients were evaluated by a clinical examination, pulmonary function tests and a chest-CT scan (CTFU). Sixty-two patients were enrolled. At follow-up, 27% complained of exertional dyspnoea and 12% of cough. Dyspnoeic patients had a lower forced expiratory flow (FEF)25–75 (p = 0.015), while a CT scan (p = 0.016 showed that patients with cough had a higher extent of bronchiectasis. Lung volumes and diffusion of carbon monoxide (DLCO) at follow-up were lower in patients who had been invasively ventilated, which correlated inversely with the length of hospitalization and ground-glass extension at CTH. At follow-up, 14.5% of patients had a complete radiological resolution, while 85.5% presented persistence of ground-glass opacities, and 46.7% showed fibrotic-like alterations. Residual ground-glass at CTFU was related to the length of hospitalization (r = 0.48; p = 0.0002) and to the need for mechanical ventilation or high flow oxygen (p = 0.01) during the acute phase. In conclusion, although patients at three months from discharge showed functional impairment and radiological abnormalities, which correlated with a prolonged hospital stay and need for mechanical ventilation, the persistence of respiratory symptoms was related not to parenchymal but rather to airway sequelae. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The Herschel Astrophysical Terahertz Large Area Survey (H-ATLAS), which has covered about 642 sq. deg. in five bands from 100 to 500 |$\mu \rm m$|⁠ , allows a blind flux-limited selection of blazars at sub-mm wavelengths. However, blazars constitute a tiny fraction of H-ATLAS sources and therefore identifying them is not a trivial task. Using the data on known blazars detected by the H-ATLAS, we have defined a locus for 500  |$\mu$| m selected blazars and exploited it to select blazar candidates in the H-ATLAS fields. Candidates and known blazars in the H-ATLAS equatorial and South Galactic Pole fields were followed up with the Australia Telescope Compact Array (ATCA) or with the Karl G. Jansky Very Large Array (VLA), and matched with existing radio- and mm-catalogues to reconstruct the spectral behaviour over at least six orders of magnitude in frequency. We identified a selection approach that, combining the information in the sub-mm and radio domains, efficiently singles out genuine blazars. In this way, we identified a sample of 39 blazars brighter than |$S_{500\mu \rm m} = 35\,$| mJy in the H-ATLAS fields. Tests made cross-matching the H-ATLAS catalogues with large catalogues of blazar candidates indicate that the sample is complete. The derived counts are compared with model predictions finding good consistency with the C2Ex model and with estimates based on ALMA data. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Artificial insemination (AI) in ostriches may present potential solutions to high proportions of infertile eggs commonly recorded on commercial farms and assist in reducing the number of males for breeding purposes thereby leading to a more economical and efficient farming system. Although non-invasive methods to collect semen and to artificially inseminate female ostriches have been developed, the insemination dose for maximum fertility of eggs remains unknown. This study was thus conducted to determine the minimum sperm dose that would promote fertility of eggs following AI in female ostriches. A total of 22 South African black ostriches (7 males and 15 females) aged between 2 and 9 years old were used. Semen samples were collected using the dummy female method and diluted 1:4 (semen: diluent) with an ostrich specific semen diluent. Females were inseminated with various sperm doses of diluted semen from the same male three times a week, every second day resulting in a total sperm dose of A: <2.5 × 109, B: 2.5–5 × 109, C: 5–7.5 × 109 and D: 7.5–9.6 × 109 sperm/week. Eggs produced after insemination were opened to determine the fertilization status of the germinal disc (GD) with an unaided eye. The fertile period was then calculated as the number of days fertilized eggs were laid after the last AI. Furthermore, the number of sperm trapped in the outer perivitelline membrane (sperm OPVL) above the GD region was counted under fluorescent light, following staining with 4′,6-diamidino-2-phenylindole to determine the rate of sperm loss and the number of days up to when the last egg containing sperm was laid. On average, a mean (±sd) of 35.34 ± 25.72% eggs produced after AI were fertilized. Fertility was lower (mean ± se) when sperm dose A was used (6.71 ± 9.40%), as compared to sperm dose B (46.01 ± 6.71%), C (37.34 ± 6.60%) and D (37.75 ± 8.36%) (P < 0.05). No significant difference was recorded in the latter three doses (P > 0.05). Furthermore, the length of the fertile period and the rate of sperm loss did not differ significantly between sperm doses (P > 0.05). Hence, a sperm dose of between 2.5 and 5 × 109 sperm/week is recommended to optimize fertility after AI in ostriches, as increasing the sperm dose would not benefit fertility. Further studies are, however, needed to determine the frequency of insemination that would maintain fertility throughout the breeding season as well as hatchability of eggs laid after AI. • Minimum sperm dose for optimal fertility and fertile period after artificial insemination in farmed ostriches was estimated. • A range of sperm dose inseminated per week was: <2.5 × 109, 2.5–5 x109, 5–7.5 × 109 and 7.5–9.6 × 109 sperm. • The minimum sperm dose optimizing fertility was 2.5–5 × 109 sperm per week. • No significant increase in fertility with higher sperm dose was recorded. • Length of the fertile period did not differ between sperm dose treatments. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Simple Summary: Semen quality in ostriches is still being studied to optimize the reproductive performance of these birds in a commercial farming environment. Various methods such as mass sperm motility scoring and computer-aided sperm analysis (CASA) technology have been employed successfully to evaluate semen quality characteristics such as sperm motility. The relationship between these methods in assessing sperm motility in ostriches is unknown. This study evaluated the relationship between the CASA and the mass sperm motility scoring method when analyzing ostrich sperm motility. Positive significant correlations between these methods for sperm motility traits were recorded, suggesting that farmers could utilize the affordable mass sperm motility scoring to screen ostrich males for sperm quality. Semen analyses have gained momentum in various livestock industries. However, in farmed ostriches, semen analysis is still in its experimental stage, and males are not screened for sperm quality before breeding. This study investigated the correlations between computer-aided sperm analysis (CASA) technology and the traditional, yet affordable, mass sperm motility score. Semen was collected from nine South African Black ostrich males (mean age ± SD: 5.25 ± 1.21 years), using the dummy female method for 5 consecutive days monthly, for 8 months. Mass sperm motility scores were recorded on a scale of 1–5 (1: little to no sperm movement; 5: rapid sperm movement). The CASA traits recorded were: total motility (MOT), progressive motility (PMOT), curve–linear velocity (VCL), straight-line velocity (VSL), average path velocity (VAP), amplitude of lateral head displacement (ALH), linearity (LIN), straightness (STR), wobble (WOB), and beat-cross frequency (BCF). The results revealed positive correlations between mass sperm motility and PMOT, MOT, VCL, and VAP ranging from 0.34 to 0.59 (p < 0.0001). In contrast, negative correlations were recorded between mass sperm motility and LIN, STR, and BCF, with correlations ranging from −0.20 to −0.39 (p < 0.0001). VSL, ALH, and WOB were not correlated to mass sperm motility (p > 0.05). Ostrich farmers may thus be able to evaluate sperm motility reliably and potentially select breeding males by using the affordable mass sperm motility scoring method. Determining the correlation between these methods and fertility after artificial insemination or natural mating is however needed. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Feeding ruminants with a blend of autolyzed yeast grown on sugarcane molasses and live yeast allows nutritionists to explore synergistic effects on digestion and performance (Angulo et al.,2021; Zapata et al., 2021). However, the feeding behavior and the challenges faced in large pen feedlot operations differ from the behavior and challenges faced by animals studied in small groups or metabolic cages. Therefore, we aimed to study the feeding behavior and performance of beef cattle fed in groups in large pens, mimicking the feedlot operations of leading producers and exports of meat in the world. The trial lasted 112 days and was conducted in Nutripura's research center in the midwest of Brazil. Six hundred five non-castrated males (Nelore and F1 Nelore-Angus), 405 kg (± 35), distributed in 20 pens, were divided into two treatments: 1) Control, a diet with no yeast additives; 2) Yeast Blend (YB), a diet with a blend of autolyzed yeast and live yeast, SymbioYeast, 7g/anima/day (ICC, São Paulo, Brazil). Both diets contained monesin (28 mg/kg DM). The data were analyzed in the software SAS following the model Yijk= μ+Ti + Fj + Bk +eijk (μ = general mean; T = treatment effect; F = Breed effect; B = backgrounding phase effect; e = error). Initial body weight was used as a covariable to analyze final body weight and average daily gain (ADG). Dry matter intake increased (P < 0,05) when animals were supplemented with YB (10,99kg vs. 11,12kg). Final body weight and hot carcass weight tended (0.1 > P = 0.05) to increase when YB was added to the diet. (598 kg vs. 602 kg, 343 kg vs. 345 kg). The ADG was unaffected (P = 0.1069, control 1.735 kg, and YB 1.768 kg). Increasing DMI is a well now property of some yeast derivatives (Torres et al., 2022). This may be related to changes in digestion (Torres et al., 2022) and the diet's palatability. The palatability of yeast products is claimed on organoleptic and flavor characteristics (Tao et al., 2023). Drone photos taken every 15 minutes suggested that YB altered how animals interact with feed. Feed was delivered between 0700 h and -0930 h and 1300 h and 1530 h. After delivery, a greater percentage of the visit of the animals to the feed bunkers in YB groups. This behavior was even more evident in the morning feed delivery (Figure 1). In summary, YB increased intake and performance. It also changed the interest of animals in visiting feed bunk. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Yeast derivatives enhance beef cattle performance (Torres et al., 2022), allowing farmers to increase feedlot financial income. However, yeast derivatives vary on yeast species, grown medium, purity, technological processing, yeast cell parts marketed. Thus, in these experiments, we aimed to understand the potential of different yeast derivatives to manipulate performance, feed intake, and feeding behavior. In experiment 1, 1,760 non-castrated males were used to study performance and feed intake. These animals were distributed in large pens, mimicking actual feedlot operations. In xperiment 2, 96 animals with radio frequency identification ear tags were allocated in small groups with induvial access to automatic feeders equipped with scales to study daily individual feeding behavior. Animals were allocated to four treatments: 1) Control, no yeast derivative; 2) AY - 7g/animal/day, autolyzed Saccharomyces cerevisiae grown on sugarcane molasses, RumenYeast (ICC, São Paulo, Brazil); 3) YM - 3g/animal day, yeast rich in soluble yeast metabolites; 4) YB - 5g/animal/day, yeast blend (live Yeast plus autolyzed Yeast. Orthogonal contrasts were performed comparing control against AY, YM, and YB. Differences were declared significant at P < 0.05 and as a trend when 0.05 < P < 0.10. Pen was considered as the experimental unit for experiment 1. For experiment 2, animals were considered the experimental unit. Regarding experiment 1, AY tended to increase adjusted average daily gain and hot carcass weight (Table 1). Dry matter intake did not differ between treatments in experiment 1 (large pen trial). Looking at individual intake data, experiment 2, feeding behavior and water intake changed when yeast derivatives were included in the diet. In general, animals supplemented with AY spent less time eating, which was more evident in the adaptation period (Table 1). AY and YB had stimulated feed intake in some periods of experiment 2. However, the evident less time spent eating by the AY group promoted a greater feeding rate (kg ingested/min) markedly compared with YM and YB, but in general, also greater than control. Considering the initial period of feedlot operations, this greater feeding rate could favor animals supplemented with AY to adapt faster to feedlot diet/feeding conditions. All yeast derivatives increased water intake. In summary, autolyzed Saccharomyces cerevisiae grown on sugarcane molasses increased beef cattle performance and feeding rate. This change in feeding behavior may accelerate the adaptation of beef cattle in the transition from the backgrounding phase to the feedlot operation. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

A comprehensive redescription of the poorly known mecistocephalid genus Krateraspis Lignau, 1929 and its two species is provided, based on the examination of type material and new specimens, as well as the critical evaluation of all published information. Krateraspis is confirmed differing from all other Mecistocephalidae especially for a peculiar pattern of areolation and setation of the clypeus. Records from 24 localities indicate that Krateraspis is limited to a narrow area of Middle Asia, from the Western Tian-Shan to the western offshoots of Pamir Mountains. Two species are morphologically distinguishable: K. meinerti (Sseliwanoff, 1881) and K. sselivanovi Titova, 1975. They differ mainly in details of the clypeus and maxillae, in the pattern of forcipular denticles, and in the number of legs. Tygarrup asiaticus Verhoeff, 1930 is confirmed as a junior synonym of K. meinerti, and a lectotype is designated for the former. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The localization game is a pursuit-evasion game analogous to Cops and Robbers, where the robber is invisible and the cops send distance probes in an attempt to identify the location of the robber. We present a novel graph parameter called the localization capture time, which measures how long the localization game lasts assuming optimal play. We conjecture that the localization capture time is linear in the order of the graph, and show that the conjecture holds for graph families such as trees and interval graphs. We study bounds on the localization capture time for trees and its monotone property on induced subgraphs of trees and more general graphs. We give upper bounds for the localization capture time on the incidence graphs of projective planes. We finish with new bounds on the localization number and localization capture time using treewidth. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Calcium dynamics into astrocytes influence the activity of nearby neuronal structures. However, because previous reports show that astrocytic calcium signals largely mirror neighboring neuronal activity, current information coding models neglect astrocytes. Using simultaneous two-photon calcium imaging of astrocytes and neurons in the hippocampus of mice navigating a virtual environment, we demonstrate that astrocytic calcium signals encode (i.e., statistically reflect) spatial information that could not be explained by visual cue information. Calcium events carrying spatial information occurred in topographically organized astrocytic subregions. Importantly, astrocytes encoded spatial information that was complementary and synergistic to that carried by neurons, improving spatial position decoding when astrocytic signals were considered alongside neuronal ones. These results suggest that the complementary place dependence of localized astrocytic calcium signals may regulate clusters of nearby synapses, enabling dynamic, context-dependent variations in population coding within brain circuits. A combination of functional imaging of astrocytes and neurons in the mouse hippocampus with information theory analysis shows that calcium dynamics in topographically-organized subcellular regions of astrocytes encode information about an animal's position that is complementary and synergistic to that encoded in the spike output of surrounding neurons. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The trichomycterid catfishes of the subfamily Vandelliinae, the candirus, are parasite fishes that feed on blood. Therefore, the trophic interactions and dynamics of food webs in aquatic systems involving these catfishes cannot be determined through visual analysis of stomach contents, and the parasite–host interactions in this group of fishes are mostly unknown, except for a few anecdotal or experimental observations.We used DNA analysis of stomach contents of these fluid‐feeding fishes to identify hosts and study the ecological interactions of the haematophagous species Paravandellia oxyptera. Specifically, we used sequences of the cytochrome oxidase I gene collected from the gut contents of the catfish and compared them to data from GenBank to identify the host species.Our analysis indicated that examined specimens of Paravandellia oxyptera were exclusively fish parasites, and we identified genetic markers from eight host species from five families and three orders based on stomach contents.Paravandellia oxyptera does not exhibit host specificity. Unlike mucophagous trichomycterids, host species of haematophagous P. oxyptera belong to different trophic levels, showing a wide spectrum of interactions in the food web. A comparison of the host species with the accompanying fauna collected during sampling allowed an association between host preference and host size. Barcode analysis of stomach contents further produced a secondary source of information on the diversity of fish in the study area.This is the first study to identify host species of haematophagous parasitic fishes through the analysis of gut contents, demonstrating that specimens obtained in natural environments show much larger spectra of ecological interactions than previously reported from anecdotal or laboratory observations. This research is of broad interest, and exemplifies how DNA barcoding analysis of stomach contents provides new and relevant information on parasite/host interactions, with results not obtained by traditional methods of stomach content analysis. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Simple Summary: A growing body of evidence has reported that climbing plants show the unique ability of being able to locate a support in the environment and recognize some of its features in order to modulate their searching and attachment behavior accordingly. To date, the mechanism underlying the coding of a support's thickness is yet to be uncovered. Here, we investigate the interaction between the above- (i.e., stem and tendrils) and below-ground (i.e., the root system) organs of pea plants (Pisum sativum L.) to gain information about a support and to modulate their behavior towards it. The results suggest that the coding of a support's thickness is achieved via a functional equilibrium subtended by crosstalk between the grounded and the aerial components of the plant. Plants such as climbers characterized by stems or tendrils need to find a potential support (e.g., pole, stick, other plants or trees) to reach greater light exposure. Since the time when Darwin carried out research on climbing plants, several studies on plants' searching and attachment behaviors have demonstrated their unique ability to process some features of a support to modulate their movements accordingly. Nevertheless, the strategies underlying this ability have yet to be uncovered. The present research tries to fill this gap by investigating how the interaction between above- (i.e., stems, tendrils, ...) and below-ground (i.e., the root system) plant organs influences the kinematics of their approach-to-grasp movements. Using three-dimensional (3D) kinematic analysis, we characterized the movements of pea plants (Pisum sativum L.) as they leaned towards supports whose below- and above-ground parts were characterized by different thicknesses (i.e., thin below- thick above-ground, or the opposite). As a control condition, the plants were placed next to supports with the same thickness below and above ground (i.e., either entirely thin or thick). The results suggest that the information regarding below- and above-ground parts of a support appears to be integrated and modulates the reach-to-grasp behavior of the plant. Information about the support conveyed by the root system seems to be particularly important to achieve the end-goal of movement. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]